Genetic and Principles of Inheritance.pdf

1. Based on the words that you’ve found in the crossword, what do you think are the connections of the words? 2. Based on our game, what do you think is the topic for today? Presented by: Ma’am Sean 1| Mendel’s Experiments 2| Non-Mendelian and the Principles of Inheritance...

1. Based on the words that you’ve found in the crossword, what do you think are the connections of the words? 2. Based on our game, what do you think is the topic for today? Presented by: Ma’am Sean 1| Mendel’s Experiments 2| Non-Mendelian and the Principles of Inheritance Inheritance - Moravian monk - Formulated his ideas of inheritance based on a simple hybridization experiment with pea plants (Pisum sativum) in the monastery Why did Mendel choose the Pea Plant? He chose the garden pea due to the variation in observable traits and its ability to self or cross-pollinate, he chose seven pea plant characteristics to study  Mendel observed 7 traits that are easily recognized and apparently only occur in one of two forms: 1. Flower color is purple or white 2. Flower position is axial or terminal 3. Stem length is long or short 4. Seed shape is round or wrinkled 5. Seed color is yellow or green 6. Pod shape is inflated or constricted 7. Pod color is yellow or green What do we mean by GENES?  GENES These are the traits that are being passed on from parent to offspring. The gene is considered the basic unit of inheritance. Law of Segregation  Law of Segregation Paired unit factors known as genes must segregate equally into gametes. Thus, the offspring is formed when gametes unite forming two copies of each gene, one from each parent. According to the law of segregation, every parent’s pair of genes or alleles divide and a single gene passes from every parent to an offspring. Which particular gene passes on in a pair is entirely up to chance.  Do you have any idea about Allele?  Allele it is a variant of a gene controlling the same trait it usually occurs in pairs This can be dominant or recessive Difference between Genotype and Phenotype  Genotype it is the genetic makeup composed of both visible traits and non-expressed alleles It determines the traits that will be expressed. Organisms that look the same do not have the same genotype  Phenotype it is determined by an individual’s genotype and expressed genes or by visible traits, such as hair color or type, eye color, body shape, and height. Dominant Vs Recessive  Dominant Recessive this allele will be expressed if will only be expressed in the it is present absence of a dominant trait represented by a capital letter represented by a lowercase letter Only ONE allele is needed for the trait to be expressed. TWO alleles are needed for the trait to be expressed.  Difference between Homozygous Dominant, Heterozygous, and Homozygous Recessive  Homozygous Dominant it is a genotype where an individual inherits two copies of a dominant gene  Heterozygous one of the two contrasting alleles was dominant which is the expressed factor whereas the recessive allele is the latent or hidden factor  Homozygous Recessive an organism with two recessive alleles Genotype Vs Phenotype  GENOTYPE A unique sequence of DNA. A genotype refers to the two alleles an organism has inherited for a particular gene. Alleles can be recessive or dominant  PHENOTYPE An observable trait Phenotype is a result of the expression of one or more genes. For example, a phenotype could be: Brown hair, AB blood type, or blue eye colour What do we mean by Monohybrid Cross?  Monohybrid Cross it is a term used to study only one trait of a cross between two true- breeding organisms What do we mean by Dihybrid Cross?  Dihybrid Cross it is a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits Punnett Square Punnett Square devised by Reginald Punnutt it is used to determine probabilities and draw possible outcomes and frequencies Monohybrid Dihybrid Non-Mendelian Inheritance Non-Mendelian Inheritance it is any pattern in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws inheritance of traits that have a more complex genetic basis than one gene with two alleles and complete dominance. Non-Mendelian Inheritance There are 4 main types of genetic inheritance: Dominant Recessive Codominance Incomplete Dominance  DOMINANT White with brown spots is a dominant trait. If the cow has one or two dominant alleles, it will be white with brown spots.  RECESSIVE All white is a recessive trait. If the cow has two recessive alleles, it will be all white in colour.  CODOMINANCE Both alleles of a gene are distinctly expressed. Red and white show codominance. If a plant has both a recessive and dominant gene, it will be red with white spots.  INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Both alleles are partially expressed in an intermediate phenotype. The colour pink shows incomplete dominance. If a plant has both a recessive and dominant gene, it will be a mix of red and white (pink). SEATWORK  Direction: Solve the genetic problems given on each SEATWORK number (Five points each). 1. A lawyer sets out to prove that a child with type A blood is the son of a man with type B blood and a mother with type AB blood. Determine if it is possible for the man to be the father. Punnett Square Genotype ratio: Phenotype ratio:  Direction: Solve the genetic problems given on each SEATWORK number (Five points each). 1. In some kinds of cattle, there are two alleles for coat color, R for red and r for white. When an allele for white and one allele for red combine, the coat is spotted with red and white also called as roan. Predict the possible offspring of a homozygous red cow and a roan cow. Punnett Square Genotype ratio: Phenotype ratio: ASSIGNMENT  SEATWORK Direction: Solve the genetic problems given on each number (Five points). 1. In humans, widow’s peak (H) is dominant over a continuous hairline (h), and short fingers (F) are dominant over long fingers (f). Two heterozygous individuals with widow’s peaks and short fingers want to have a child with continuous hairline and long fingers. Is this possible? (a) Genotype of the parent (b) Punnett square (c) Genotypic ratio (d) Phenotypic ratio Thank you for listening!