Lecture 1: Gender and Society PDF

LECTURE 1: GENDER AND SOCIETY Connection: Feelings may influence treatment of others, leading to discrimination. SEX - Biological distinction of being male or female. Exampl...

LECTURE 1: GENDER AND SOCIETY Connection: Feelings may influence treatment of others, leading to discrimination. SEX - Biological distinction of being male or female. Example: "I hate Yankees fans; they make me angry." DISCRIMINATION Function: Behavior; positive or negative treatment of others Connection: Holding stereotypes and harboring prejudice may lead to excluding, avoiding, and biased treatment of group members. Example: "I would never hire nor become friends with a person if I knew he or she were a Yankees fan." WHAT IS GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT? GENDER - Refers to one’s personal orientation. The Gender and Development (GAD) – refers to the development perspective and process that are participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination, and focused on the actualization of human potentials. 40’s TO 60’s UNITED NATION CHARTER (1945) AND THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1948) Women's equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex. Focus on women's reproductive roles- GENDER IDENTITY includes knowledge of a large access to food, contraceptives, nutrition set of rules for what boys and girls should wear, and health care. how they should speak and act, and their place in Women were seen as wives and mothers. the overall structure of the society. This results to an increase in women’s political GENDER IDENTITY CAN INFLUENCED BY: participation and harness their labor capacities to 1. FAMILY - On how parents behave towards meet national development goals. their children. 2. SCHOOL - Playing and interacting with other kids. 70’s TO 80’s 3. MEDIA - hero who saves women. 4. CULTURE AND RELIGIOUS BELIEF - First World Conference for Women Mexico Norms. (1974) STEREOTYPE UN decade for women "76-85" Addresses reproductive, productive and Function: Cognitive; thoughts about people community politics. Connection: Overgeneralized beliefs about Access to and control over factors of people may lead to prejudice. production and decision making WID approaches (anti-poverty and equity) Example: "Yankees fans are arrogant and obnoxious." This results to women and men empowerment to greater self-reliance and assertion of own PREJUDICE capabilities. Function: Affective; feelings about people, both positive and negative LATE 80’s TO 90’s TO PRESENT CHAPTER I SHIFT TOWARDS GAD MAINSTREAMING ORIGIN OF SOCIETY Addresses practical gender needs of Latin word “societas” means a friendly women, promotes access to employment association with others. and income and basic services SOCIETY - share common mutual concern or removing disparities in social, economic, interest, objectives, characteristics and culture. and political balances between women and men. SOCIETY - actual arrangement of social relations Development should empower women and men to greater self-reliance and assertion CULTURE - consist of belief and symbolic forms of own capabilities. (Material and Non-Material) This results to integrate gender awareness and TYPES OF SOCIETY/CULTURE competence into mainstream development. Gerhard Lenski, differentiate societies into 4 THE RATIONALE OF GAD IS SUMMED UP BY levels based on their level of technology, communication and economy 1. COMPLIANCE - 5% of gov. Budget should be allotted to GAD program 1. Hunters and gatherers 2. COMMITMENT - The Philippines is 2. Simple agriculture commitment by virtue of being asignatory in 3. Advanced agriculture Convention on the Elimination of 4. Industrial Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) TYPE OF SOCIETY (signed by 179 countries PH is committed for GAD) Morton Fried and Elamn Service based on evolution of social inequality and the role of the This committed is translated through MILLENIUM state. DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDG) 2000-2015 1. Hunters and gatherers, which are 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger generally egalitarian 2. Achieve universal primary education 2. Tribal society, which there are some 3. Promote gender equality and empower limited instances of social rank and women prestige 4. Reduce child mortality 3. Chiefdom, stratified structures led by 5. Improve maternal health chieftains 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other 4. Civilization, with complex social hierarchy diseases and organized, institutional government. 7. Ensure environmental sustainability TYPE OF SOCIETY LIST OF SDGs 1. BAND - simplest form of human society. Consist of small kinship group, often larger of extended family. Led by older member of band (guidance and advice, but No written law or rules), transmitted orally. 2. CLAN - Group of people united by kinship and descent. APICAL ANCESTORS - a common ancestor from whom a lineage or clan may trace its descent, for unification purposes TOTEM - when ancestors are not human. 3. TRIBE - consisting of group interlinked families or communities sharing a common culture and dialect. 