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1: Discrimination Today been discriminated against on the basis of For many people, discrimination is an everyday gender. reality. Discrimination is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on 3. Age Discrim...

1: Discrimination Today been discriminated against on the basis of For many people, discrimination is an everyday gender. reality. Discrimination is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on 3. Age Discrimination characteristics such as race, gender, age or sexual - the act of treating someone differently, orientation. usually less favorably, because of his or her age in the workplace. 1. Race Discrimination  Different types of age discrimination This is when you are treated differently 1. Direct discrimination is what happens because of your race. Race can mean your when someone gets treated worse than color, or your nationality (including your some other employee in the same citizenship). It can also mean your ethnic or situation because of their age. national origins, which may not be the same 2. Indirect discrimination is what happens as your current nationality. For example, you when the organization has a modus may have Chinese national origins and be operandi which puts people of a specific living in Britain with a British passport. age group at a disadvantage.  Direct Discrimination 3. Harassment is what happens when This happens when someone treats you worse someone gets humiliated, offended or than another person in a similar situation degraded because on their age. because of your race. 4. Victimisation is what happens when Example: direct race discrimination is where someone gets treated badly because they you are from a particular racial group and an have made a complaint of age employer refuses to appoint you because, the discrimination. employer says, you ‘wouldn’t fit in’ or ‘the 4. Sexual Orientation Discrimination customers would object’. - happens when a person is treated less  Indirect Discrimination favorably than another person in a similar This happens when an organization has a situation because that person has a sexual particular policy or way of working that puts orientation towards: people of your racial group at a disadvantage.  persons of the same sex, or Examples: an employer insisting that  persons of a different sex, or candidates for a job should have UK  persons of the same sex and persons qualifications or an employer insisting that of a different sex. someone has English as a first language.  Gender identity discrimination - happens when a person is treated less 2. Gender Discrimination favorably than another person in a similar - Gender discrimination, also known as situation because of that person’s gender- sexual discrimination, is any action that related identity, appearance, mannerisms specifically denies opportunities, or other gender-related characteristics of privileges, or rewards to a person (or a the person. group) because of gender. The practice of  Intersex status discrimination letting a person's gender become a factor - happens when a person is treated less when deciding who receives a job or a favourably than another person in a promotion, is gender discrimination. similar situation because that person has  Reverse Discrimination physical, hormonal or genetic features - When gender is a factor in other decisions that are: about employment opportunities or  neither wholly female nor wholly benefits, that too is gender male discrimination. While most discrimination  a combination of female and charges claim that a woman (or women) male, or was discriminated against in favor of a  neither female nor male. man (or men), there have also been cases where males have claimed that they have Discrimination Against Women Gender is a socially learned behavior usually - Women have made many advances associated with one's sex. It is short for throughout the years. However, the roles gender relations between the sexes, or how mentioned above are not representative the male and female relate to one another. of the status of most women in the Gender is also based on how people see Philippines and around the world, as seen themselves and on their tendency to act along in women's roles in both the reproductive either the masculine or the feminine line. and productive spheres. 1. Women in the workplace often face a pay gap 2. Many societies consider women as the weaker sex, physically and emotionally. 