GENSOC LESSON III-IV PDF

LESSON III: Things to Know About HIV/AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) "HIV is not the enemy, ignorance is..." Who is the clinical staging of HIV? Four Body Fluids that Transmit HIV: 1. Blood Stage 1: Asymptomatic...

LESSON III: Things to Know About HIV/AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) "HIV is not the enemy, ignorance is..." Who is the clinical staging of HIV? Four Body Fluids that Transmit HIV: 1. Blood Stage 1: Asymptomatic 2. Semen HIV Infected 3. Vaginal Fluid Asymptomatic 4. Breast Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy Survival of HIV (TAMA): Stage 2: Mild disease Temperature Average 10 years antibodies are Atmosphere detectable in the blood Moisture Acidity Stage 3: Advanced The immune system deteriorates Risk of Transmission: Opportunistic infections starts to appear 1. Masturbation – NO RISK 2. Oral Sex – LOW RISK Stage 4: Severe 3. Vaginal Sex Without Condom – AIDS HIGH RISK Rapid decline in number of CD4 Tcells 4. Anal Sex Without Condom – Opportunistic infections become severe EXTREMELY HIGH RISK and cancer may develop Let's Talk About HIV in the Philippines In the beginning of year 2022: 1500+ New Cases of HIV Positive (Dept. of Health) 39 Cases per Day (World Health Organization) Philippines is one of the FASTEST HIV epidemic country in the world with 200% increase Approximately 37.7 Million PLHIV Worldwide 27.7% or 10.2 Million PLHIV are Unable to Access HIV Treatment  TARLAC – TARLAC CITY, OLONGAPO CITY 42 NEW HIV CASES PER DAY IN OCTOBER 2022 HIV and the Youth (15-24 Years Old) 30% (311) of the reported cases were among youth 15-24 years old, and 95% (296) of them were male. Twenty-four percent (75) among youth were reported to have advanced infection of HIV. All the reported cases were acquired through sexual contact (28 male-femalesex, 218 male-male sex, 65 sex with both males & females). 2 out of 3 new infections are among key populations aged 15 to 24 years old 13, 516 Newly diagnosed cases PAHI – PRIORITY AREAS FOR HIV INTERVENTION CATEGORY A BULACAN- City of Meycauayan, City of San Jose Del Monte, Marilao, Sta.Maria, City of Malolos, & Bulakan, Bulacan PAMPANGA – Angeles City, City of San Fernando, Mabalacat City Is HIV curable? HIV treatment (antiretroviral therapy R.A. 8504 – Philippine AIDS and or ART) involves taking medicine as Prevention Act of 1998 prescribed by a health care provider. Article VII - Discriminatory Acts and HIV treatment reduces the amount of Policies Section 35. Discrimination in HIV in your body and helps you stay the Workplace healthy. There is no cure for HIV, but you can control it with HIV treatment. Discrimination in any form from pre-employment to post-employment, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) including hiring, promotion or - Medicine taken to prevent getting HIV. assignment, based on the actual, - PrEP reduces the risk of getting HIV perceived or suspected HIV status of an from sex by about 99%. individual is prohibited. Termination - PrEP reduces the risk of getting HIV from work on the sole basis of actual, from injection drug use by at least 74%. perceived or suspected HIV status is deemed unlawful. R.A. 8504 – Philippine AIDS and R.A. 8504 – Philippine AIDS and Prevention Act of 1998 Prevention Act of 1998 Article VII - Discriminatory Acts and Article VII - Discriminatory Acts and Policies Section 36. Discrimination in Policies Schools Section 39. Exclusion from credit and insurance service No educational institution shall refuse admission or expel, discipline, All credit and loan services, including segregate, deny participation, benefits health, accident and life insurance shall or services to a student or prospective not be denied to a person on the basis of student on the basis of his/her actual, his/her actual, perceived or suspected perceived or suspected HIV status. HIV status: Provided, that the person with HIV has not concealed or R.A. 8504 – Philippine AIDS and misrepresented the fact to the insurance Prevention Act of 1998 company upon application. Extension Article VII - Discriminatory Acts and and continuation of credit and loan shall Policies likewise not be denied solely on the Section 37. Restrictions on Travels basis of said health condition. and Habitation R.A. 8504 – Philippine AIDS and The freedom of abode, lodging and Prevention Act of 1998 travel of a person with HIV shall not be Article VII - Discriminatory Acts and abridged. No person shall be Policies quarantined, placed in isolation, or Section 40. Discrimination in refused lawful entry into or deported hospitals and health institutions from Philippine territory on account of his/her actual, perceived or suspected No person shall be denied health care HIV status. service or