4. ETHNIC GROUP - common ancestry, language, shared cultural history and identifiable territory, religious practices 5. CHIEFDOM – it is a political unit, while tribes are more of social groups of people.  Chiefdoms are headed by chiefs, while HETEROSEXUAL/STRAIGHT - Refers tribes are more of a kinship headed by when people tend to be attracted to the family patriarchs. opposite sex or gender. 6. STATE - Political association with effective GAY - refers to same-sex attraction and is dominion over geographic area. the most often used to in reference to men People, Territory, Government, and LESBIAN - Refers to women who mostly Sovereignty. attracted to other women BISEXUAL - Individual who are attracted to City-state-region controlled exclusively by both sexes and genders city. PANSEXUAL - Diverse sexuality, Ex. Athens and Sparta of Greece. attraction to people regardless of their Hongkong in China gender. ASEXUAL - Individual who do not or have SOCIETY TO VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE yet experienced sexual attraction to anyone. 1. EVOLUTIONARY - Lived in isolation→ Family emerged and isolated, dependent to SEXUAL ORIENTATION each other for survival still a nomadic life→ Family grow, result in slow mobility so new Person’s capacity for profound emotional, life introduced called SOCIETY. They affectional and sexual attraction to and intimate learned how to settle in a particular place. and sexual relations with individual. 2. POLITICAL - System were established as Forms of Sexual Orientation necessary measure for protection. Leaders were selected and social norms imposed, Homosexual- Refers to person who upon which division of roles and emotionally, physically, and sexually responsibilities were assigned attracted to those the same sex/gender 3. ECONOMICAL - must produce to address Heterosexual- Refers to person who and sustain the needs of the now and next emotionally, physically, and sexually generation. attracted to those the opposite sex/gender Bisexual- Refers to person who emotionally, physically, and sexually CHAPTER II attracted to more than one gender Pansexual- Refers to person who SOCIOLOGY OF GENDER emotionally, physically, and sexually It examine how society influence our attracted to anyone regardless of their biological sex and gender. understanding and perception of differences Asexual- refers to people who do not between masculinity and femininity. physically and sexually attracted to anyone Gender is social classification based on identity but has the same emotional needs as everybody SOME COMMON GENDER DEFINITION GENDER EXPRESSION INCLUDE: It refers to how an individual physically express themselves (Appearance, dresses, haircut, voice, TRANSPEOPLE - When a person body language or other physical behavior) identifies themselves as opposite from their sex MASCULINE - A person who has qualities TRANSSEXUAL - Physical transformation and characteristics which are traditionally (surgery) associated with man TRANSGENDER - covers a range of FEMININE - A person who has qualities identities and behavior and characteristics which are traditionally INTERSEX - Person sex is not strictly man associated with woman or woman GENDER NEUTRAL - A person who has qualities and characteristics differ from SEXUALITY those traditionally associated with man or Sexuality refers to how a person attracted to other woman sex or gender ANDROGYNOUS - A person who has qualities and characteristics are combination of those with man and woman. LECTURE 2: their perspectives, respecting their experiences, understanding GENDER SOCIALIZATION developmental differences between girls Process of learning the social expectations and and boys, women and men and ultimately attitude associated with one’s sex. It occurs empowering girls and women. through such diverse means as parental attitudes, schools, how peers interact with each other and b. CULTURE GAPS mass media. Any systematic difference between Most common agent of socialization are the people two cultures which hinders mutual understanding who influence the process parents, schools, and or relations. Such differences include the values, media. (Children create their own identity). behaviour, education 1. PARENTS - Model from parents Stereotype also lead to live in fear. (Lesbian and 2. TEACHER/SCHOOL - task depending on gay are afraid to admit their sexuality in fear of their gender being judged. UDHR (1978) prohibits gender 3. PEERS - same-gender, such as when a stereotypes which undermine the enjoyment of peer tells the child that a certain behavior is human rights and fundamental freedom. States appropriate or not. have obligation to eliminate discrimination against 4. MEDIA women and men in all areas). 5. CHURCH/RELIGION - Norms define by GENDER INEQUALITY which on men can perform certain duties or obligations pertaining to religious activities. The social phenomenon in which people are not 6. GENDER SOCIALIZATION treated equally on the basis of gender. THROUGHOUT LIFE - The impact of socialization can be big (shaping what we IDENTIFIED GENDER INEQUALITY (BORGEN believe we are capable of accomplishing MAGAZINE, 2014) and thus potentially determining our life’s 1. Lack of Mobility course. As adult, we influence socialization - Saudi Arabia and Egypt in workplace, school and our relationship. 