Genetics Chapter 2 PDF - Study Guide

genetics chap 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gkk93i 1. Reproduction Process producing new cells or organisms. 2. Chromosome Transfer of chromosomes from parent to offspring. Transmission 3. Eukaryotic Cell Di- Cells sort...

genetics chap 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gkk93i 1. Reproduction Process producing new cells or organisms. 2. Chromosome Transfer of chromosomes from parent to offspring. Transmission 3. Eukaryotic Cell Di- Cells sort chromosomes for equal distribution. vision 4. Chromosomes Structures containing genetic material within cells. 5. DNA Genetic material composing chromosomes. 6. Proteins Molecules providing structure to chromosomes. 7. Chromatin DNA-protein complex in eukaryotic cells. 8. Prokaryotes Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. 9. Eukaryotes Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. 10. Nucleoid Region containing circular chromosome in prokaryotes. 11. Cell Wall Rigid structure outside the membrane in prokaryotes. 12. Cytogenetics Microscopic examination of chromosomes in cells. 13. Karyotype Visual representation of an organism's chromosome composition. 14. Somatic Cells Body cells excluding gametes. 15. Gametes Reproductive cells: sperm and egg. 16. Linear Chromo- Multiple, non-circular chromosomes in eukaryotes. somes 17. Organelles surrounded by membranes in eukaryotic cells. 1/6  genetics chap 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gkk93i Mem- brane-bound Organelles 18. Mitochondria Organelles with their own DNA in eukaryotes. 19. Chloroplasts Organelles containing DNA, found in plants. 20. Light Microscope Tool used to observe chromosomes during division. 21. Chromosome Unique structure with specific size and shape. 22. Karyotype Organized representation of a cell's chromosomes. 23. Diploid Eukaryotic species with two chromosome sets. 24. Homologous Chromosome pairs with similar structure and genes. chromosomes 25. Homologs Members of a homologous chromosome pair. 26. Homozygous Both homologs carry identical alleles. 27. Heterozygous Homologs carry different alleles of a gene. 28. Locus Physical location of a gene on a chromosome. 29. Asexual reproduc- Cell division producing identical daughter cells. tion 30. Binary fission Asexual reproduction method in bacteria. 31. E. coli division Can divide every 20 to 30 minutes. time 32. Cell cycle Series of phases for eukaryotic cell division. 2/6  genetics chap 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gkk93i 33. Interphase Phase where cell prepares for division. 34. S phase Chromosome replication occurs during this phase. 35. Sister chromatids Identical copies of a chromosome after replication. 36. Centromere Region where sister chromatids are joined. 37. M phase Phase where mitosis occurs. 38. Cytokinesis Process dividing the cell into two daughter cells. 39. G0 phase Cell opts out of division cycle. 40. Mitotic spindle ap- Organizes and sorts chromosomes during mitosis. paratus 41. Centrosomes Microtubule-organizing centers in animal cells. 42. Microtubules Cytoskeletal structures involved in chromosome movement. 43. Mitosis phases Includes Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. 44. Prophase Nuclear envelope dissociates; chromatids condense. 45. Prometaphase Centrosomes move; kinetochore MTs capture chromatids. 46. Metaphase Chromatids align on the metaphase plate. 47. Anaphase Sister chromatids separate; move to poles. 48. Telophase Chromosomes decondense; nuclear membrane reforms. 49. Cytokinesis Division of cytoplasm; forms daughter cells. 3/6  genetics chap 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gkk93i 50. Cleavage Furrow Animal cell indentation during cytokinesis. 51. Cell Plate Plant cell structure during cytokinesis. 52. Outcome of Mito- Produces two genetically identical daughter cells. sis 53. Meiosis Produces haploid cells from diploid cells. 54. Meiosis I First division in meiosis; homologous chromosomes separate. 55. Meiosis II Second division in meiosis; sister chromatids separate. 56. Prophase I Subdivided into leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis. 57. Leptotene Replicated chromosomes begin to condense. 58. Zygotene Homologous chromosomes align via synapsis. 59. Pachytene Homologs aligned; crossing over occurs. 60. Crossing Over Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. 61. Chiasma Point where crossing over occurs between chromatids. 62. Diplotene Synaptonemal complex mostly disappears; chromatids pull apart. 63. Diakinesis Final stage of prophase I; synaptonemal complex gone. 64. Metaphase I Bivalents organized along the metaphase plate. 65. Random Align- Sister chromatids arranged randomly during metaphase. ment 66. Possible Align- 2n arrangements; humans have over 8 million. ments 4/6  genetics chap 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gkk93i 67. Sister Chromatids Identical copies of a chromosome linked together. 68. Homologous Chromosome pairs with similar genes from each parent. Chromosomes 69. Anaphase I Sister chromatids remain attached; dyads separate. 70. Telophase I Dyads reach poles; nuclear membrane may reform. 71. Cytokinesis Division of cytoplasm following nuclear division. 72. Haploid Cells Cells with one set of chromosomes (1n). 73. Diploid Cells Cells with two sets of chromosomes (2n). 74. Meiosis II Similar to mitosis; starts with haploid cells. 75. Gametogenesis Process of forming gametes from germ cells. 76. Isogamous Species producing morphologically similar gametes. 77. Heterogamous Species producing morphologically different gametes. 78. Spermatogenesis Production of sperm in male animals. 79. Oogenesis Production of egg cells in female animals. 80. Primary Oocyte Diploid cell arrested in prophase I. 81. Secondary Oocyte Haploid cell produced after meiosis I. 82. Ovulation Release of secondary oocyte into oviduct. 83. Fertilization Fusion of sperm and egg nuclei. 5/6  genetics chap 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gkk93i 84. Gametophyte Haploid generation in plant life cycles. 85. Sporophyte Diploid generation in plant life cycles. 86. Spores Haploid cells produced by meiosis in plants. 87. Anthers Structures producing male gametophytes in plants. 88. Ovaries Structures producing female gametophytes in plants. 89. Reduction Divi- Meiosis I reduces chromosome number by half. sion 6/6