be charged with a higher fee on account of actual, perceived or R.A. 8504 – Philippine AIDS and suspected HIV status. Prevention Act of 1998 Article VII - Discriminatory Acts and R.A. 8504 – Philippine AIDS and Policies Prevention Act of 1998 Section 38. Inhibition from Public Article VII - Discriminatory Acts and Office Policies Section 41. Denial of Burial Services The right to seek an elective or appointive public office shall not be A deceased person who had AIDS or denied to a person with HIV. who was known, suspected or perceived to be HIV-positive shall not be denied 5. Walang sintomas na ipinapakita ang any kind of decent burial services. HIV at ang tanging paraan lamang upang malaman ang iyong kalagayan ay R.A. 8504 – Philippine AIDS and sa pamamagitan ng “TESTING”. Prevention Act of 1998 6. Ang HIV testing ay libre at Article VII - Discriminatory Acts and confidential. Policies 7. Kailangang suportahan natin ang mga Section 42. Penalty for discriminatory taong may ganitong uri ng karamdaman acts and policies (kaibigan, ka-pamilya, kakilala, etc.). 8. Hindi HIV ang pangunahing sanhi ng All discriminatory acts and policies kamatayan ng mga taong infected nito referred to in this Act shall be kundi ang iba pang sakit at punishable with a penalty of komplikasyon na dumapo sa katawan ng imprisonment for six (6) months to four isang PLHIV. (4) years and a fine not exceeding Ten 9. Ang kawalan ng kaalaman at thousand pesos (P10,000.00). In pagpapakalat ng tsismis at maling addition, licenses/permits of schools, impormasyon ang nagpapalala ng hospitals and other institutions found STIGMA. guilty of committing discriminatory acts and policies described in this Act shall Other Sexually Transmitted be revoked. Infections (STIs) ABCDE of HIV Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections A- abstinence - More than 30 different bacteria, B- be mutually faithful viruses and parasites are known to be C- check your status transmitted through sexual contact. D- don’t inject drugs - Some STIs can also be transmitted E- educate yourself and others from mother-to child during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. Final Reminders: 1. Hindi dapat ginagawang katatawanan 8 Pathogens Linked to the Greatest ang HIV. Incidence of Sexually Transmitted 2. Hindi dapat pinangdidirihan ang mga Infections (STIs): taong infected ng HIV. 3. Hindi dapat pinagkakalat ang Curable: impormasyon ng taong infected ng HIV. Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, 4. Ang paggamit ng proteksyon tulad ng Trichomoniasis condom ay kinakailangan kahit na umiinom ng PrEP ang isang tao. Viral: Hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus Gonorrhea (Tulo) (HSV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Syphilis - A sexually transmitted infection, also called a sexually transmitted disease, caused by bacteria. - Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria Gonorrhoeae. - Most often passed from one person to - A highly contagious disease that is another during sexual contact, including mostly spread through sexual activity, oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. including vaginal, oral, and anal sex. - Early syphilis causes sores, rashes, and Gonorrhea symptoms in Men: other symptoms. Painful urination, yellow, green, or - If left untreated, it can cause longterm white discharge from the penis; problems that affect the brain, eyes, inflammation of the foreskin. heart, and other organs. - This is caused by the bacteria Gonorrhea symptoms in Women: Treponema Pallidum. Painful urination, increased discharge from the vagina, abnormal bleeding between periods. Gonorrhea symptoms of Rectal/Anal Infection: Pain in the rectum/anus, abnormal discharge, pain during bowel movement, bleeding. Gonorrhea symptoms in Women: It can pass through genital contact, Sore throat during child delivery, or sharing of sex toys with an infected individual. Super Gonorrhea Trichomoniasis Refers to the emergence of gonorrhea as a superbug. The bacteria that cause the infection has become increasingly resistant to almost all types of antibiotics. Chlamydia Trich is caused by a really tiny parasite called trichomonas. Spreads through unprotected sexual contact with an infected individual Hepatitis B Hepatitis B is not transmitted casually by sneezing or coughing, shaking hands, hugging or sharing or preparing a meal. In fact, hepatitis B is not contracted during most of life’s daily activities. The most common sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria chlamydia trachomatis. Most often spreads through unprotected vaginal, oral, or anal sex.  