3. A woman's worth may not be equal to a man's 4. Women in certain countries may have little to no influence in the public sphere. March 8, 2025 – International Women’s Day 2: Gender and Sexuality SEX is something done for pleasure, and perhaps in a more Freudian sense, it is what drives people to do certain things. The association of sex with pleasure and vice versa may make people dismiss it as a serious topic for study. Male: produces sperm cells to fertilize the egg cells. Female: produces egg cells which are fertilized by another sex, and bears the offspring. Gender Role Socialization is defined as the  A chromosome is an organized package of process of learning and internalizing culturally DNA found in the nucleus of the cell. Different approved ways of thinking, feeling, and organisms have different numbers of behaving. It starts as soon as one is born and chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of manifests from the color associated with chromosomes--22 pairs of numbered one's gender to the roles one sees his or her chromosomes, called autosomes, and one gender performs the most. pair of sex chromosomes, X and Y. Each Gender Stereotypes develop when different parent contributes one chromosome to each institutions reinforce a biased perception of a pair so that offspring get half of their certain gender's role. These institutions chromosomes from their mother and half include the family, the church, the school, the from their father. state, and the media." These beliefs can be  Genitalia, or the organs used for limiting if seen as prescriptive of a gender's reproduction, and secondary sex role rather than descriptive of the many characteristics are largely influenced by one's possible roles one can have. X and Y chromosomes. These chromosomes Types of Gender Stereotypes determine whether someone's body will  Sex Stereotypes - are a generalized view of express itself as a "female" or a "male." traits that should be possessed by men and  Hormones also play a large part in the women, specifically physical and emotional definition of one's sex. The exposure to roles. These stereotypes are unrelated to the hormones in the womb affects how the roles women and men actually perform. organism develops as a male or a female.  Sexual Stereotypes - involve assumptions Physical features related to secondary sex regarding a person's sexuality that reinforce characteristic are also influenced by dominant views. For example, a prevalent hormones. Both males and females have view is that all men are sexually dominant. estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone Another notion is heteronormativity, or the but in varying amounts.  assumption that all persons are only attracted  How will SOGIE Equality Bill Protect The to the sex opposite theirs. LGBTQIA+?  Sex-role Stereotypes - encompass the roles - The SOGIE Equality Bill recognises the that men and women are assigned to based fundamental rights of every person on their sex and what behaviors they must regardless of sex, gender, age, class, possess to fulfill these roles. status, disability, religion, and political  Compounded Stereotypes - are assumptions beliefs. This means that the law protects about a specific group belonging to a gender. members of the LGBTQIA+ from Examples of groups subject to compounded discrimination and marginalisation. stereotypes are young women, old men, - Without marginalisation, everyone will single men or women, women factory have an equal opportunity and access to workers, and the like. healthcare, housing, public services, education, employment and licensure. The abbreviation SOGIE stands for sexual - Hate crimes and harassment are also orientation and gender identity and covered by the bill. With SOGIE Equality expression. Sexuality is different from sex, as present, those who commit discrimination the former is the expression of a person's against the LGBTQIA+ will be fined thoughts, feelings, sexual orientation and PHP100,000 but not more than relationships, as well as the biology of the PHP500,000, or imprisonment of not less sexual response system of that person. than one year but not more than six years or both, depending on the decision of the 1. Sexual Orientation - covers the three court. dimensions of sexuality, namely: A. sexual attraction, sexual behavior, The abbreviation LGBTQIA is short for lesbian, sexual fantasies; gay, transgender. queer/questioning, B. emotional preference, social intersex, asexual. This category describes preference, self identification; distinct groups outside of heteronormativity and who are usually defined by their SOGIE. C. heterosexual or homosexual  Heteronormativity is defined as the lifestyle. notion that being heterosexual, or the 2. Gender Identity refers to one's personal attraction to the opposite sex, is the experience of gender or social relations. It standard for correctness. determines how one sees himself or herself in  Heterosexual, or straight, refers to relation to gender and sexuality. A person people who have sexual and romantic could identify himself or herself as masculine feelings mostly for the opposite or feminine. gender-men who are attracted to 3. Gender Expression determines how one women, and women who are expresses his or her sexuality through the attracted to men. actions or manner of presenting oneself.  