Genetics 1st Semester AY 2024-2025 Lecture 1 PDF

1 Semester AY 2024-2025 st Important Dates Term Duration: August 12 to December 15, 2024 Start of Class: August 12, 2024 Last Day for Dropping of Subjects: September 25, 2024 Midterm Examination: October 8-12, 2024 (Graduating and Non- graduating students) BU Olympics: October 21-25, 2024 Midterm...

1 Semester AY 2024-2025 st Important Dates Term Duration: August 12 to December 15, 2024 Start of Class: August 12, 2024 Last Day for Dropping of Subjects: September 25, 2024 Midterm Examination: October 8-12, 2024 (Graduating and Non- graduating students) BU Olympics: October 21-25, 2024 Midterm Interlude: October 28 to November 03, 2024 Final Examination: December 10-14, 2024 End of Class: December 15, 2024 (Start of Semestral Break)  Agri 13 Principles of Genetics Second Year BSA (II-BSA) Bicol University Guinobatan Department of Agricultural Sciences Mr. Roy R. Boten, Lic. Agr. Course Instructor Agri 13: Principles of Genetics Credit Units: 3.0 (Lecture – 2 units & Laboratory – 1 unit) Second Year BSA (II-BSA) Schedule: Lecture: Mon, 1-3PM; Laboratory: Wed, 7-10AM Lecture: Mr. Roy R. Boten, L. Agr. Laboratory: Prof. Andrian Sola Grading System and Requirements Lecture Components (50%) - Attendance and Class Participation (10%) - Short and Long Quizzes (15%) - Lecture Activities/Guide Questions (30%) - Two Examinations (45%) Total = 100% Topics for the whole semester Unit I – Introduction to Genetics Unit II – Chromosomal Basis of Heredity Unit III – Gene Segregation and Interaction Unit IV – Linkage and Recombination Unit V – The DNA: Chemical Basis of Heredity Unit VI – Gene Functions Unit VII – Developmental Genetics Unit VIII – Epigenetics and Mutations Unit IX – Delayed Chromosomal and Extrachromosomal Inheritance Unit X – Quantitative and Population Genetics Unit XI – Human Genetics  Week Number Lecture Topics/Activities Week 1 (August 12-16) Course Orientation and Introduction Week 2 (August 19-23) Unit I – Introduction to Genetics Week 3 (August 27-30) Unit II – Chromosomal Basis of Heredity Week 4 (September 2-6) Unit II – Chromosomal Basis of Heredity Week 5 (September 9-13) Unit III – Gene Segregation and Interaction Week 6 (September 16-20) Unit III – Gene Segregation and Interaction Week 7 (September 23-27) Unit IV – Linkage and Recombination Week 8 (September 30 to October 04) Unit V – The DNA: Chemical Basis of Heredity Week 9 (October 7-11) Midterm Examination  Week Number Lecture Topics/Activities Week 10 (October 14-18) Unit VI – Gene Functions Week 11 (October 21-25) BU Olympics (Developmental Genetics) Week 12 (October 28-31) Midterm Interlude Week 13 (November 4-8) Unit VII – Developmental Genetics Unit VIII – Epigenetics and Mutations Week 14 (November 11-15) Unit IX – Delayed Chromosomal and Extrachromosomal Inheritance Week 15 (November 18-22) Unit X - Quantitative and Population Genetics Week 16 (November 25-29) Unit XI – Human Genetics Week 17 (December 2-6) Integration Period/Review Week Week 18 (December 9-13) Final Examination Genetics: The Science of Heredity and Variation - Genetics was derived from the Greek word “gen”, meaning to become or to grow into something. The term was coined by William Bateson in 1906. Beginning of Genetics - Began with the works of Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel (1822-1884). - In 1866, he discovered that hereditary characteristics were determined by elementary factors that are transmitted between generations in a uniform, predictable fashion. Reference: Ramirez, D.A., Mendioro, M.S., & Laude, R.P. (2013). Lectures in Genetics. 10th Edition. Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines – Los Baños Major Attributes of a Gene - Inherited from generation to generation in a fashion that each progeny has a physical copy of this material. - Provides information regarding the structure, function, and other biological properties of the characteristics or traits it controls. Reference: Ramirez, D.A., Mendioro, M.S., & Laude, R.P. (2013). Lectures in Genetics. 10th Edition. Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines – Los Baños Theory of Pangenesis - formulated by Aristotle in the 19th century - proposed that semen was formed everywhere in a man’s body and such semen reflected the characteristics of the body part where it was formed - It was accepted by many biologists including Charles Darwin (1809- 1882). Darwin suggested that all parts of the parents could contribute to the evolution and development of the offspring. Reference: Ramirez, D.A., Mendioro, M.S., & Laude, R.P. (2013). Lectures in Genetics. 10 th Edition. Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines – Los Baños Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics - proposed by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) - body modification acquired by use or disuse could be transmitted to the offspring because the semen formed reflected such modifications - based on the Theory of Pangenesis Key Difference: Use and Disuse focuses on how traits are developed or diminished during an organism's lifetime due to usage or lack thereof. Acquired Characteristics suggests that these traits, once developed, can be inherited by the next generation. Weismann’s Germplasm Theory - first who challenged the Theory of Pangenesis by conducting it on mice experiments (August Weismann 1834-1914) Main Findings: - Inheritance of the tail length does not depend on particles produced in the tails of parent mice. - Germplasm or the sex cells perpetuated themselves in reproduction generation after generation (which were not affected when the tails were cut) Reference: Ramirez, D.A., Mendioro, M.S., & Laude, R.P. (2013). Lectures in Genetics. 10 th Edition. Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines – Los Baños  Weismann’s Germplasm Theory Reference: Ramirez, D.A., Mendioro, M.S., & Laude, R.P. (2013). Lectures in Genetics. 10th Edition. Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines – Los Baños  Joseph Gottlieb Kolreuter (1733-1806) - observed that although hybrids between species might have shown uniform appearance, their fertile offspring would usually produce considerable diversity. - Gartner (1772-1850), Naudin (1815-1899), and Darwin reported similar observations Reference: Ramirez, D.A., Mendioro, M.S., & Laude, R.P. (2013). Lectures in Genetics. 10th Edition. Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines – Los Baños  Father of Genetics - while Gregor Mendel was not the first to study biological inheritance, he was nonetheless named the Father of Genetics - attributed mainly to his brilliant insights and methodologies on the garden peas experiment Reference: Ramirez, D.A., Mendioro, M.S., & Laude, R.P. (2013). Lectures in Genetics. 10th Edition. Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines – Los Baños  Question to Ponder! The work of Mendel was not considered important for almost 40 years? Why?  The work of Mendel was not considered important for almost 40 years? Why? - Most mathematicians had little knowledge or interest in biology while biologists had little interest in Mathematics - He used hawkweed (Hieracium sp.), an apomictic species, and therefore, exhibited maternal inheritance. - For many years, his paper remained only a reference material for those conducting research Reference: Ramirez, D.A., Mendioro, M.S., & Laude, R.P. (2013). Lectures in Genetics. 10th Edition. Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines – Los Baños Carl Correns (Germany), Erick Von Tschermak (Austria), and Hugo de Vries (Netherlands) (1900) - independently duplicated Mendel’s experiments on garden peas, maize, primroses, poppies, and many other flowering plants. - obtained the same ratios as those of Mendel - provided follow-up work that Mendel was not able to do - rediscoverers of Mendel William Bateson, Saunders, and Cuenot (1902) - shown that Mendel’s principles also applied to animals Walter S. Sutton (USA) and Theodor Boveri (Germany) (1903) - suggested the association of the Mendelian factors with the chromosomes Reference: Ramirez, D.A., Mendioro, M.S., & Laude, R.P. (2013). Lectures in Genetics. 10th Edition. Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines – Los Baños Chromosome Theory of Inheritance - the discovery of the sex chromosomes and the demonstration of the association between specific genes and specific chromosomes - demonstrated that each chromosome contained not one but many genes - Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910) and Calvin B. Bridges (1916) Reference: Ramirez, D.A., Mendioro, M.S., & Laude, R.P. (2013). Lectures in Genetics. 10th Edition. Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines – Los Baños  Oswald T. Avery, Collin M. Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty (1940) - identified the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as the hereditary material At King’s College London, Rosalind Franklin obtained images of DNA using X-ray crystallography, an idea first broached by Maurice Wilkins. Franklin’s images allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to create their famous two-strand, or double-helix, model. Reference: Ramirez, D.A., Mendioro, M.S., & Laude, R.P. (2013). Lectures in Genetics. 10th Edition. Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines – Los Baños  James Watson and Francis Crick with their DNA model at the Cavendish Laboratories in 1953. The Historic Photo 51