A viral infection that commonly causes Herpes Simplex Virus skin or mucous membrane growths (warts). There are more than 100 types of Human Papillomavirus. Some types of HPV infection cause warts, and some can cause different types of cancer. - A common infection that can cause painful blister or ulcers. It primarily spreads by skin-to-skin contact. Treatable but not curable. - HSV-1 causes infection in or around the mouth. - HSV-2 spread by sexual contact and causes genital herpes. Human Papillomavirus  LESSON IV: Gender, Politics, Religious Fundamentalism and Violence “Politics has no gender. Politics is for men and women. Politics is for all.” The struggles of Filipino women have always been intimately linked with the broad, popular struggles for social justice and sovereignty. On the surface, the Philippines may be mistaken for a male chauvinist macho Teodora Alonzo, mother of national country, but it is in essence a hero Jose Rizal is recognized for her matriarchal society with many women independent political views which drew actually holding sway over families, the anger of the Spanish friars. For businesses and politics. refusing to pay land taxes, she was made to walk under heavy guard for some 10 kilometers to the provincial jail and imprisoned for two and a half years. During the Spanish period, women joined the underground resistance movement KATIPUNAN in the struggle against colonialism. They fought alongside the men and acquired significant political skills and know-how. Such struggle enabled women to go beyond the traditional roles (i.e of homemaker and caregiver) The list of prominent Filipino women in which the highly patriarchal Spanish history include Gabriela Silang, regime had imposed upon them. Gregoria de Jesus, Agueda Kahabagan, Teresa Magbanua, Melchora Aquino, Women’s Clubs in the Philippines) was Trinidad Tecson among others. These then established in Manila to direct the women did not only attend to the sick plebiscite campaign. Its aim was to draw and wounded or solicit food and money the support of the broadest number of for the revolution; they also served in women and launch various forms of the more dangerous tasks of transmitting campaign through media and personal messages and hiding documents. A few connections. As it turned out, 447,725 actually fought and reached the rank of women voted yes in the 1937 general in the revolutionary army. plebiscite. Another key struggle was for women’s When World War II broke out and the right to education, particularly for a Japanese occupied the Philippines, school where women could learn women again fought alongside the men. Spanish. Such school was deemed After the war, these same women important because the ability to speak attempted to participate in the postwar Spanish was crucial to education government that was consolidated by mobility. the national elections in April 1946 and the proclamation of Philippine By the time of the American Independence of July 4. Not too many occupation (1940s), a significant women, however, were visibly present number of Filipino women had become in mainstream politics. educated. In the hope of further shedding off their status as second-class Between 1946 – 1971 (the last year of citizens, these women enjoined and free elections before Martial Law), only organized other women to fight for the 26 women were elected to public right to suffrage. Until then, only the office: 11 Representatives, 7 senators, literate men were allowed to vote and 6 governors and 2 city mayors. In run for office 1951, women attempted to form a National Political Party of Women, but The Suffragist Movement provided the project never got off the ground. inroads for women to get into politics. Instead, in the same year, a separate In 1937, women were finally granted the group launched the Women’s right to vote. The constitution of 1935 Magsaysay-for-President Movement to had stipulated that the right of support the presidential bid of Ramon suffrage would be extended to women Magsaysay. In the early 70s, Filipino only if 300,000 women voted in its women joined the popular resistance favor during a national plebiscite. A against Marcos’ dictatorial rule. By this General time, more and more women had Council of Women (whose forerunner become politicized. Quite a good was the National Federation of number even joined ideological groups while others became combatants of the rebel movements. 1. Proper behavior is used to simplify the difference between those who belong and those who are not. 2. Women are seen as cultural carriers. 