GEO-124_LECTURE-1.pptx
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GEODETIC ENGINEERING LAWS, OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS, AND ETHICS GEO 124 Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology Department of Geodetic Engineering ...
GEODETIC ENGINEERING LAWS, OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS, AND ETHICS GEO 124 Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology Department of Geodetic Engineering LECTURE 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO LAW Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering OUTLINE: What is Law? Subjects of Law Characteristics of Law Sources of Law Classification of Law What is Obligations and Contracts? Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering WHAT IS LAW? Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering WHAT IS LAW? The term “law” means any rule or action or any system of uniformity. It determines not only the activities of men as rational beings but also the movements or motions of all objects of creation whether animate or inanimate. It can promulgated and enforced in strict legal sense (state law) and in non-legal sense (divine law, moral law, natural law, and physical law). Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering WHAT IS LAW? It may be understood in two concepts: o General or Abstract Sense It may be defined as the mass of obligatory rules established for the purpose of governing the relations of persons in society. o Specific or Material Sense It may be defined as a rule of conduct, just, obligatory, promulgated by legitimate authority, and of common observance and benefit. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SUBJECTS OF LAW Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SUBJECTS OF LAW DIVINE LAW It is the law of religion and faith which concerns itself with the concept of sin and salvation. It is formally promulgated by God and revealed or divulged to mankind by means of direct revelations. The sanction of divine law lies in the assurance of certain rewards and punishments in the present life or in the life to come. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SUBJECTS OF LAW NATURAL LAW It is defined as the divine inspiration in man of the sense of justice, fairness and righteousness, not by divine revelation or formal promulgations, but by internal dictates of reason alone. It is a basic understanding of right and wrong based on an understanding of the fundamental standard or criterion of good and evil. It is said to be impressed in man as the core of his/her higher self at the very moment of being or perhaps even before that. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SUBJECTS OF LAW MORAL LAW It is the totality of the norms of good and right conduct growing out of the collective sense of right and wrong of every community. It is not absolute and varies with the changing of times, conditions, or convictions of people. For example polygamy is considered immoral in the Philippines whereas, it is allowed in some parts of the world. It influence or shapes the state law. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SUBJECTS OF LAW PHYSICAL LAW In the operation or course of nature, there are uniformities of actions and orders of sequence which are the physical phenomena that we sense and feel it is known as the laws on physical science or physical law. It is only called law in analogy, Example: The more conspicuous ones are the law of gravitation and the law of chemical combination. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SUBJECTS OF LAW STATE LAW It is the law that is promulgated and enforced by the state. This law is also called positive law, municipal law, civil law, or imperative law. It is the law that we refer to when we speak of law in connection with obligations and contracts, marriage, the administration of justice, the conduct of elections, and the entire governmental process itself. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering CHARACTERISTICS OF LAW Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering CHARACTERISTICS OF LAW IT IS A RULE OF CONDUCT Law tells us what shall be done and what shall not be done. IT IS OBLIGATORY Law is considered a positive command imposing a duty to obey and involving a sanction which forces obedience. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering CHARACTERISTICS OF LAW IT IS PROMULGATED BY LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY Law are enacted by the legislative branch, the Congress, of our government. The local government units are also empowered to enact ordinances which have a binding force of laws. IT IS OF COMMON OBSERVANCE AND BENEFITS Law is intended by man to serve man. It regulates the relations of people to maintain harmony in society and to make order and co-existence Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering WHAT WOULD LIFE BE WITHOUT LAW? WHAT DOES LAW DO? WHAT IS OUR DUTY AS MEMBERS OF SOCIETY? Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SOURCES OF LAW Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SOURCES OF LAW o CONSTITUTION It is the written instrument by which the fundamental powers of government are established, limited, and defined, and by which of those powers are distributed among the several departments for their safe and useful exercise for the benefit of people. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SOURCES OF LAW o LEGISLATION It consists in the declaration of legal rules by competent authority and includes ordinances enacted by local government units Enacted law or Statute law are acts passed by the legislature. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SOURCES OF LAW o ADMINISTRATIVE OR EXECUTICE ORDERS, REGULATIONS AND RULINGS They are those issued by administrative officials under legislative authority. It clarifies or explain the law and carry into effects in general provisions. It is only valid when they are not contrary to the laws and Constitutions. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SOURCES OF LAW o JUDICIAL DECISIONS OR JURISPRUDENCE It is the decision of the courts particularly the Supreme Court, applying or interpreting the laws or Constitutions form part of the legal system of the Philippines. The decisions of a superior court on a point of law are binding on all subordinate courts. This is called the doctrine of precedent or stare decisis. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SOURCES OF LAW o CUSTOMS It consists of those habits and practices which through long and uninterrupted usage have become acknowledge and approved by society as binding rules of conduct. It must be proved as fact according to the rule of evidences. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering SOURCES OF LAW o OTHER SOURCES To the mention sources of law, we may added principles of justice and equity, decisions of foreign tribunals, opinions of text writers, and religion. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering CLASSIFICATION OF LAW Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering CLASSIFICATION OF LAW AS TO ITS PURPOSE SUBSTANTIVE LAW It is a portion of the body of law creating defining, and regulating rights and duties which may either public or private in character. Example: Obligation and Contracts Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering CLASSIFICATION OF LAW AS TO ITS PURPOSE ADJECTIVE LAW It is a portion of the body of law prescribing the manner or procedure by which the rights may be enforced or their violations redressed. Sometimes it is called remedial law or procedural law. It is governed by the Rules of Court promulgated by the Supreme Court and by Special Laws. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering CLASSIFICATION OF LAW AS TO ITS SUBJECT MATTER PUBLIC LAW It is the body of legal rules which regulates the right and duties arising from the relationship of the state to the people. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering CLASSIFICATION OF LAW AS TO ITS SUBJECT MATTER PUBLIC LAW Example of Public Law: CRIMINAL LAW – it defines crimes and provides for their punishment. INTERNATIONAL LAW – it governs the relations among nations or states. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW – it governs the relations between the state and its citizens and establishes the fundamental powers of the government. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering CLASSIFICATION OF LAW AS TO ITS SUBJECT MATTER PUBLIC LAW Example of Public Law: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW – it governs the methods by which the functions of administrative authorities are to be performed. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE – it is the branch of private law which governs the methods of trial and punishment in criminal cases. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering CLASSIFICATION OF LAW AS TO ITS SUBJECT MATTER PRIVATE LAW It is the body of rules which regulates the relations of individuals with one another for purely private ends. Included in Private Law are: Civil Law, Commercial or Mercantile Law and Civil Procedure. CIVIL PROCEDURE – it is the branch of private law which provides for the means by which private rights may be enforced. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering WHAT IS LAW OF OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS? Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering WHAT IS LAW OF OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS? It is the body of rules which deals with the nature and sources of obligations and the rights and duties arising from agreements and the particular contracts. It is found in Republic Act No. 386, otherwise known as the Civil Code of the Philippines which was approved on June 18,1949 and took effect on August 30, 1950. Book IV of the Civil Code deals with obligations and contracts. The general provisions on obligations are contained in Title I, Articles 1156-1304, while those on contracts, Title II, Article 1305-1422. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering “IGNORANCE OF LAW EXCUSES NO ONE FROM COMPLIANCE THEREWITH” - Article 3, Civil Code Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.1: INTRODUCTION TO LAW Department of Geodetic Engineering LECTURE 1.2 THE LAW ON OBLIGATIONS Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS WHAT IS OBLIGATIONS? Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS WHAT IS OBLIGATIONS? According to Article 1156 of Civil Code of the Philippines, “Obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do.” It derived from the Latin word “obligatio” which means tying or binding. It is a tie or bond recognized by law by virtue of which one is bound in favor of another to render something – and this may consist in giving a thing, doing a certain act, or not doing a certain act. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS ELEMENTS OF AN OBLIGATIONS Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS ELEMENTS OF AN OBLIGATIONS PASSIVE SUBJECT It is also called as the debtor or obligor. The person who is bound to the fulfillment of the obligation. The one bound to perform the prestation to give, to do, or not to do. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS ELEMENTS OF AN OBLIGATIONS ACTIVE SUBJECT It is also called as the creditor or obligee. The person who is entitled to demand the fulfillment of the obligation. The one who is demanding the performance of the obligation. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS ELEMENTS OF AN OBLIGATIONS OBJECT OR PRESTATION The conduct required to be observed by the debtor. It may consist in giving, doing, or not doing. Without the prestation, there is nothing to perform. Requisites of a valid objects are: licit or lawful Possible, physically and judicially Determinate or determinable Pecuniary value or possible equivalent in money Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS ELEMENTS OF AN OBLIGATIONS JURIDICAL OR LEGAL TIE It binds or connects the parties to the obligation. The tie in an obligation can easily be determined by knowing the source of obligations. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS ELEMENTS OF AN OBLIGATIONS EXAMPLE: Under a building contract, X bound himself to build for Y for Php. 1,000,000. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS ELEMENTS OF AN OBLIGATIONS ANSWER: X is the passive subject. Y is the active subject. Building of the house is the object Agreement or Contract is the juridical tie. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS ELEMENTS OF AN OBLIGATIONS EXAMPLE: Nena engaged the services of Engr. Cardo to survey the boundaries of her land as agreed upon in a service contract. What is the passive subject of the obligation. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS ELEMENTS OF AN OBLIGATIONS ANSWER: Engr. Cardo is the passive subject. Nena is the active subject. Survey of the Boundaries is the object Service Contract is the juridical tie. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS KINDS OF OBLIGATIONS ACCORDING TO THE SUBJECT MATTER Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS KINDS OF OBLIGATION ACCORDING TO SUBJECT MATTER o REAL OBLIGATIONS It is that in which the subject matter is a thing which the obligor must deliver to the oblige. (obligation to give) Example: X binds himself to deliver a piano to Y. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS KINDS OF OBLIGATION ACCORDING TO SUBJECT MATTER o PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS It is that in which the subject matter is an act to be done or not to be done. (obligation to do or not to do). Example: X binds himself to repair the piano of Y. (positive personal obligations) X obliges himself not to build a fence on a certain portion of his lot in favor of Y who is entitled to a right of way over said lot. (negative personal obligations) Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS SOURCES OF OBLIGATIONS Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS SOURCES OF OBLIGATION Article 1157 of Civil Code states that obligations arise from : Law Contracts Quasi-contracts Acts or omissions punished by Law Quasi-Delicts Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS SOURCES OF OBLIGATION o LAW The source of obligations arises from the law itself. Examples: It is duty of the father to support his child.(Family Code) And under the National Internal Revenue Code, it is the duty of every person having an income to pay taxes. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS SOURCES OF OBLIGATION o CONTRACTS It is the meeting of minds between two people whereby one binds himself with respect to the other. It is when they arise from the stipulation of the parties. Example: The obligation to repay a loan or indebtedness by virtue of an agreement. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS SOURCES OF OBLIGATION o QUASI-CONTRACTS The "quasi" literally means "as if". It is the juridical relation resulting from a lawful, voluntary and unilateral act which has for its purpose the payment of indemnity to the end that one shall unjustly enrich or benefited at the expenses of another. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS SOURCES OF OBLIGATION o QUASI-CONTRACTS Kinds of Quasi-Contracts: SOLUTIO INDEBITI (PAYMENT BY MISTAKE) It is the juridical relation which arises when a person is obliged to return something received by him through error or mistake. Example: Arvin owed lan the sum of P1,000.00. By mistake, Arvin paid P2,000.00. lan has the obligation to return the P1,000.00. Excess because there was payment by mistake. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS SOURCES OF OBLIGATION o QUASI-CONTRACTS Kinds of Quasi-Contracts: NEGOTIORUM GESTIO (MANAGEMENT OF ANOTHER'S PROPERTY) It is the voluntary management or administration by a person of the abandoned business or property of another without any authority or power from the latter. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS SOURCES OF OBLIGATION o QUASI-CONTRACTS Kinds of Quasi-Contracts: NEGOTIORUM GESTIO (MANAGEMENT OF ANOTHER'S PROPERTY) Example: Victor, a wealthy landowner suddenly left for abroad leaving his livestock farm unattended. Ramon, a neighbor of Victor managed the farm thereby incurring expenses. When Victor returns, he has the obligation to reimburse Ramon for the expenses incurred by him and to pay him for his services. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS SOURCES OF OBLIGATION o CRIMES OR ACTS OR OMISSIONS PUNISHED BY LAW It is when they arise from civil liability which is the consequence of a criminal offense. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS SOURCES OF OBLIGATION o QUASI-DELICTS It is when they arise from damage caused to another through an act or omission, there being fault or negligence, but no contractual relation exists between the parties. Example: If Pedro drives his car negligently and because of his negligence hits Jose, who is walking on the sidewalks of the street, inflicting upon him physical injuries. Then Pedro becomes liable for damages based on quasi-delict. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS SOURCES OF OBLIGATION o QUASI-DELICTS Before a person can be held liable for quasi-delict, the following requisites must be present: There must be an act or omission. There must be fault or negligence. There must be damage caused. There must be a direct relation or connection of cause and effect between the act or omission and the damage. There is no pre-existing contractual relation between parties. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS DUTIES OF DEBTOR IN OBLIGATION TO GIVE A DETERMINATE THING Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS DUTIES OF DEBTOR IN OBLIGATION TO GIVE A DETERMINATE THING Article 1163 of Civil Code states that: “Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father of a family, unless the law of the stipulations of the parties require another standard of care.” Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS DUTIES OF DEBTOR IN OBLIGATION TO GIVE A DETERMINATE THING o DETERMINATE THING It is defined by its individuality. The debtor cannot substitute it with another although latter is of the same kind and quality without the consent of the creditor. Duties of Debtor in Obligation to give a determinate thing: Preserve the Things Deliver the fruits of the things Deliver the accessions and accessories Deliver the thing itself Answer for damages in case of non-fulfillment Bulacan Agricultural State College or breach Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS DUTIES OF DEBTOR IN OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A GENERIC THING Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS DUTIES OF DEBTOR IN OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A GENERIC THING o GENERIC THING It is defined only by its specie. The debtor can give anything of the same class as long as it is the same kind. Duties of Debtor in Obligation to deliver a generic thing: To deliver a thing which is of the quality intended by the parties taking into consideration the purpose of the obligation and other circumstances. To be liable for damages in case of fraud, negligence or delay in the performances of his Bulacan Agricultural State College obligation, or contravention of LECTURE the 1.2: THE tenor Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS NATURAL FRUITS It is the spontaneous products of the soil, and the young and other product of the animals. Example: Grass, all trees and plants on lands produced without the intervention of human labor. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS INDUSTRIAL FRUITS It is produced by lands of any kind through cultivation or labor. Example: Sugar cane, vegetable, rice and all products of land brought about by reason of human labor. Bulacan Agricultural State College Institute of Engineering and Applied Technology LECTURE 1.2: THE LAW ON Department of Geodetic Engineering OBLIGATIONS