2. Freedom of Marriage GENDER STEREOTYPE - Africans arrange marriage by age of 18 COMMON STEREOTYPE - Honor Killing 3. Sexual Violence RACIAL PROFILING - White American are - In India, rape laws do not apply to handsome married couple REGIONAL STEREOTYPING - 4. Access to Education Kapampangan are good in cooking - Women make up more than 2/3 of GENDER PROFILING - Women are not the worlds illiterate adults, and good at sports and men are strong and do access to education. Especially in all the works Afghanistan CULTURE - All people live in city are liberated. GLOBAL GENDER GAP INDEX - The Philippines slipping 7th placer as most gender-equal All informal settlers are poor countries. All Asians are good at Math In terms of education, Philippines ranked first, it is fully closed the gender gap. GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS - All teenagers are rebels. Goths wear black clothes, black make up, are depressed SEXUAL STEREOTYPES - Feminine man CHAPTER III are gay GENDER AS SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION Masculine woman is lesbian SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION of gender comes out IMPLICATION OF STEREOTYPE (UDHR, 1987) of the general school of thought entitled social constructionism. It may cause discrimination, violence and abuse. GENDER SOCIALIZATION a. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN - Gender- responsiveness means paying attention One of the result of gender socialization is gender to the unique needs of females, valuing identity. Gender identity shapes how we think about others and ourselves and also influence our behavior. Also include how we dress, body look - Women must have equal like. Therefore we conclude that gender is also participation in the economic socially constructed. production process - Propose wages for housework, GENDER NORMS (socially acceptable ways of developing a system for paying acting out gender) women directly for their household Gender experiences will evolve over person’s life. work Professor Raewyn Connel, describe gender as c. Cultural Feminism - believes that women social structure. have special qualities and experience that can be utilized to overcome sexism. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF GENDER d. Ecofeminism - argues that the oppression of women and the degradation of the A. FUNCTIONALIST THEORY environment are interconnected and result Division of Labor from patriarchal and capitalist systems. Stability and Order PREVAILING AND CURRENT GENDER Family Dynamics PERSPECTIVE B. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST THEORY 1. GENDER ROLE - New world Encyclopedia (Herbert Mead). Which focuses on the micro-level define gender role as set of behavioral norms everyday interactions that produce and challenge associated particularly with males or female in a gender as we know it. given social group or system, often including the C. CONFLICT THEORY (Harriet Martineau), focus division of labor between male and female. on how gender and assumptions and biases about 2. THEORIES ON GENDER ROLE - Various the gender differences lead to empowerment of theories are hereby resented for coherent men, oppression of women, and the structural understanding of the role of gender in inequality of women relative to men. demonstrating integral relations among women In contemporary conflict theorist suggest that when and men. women become wages earners, they can gain a. GENDER-SCHEMA THEORY- (SANDRA power in the family structure and create more LIPSITZ BEM) – are building blocks of democratic arrangements in the home,although knowledge we have about each gender. they may still carry the majority of domestic b. MODEL OF NUCLEAR FAMILY burden, as noted earlier. (Rismanand and (TALCOTT PARSONS) - He compared a Johnson-Sumerford,1998) strictly traditional view of fixed gender roles D. FEMINIST THEORY/FEMINISM. The support (from Industrial age American perspective). of social equality for all genders, opposition to c. ROBERT STOLLER - Gender identity patriarchy and sexism rather than gender role- His work mostly involved transsexual. He, too emphasized a. Liberal Feminism - creation of equal the role that one’s environment plays in the opportunities of women as product of legal development of one’s gender identity, reforms arguing that parents and culture at large b. Marxist Feminism – analyzes the ways in were more responsible for gender identity which women are exploited through than biological characteristics. capitalism and the individual ownership of private property 3. GENDER DIFFERENCES - Gender differences are variances between males and females that are What Marxist Feminists believe? based on biological adaptations that are the same - Women's subordination was a for both sexes. Gender differences men and consequence of the introduction of women have been described throughout history. private property, women became the property of men and the first oppressed class - Women's oppression was caused by their economic dependence in the family but also in the work force, this keeps an exploitable reserve labour force - Women have always had unpaid work (housewife) and most low paying and boring jobs