3. Control in terms of marriage and divorce. Subordination of women to their husbands bounded by false views on faith. Justification for even more violence against women: “A woman’s worth and humanity is - Purity and honor in the Philippine measured by sexual purity before culture for example, shows that a marriage and her heteronormative woman’s humanity is measured by her sexual exclusivity to her husband sexual innocence before marriage and afterwards.” heterosexual exclusivity thereafter. Religious Fundamentalism have been - Thus, rape is seen as the loss of a associated with conservative politics woman’s worth because it breaks either characterized by various forms of her sexual purity or her exclusivity. intolerance ranging from racism, sexism, homophobia, and elitism. - Therefore, this sense of “dishonor” attached to women who choose relations Fundamentalism, when used in outside those dictated by their culture is religion, connotes the imposition of a the justification of even more violence single interpretation of religious against women, such as honor killings doctrines and hostility toward or severe punishment under law. contradiction of plurality. Because women serves as markers of Controlling Women’s Bodies and their groups, tribe, nation, or culture, Violence Against Women rape and sexual violence become an - The reason for detrimental effects on assault on her family or her entire women’s rights is that the control over community in situations of conflict. women is a feature of religious fundamentalisms. Example: David, K. (2024). Kapalit ng - Women are affected by national and Katahimikan. 'Kapalit ng ethnic processes in several major ways. Katahimikan,' dokumentaryo ni Kara David (Full minority against the tyranny of the Episode) (with English subs) | I-Witness majority. In the study of Paul (2005), he found Vaggione (2002) proposes the dual that collective beliefs in a more nature of the catholic church’s benevolent religious cosmos are discourse must be addressed positively correlated to lower homicide affectively: rates. 1. Final interpretation of doctrine cannot The Philippines, South Africa, and the be left to the Catholic hierarchy that has Dominican Republic are classified along become fundamentalist. with United States as countries where a 2. The church must be criticized when it more malevolent cosmology is moves in secular spaces by accepted, because beliefs in the devil counteracting its junk scientific and hell are embraced alongside beliefs arguments. in God and heaven. These countries exhibit higher homicide rates. These two polarities must also be bridged because the Church has to be Different Countries Practice made morally liable for its misuse of Separation Differently: scientific arguments. 1. Mexico – priests are not allowed to vote. “Women need democracy in public 2. Philippines – the Catholic church spaces, in the private arena of practically dictates policy, especially, religion, and in the intimacy of their around reproductive and sexual rights. desires and consciences if they are to achieve equality.” An-Na’im proposes the concept of secularism as mediation: Gender Mainstreaming in Law 1. Citizens must be able to propose and The Philippines is known for its very advocate policy and legislative liberal and progressive Constitution that initiatives on the basis of their religious was formulated during the euphoria of belief. But such proposals must be the People Power Revolution in 1986. within the context of reasoning that is Gender equality is a key element of this acceptable to those who do not accept Charter and as enshrined in Article II the particular belief system. Section 14 of the 1987 Constitution, 2. Such policy must conform to “the State recognizes the role of women accepted human rights standards in nation-building and shall ensure the including standards of fundamental equality before the law of nondiscrimination and protection of the women and men.” Considering the unequal gender conditions of employment, prohibition relations in the country, the Constitution of discrimination by reason of marriage further provided for women of a woman worker. representation (as one of the 9 marginalized sectors) in the legislature Women in Nation Building Law. through the party-list system (which Republic Act 7192 (1991) should cover 20% of the lower house). is an act promoting the integration of Finally, Article 13 Section 14 women as full and equal partners of men specifically mentioned that the “State in development and nation building. The shall protect working women by law provides that a substantial portion providing safe and healthful working of government resources be utilized to conditions, taking into account their support programs and activities for maternal functions, and such facilities women. The law also encourages the and opportunities that will enhance full participation and involvement of their welfare and enable them to realize women in the development process and their full potential in the service of the to remove gender bias in all government nation”. regulations and procedures. In relation to gender budgeting, the