Homosexual describes people who have sexual and romantic feelings for  The SOGIE Equality Bill is meant to fulfill the the same gender-men who are rights set forth in the 1987 constitution, attracted to men, and women who particularly the equal protection clause. It are attracted to women. recognizes the LGBTQ++ as equals and  Cisgender is someone whose gender ensures that their rights are protected identity corresponds with his or her inasmuch as everyone’s is. The bill also biological sex. A person can be a acknowledges the Philippines duties under homosexual and at the same time a international law particularly the Universal cisgender (identify with the gender Declaration of Human Rights and the they were assigned to at birth International Covenant on Civil and Political because of their sex). Rights. It thus recognizes the non-  Lesbian pertains to women who are discrimination of the LGBTQ++ as both a attracted to other women. Gay refers national and international duty. to men who are attracted to other  men. It can also be used as an the sexes are some of the ways by which umbrella term for homosexuality. the patriarchal society controls women's Bisexual or "bi" denotes people who mobility and freedom of movement. are attracted to both genders. Finally A gender role is a set of societal norms transgender is an umbrella term dictating the types of behaviors which are refers to someone whose assigned generally considered acceptable, appropriate, sex at birth does not represent his or or desirable for people based on their actual her gender identity: or perceived sex or sexuality. Sexism is defined as the prejudice against a Types pf Gender Roles certain sex. Because we live in a patriarchal  Reproductive Roles - Childbearing/rearing society, men are still seen as dominant, responsibilities, and domestic tasks done leaders, and the "norm." This notion places by women, required to guarantee the women and the LGBT at risk for maintenance and reproduction of the discrimination. labour force. Gender Equality is defined as the recognition  Productive Roles - Work done by both of the state that all human beings are free to men and women for pay in cash or kind. It enjoy equal conditions and fulfill their human includes both market production with an potential, to contribute to the state and exchange-value, and subsistence/home society. production with actual use-value, and also potential exchange-value. 3: Patriarchy, Gender Roles and Sex-Roles  Community Managing Role- Activities Stereotypes undertaken primarily by men at the Patriarchy - term "patriarchy" refers to a community level, as an extension of their social system where males are the central reproductive role, to ensure the provision authority figures. The term patriarchy literally and maintenance of scarce resources of translated means "rule of the father." In a collective consumption, such as water, patriarchy, the males have all the power health care and education. This is socially, culturally, and legally. voluntary unpaid work, undertaken in Matriarchy is a social system in which females 'free' time. hold the primary power positions in roles of  Community Politics Role- Activities political leadership, moral authority, social undertaken primarily by men at the privilege and control of property at the community level, organizing at the formal specific exclusion of men - at least to a large political level, often within the framework degree. of national politics. This is usually paid Control of Men in the Patriarchal System work, either directly or indirectly, through Women’s Productive or Labor Power status or power. - Men control women's productivity both  Multiple Roles within the household and outside, in paid Men: typically play their roles work. Within the household women sequentially, focusing on a single provide all kinds of services to their productive role husbands, children and other members of Women: must usually play their role the family throughout their lives. simultaneously, balancing the demands of Women’s Reproduction each within their limited time constraints. - Men also control women's reproductive Sex-Role Stereotypes power. In many societies women have no  A sex role is a function or role which a control over then reproduction capacities. male or female assumes because of the Control over Women’s Sexuality basic physiological or anatomical - Women are obliged to provide sexual differences between the sexes. services to their husbands according to  A stereotype is a 'person or thing seeming their needs and desires. to conform to a heavily accepted type'. Women’s Mobility Sex-role stereotypes have also been - The imposition or restriction on leaving defined as 'the rigidly held and the house, limit on interaction between oversimplified beliefs that males and  females possess distinct (and similar) psychological traits and characteristics. these beliefs tend to be very widely held in society. EFFECTS OF SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPES ON INDIVIDUAL 1. Conformity a. Impression management b. Self - fulfilling Prophecy 2. Self-Image a. Self-esteem b. Self-confidence THE TRANSMITTAL OF SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPES 1. Socialization Agents, e.g.: a. Parents b. Teachers c. Peers 2. Socialization Forces, e.g.: a. School b. The media c. Language d. Play e. Art and music f. Religion, etc.