law specifically This legal framework promoting mandated all agencies to allocate a gender equality is in turn elaborated minimum of 5%, increasing to 30%, of in various legislations and these all official development funds in include the following: mainstreaming gender concerns. Through executive directives however, Local Government Code of 1991. this 5% allocation is further Provides for the election of sectoral expanded to cover the total budget representation, including women, in appropriations, not only development local legislative councils. funds, of all government agencies and local government units in the country. Party List Law. Provides for the This is known as the Gender and creation of women-oriented or Development Budget or GAD. women-based parties to compete under the party-list system. Women is one of 1988 Comprehensive Agrarian the 9 sectors identified in the law. Reform Law Gave Filipino women the right to own Labor Code (1989) land that previously reverted to sons and Covers issues such as night work other male family members. prohibition, specifies that employers must provide special facilities for Republic Act 7688 (1994) women, prohibition of discrimination An act giving representation to women against women in respect to terms and in social security commission.  reference for the discussions and 1990 Day care Law (RA 6972) and monitoring of gender mainstreaming. 1996 Paternity Leave Act. Both of which acknowledge that Gender and Development Budget children is both a parental and state (GAD) responsibility Integral to the national plan, it is aimed at “institutionalizing gender concerns in Anti-Sexual Harassment Law - RA the mainstream development process 7877 (1995) and agenda and not just peripheral an act declaring sexual harassment programs and projects of the unlawful in the employment, education government”. Concretely, it prescribes or training environment. for the allocation of 5% of the government agency’s/local government Republic Act 7822 (1995) unit’s budget on gender-responsive An act providing assistance to women activities and projects. As a result, engaging in micro and cottage business implementation of the development enterprises. programs and policies of government also means women partaking a role in Republic Act 8353 (1997) governance. As primarily stakeholders An act expanding the definition of the in the development process, women crime of rape reclassifying the same as a have the right to maximize their crime against persons. involvement in governance, be it at the local or national level While the constitutional and legal framework acknowledges the need for Framework Plan for Women (FPW) gender mainstreaming, gender equality This is part of the Philippine Plan for is indeed still a work in progress. Thus, Women which the current one can find a myriad of projects, administration developed to focus on initiatives, and processes on the gender three thrust namely: promoting women’s challenge that are corollary to economic empowerment; advance and gender-oriented legislations. This protect women human rights; and includes: promote gender responsive governance. This plan identifies the concrete gender Philippine Plan for Gender issues that will be addressed, pinpoint Responsive Development (1995-2025). targets and indicators, name programs, The National Plan for Women that formulates the implementation plan, and consolidates the action commitments of set-up tools for monitoring and the Philippines during the Beijing World evaluation. Conference on Women. This is the over-all frame that is also the point of ONLINE GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE - OGBV refers to “harmful acts directed towards an individual or a group of individuals based on their gender that are partially or fully carried out through or enabled by technology” (UN Women silence victims. as cited in Foundation for Media Alternatives (FMA), 2023). GENDER-BASED ONLINE SEXUAL HARASSMENT Republic Act No. 11313, Section 12 - Includes acts that use information and communications technology in terrorizing and intimidating victims through physical, psychological, and emotional threats, unwanted sexual misogynistic, transphobic, homophobic and sexist remarks and comments online whether publicly or through direct and private messages, invasion of victim’s privacy through cyberstalking and incessant messaging, uploading and sharing without the consent of the victim, any form of media that contains photos, voice, or video with sexual content, any unauthorized recording and sharing of any of the victim’s photos, videos, or any information online, impersonating identities of victims online or posting lies about victims to harm their reputation, or filing, false abuse reports to online platforms to