GENERAL BIOLOGY - Q1.pdf

Lesson - What is Life? 8 Characteristics of Life Order Response to Stimuli Reproduction Heredity Growth and Development Energy Processing Evolution and Adaptation Homeostasis Order ALL living things exhibit ORDER Highly organize...

Lesson - What is Life? 8 Characteristics of Life Order Response to Stimuli Reproduction Heredity Growth and Development Energy Processing Evolution and Adaptation Homeostasis Order ALL living things exhibit ORDER Highly organized structures of CELLS - Bacteria are UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES - Whales are MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES Response to Stimuli ALL respond to STIMULI Stimulus is the reaction to the environment External Stimulus: - Reaction coming from OUTSIDE of the organism Internal Stimulus - Reaction coming from INSIDE of the organism Reproduction Is the creation of offspring to ensure the continuation of LIFE Two types: ASEXUAL and SEXUAL Asexual Sexual 1 Parent Involves 2 parents Gametes are not produced Gametes are produced No fertilization and zygote formation Fertilization is occurs Meiosis doesn’t occur Meiosis occurs during gametogenesis Offspring are identical to the parent Offspring are unique Heredity Parents pass the genetic material to the offspring - The genetic material is known as DNA or DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID  Offspring attains the characteristics and appearance of the parents Growth and Development All living grow and develop All living things age Require Energy Organisms use a form of energy ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is made from the MITOCHONDRIA Homeostasis Ability to maintain STABLE INTERNAL factors Evolve and Adapt All living beings evolve in order to adapt to the ever changing environment Other things: Phototropism - Response to light Gravitropism - Response to gravity Regeneration - Process of healing Metamorphosis - Extreme change of an organism Axolotl Adaptation - Axolotls are one of the only species to grow limbs, gills, lungs, or any body part back as they have fast regeneration Lesson - Viruses: What are they? Viruses Infectious microbes consisting of a segment of nucleic acid and a protein coat Ultramicroscopic Parasitic / Obligate intracellular parasites - Highly specific for the host cell Lacks machinery for synthesizing proteins Anatomy of a Virus  Nucleic Acid - Viruses may either have DNA or RNA Protein Coat - The protective shell - Known as Capsid Envelope - May be present or absent - Adds protection to the Virion - Viruses without the envelope are more infectious Life Cycle of a Virus Lytic vs Lysogenic  LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE - Known as the Reproductive cycle of the Bacteriophage Viral DNA - Viral DNA remains free floating in - Viral DNA bonds to the cytoplasm the host cell Prophage - No prophage present - Has prophage stage Host DNA - Host's DNA is destroyed - Host DNA is not affected Viral - Viral replication happens - Viral replication Replication separately happens with host Lysis - Lysis occurs - Lysis does not occur Lysis is the disruption of the cell membrane, leaving the host cell to its demise Lytic phages are virulent; Lysogenic phages are temperate Examples of Viruses compared to other microscopic complexities  RED BLOOD CELL - 8,000 mm E. COLI BACTERIUM - 2,00 mm LYSOSOME - 1,200 - 100 mm INFLUENZA - 120 - 80 mm HIV - 160 - 90 mm SARS-CoV-2 140 - 60 mm Other things known: Viruses infect to persist A Virion is invisible, small particles, traveling lightly to infect A "Double Punch" in Covid-19 means that it infects the entire respiratory system Neutrophils is an example of an immune cell An Areolus fills with fluid if the wall is damaged How to beat Covid-19? Always washing your hands Drinking vitamins Sanitizing whenever possible Wearing Masks Being injected with a vaccine Lesson - Biomes Biomes Biological Community of FLORA and FAUNA Boundaries ARE NOT defined Differs from its: - Temperature / Climate - Vegetation - Animals that inhabit it - Interaction between the environment - Location - Geographical position Examples of Biomes: - Dessert - Tundra - Grassland - Temperate Deciduous Forest - Boreal Forest / Taiga - Rainforest - Fresh Water  - Marine Biome Pyramid Identifies the precipitation, latitude, and temperature of the biomes Desert ⅓ of Earth's land; Midaltitude Extreme heat or cold Less than 10 in of rain 4 types of deserts - Subtropical - Hottest - Semiarid - Hot, but Cold winter - Coastal - Dry - Polar - Coldest Adaptations of plants & Animals - Animals and Plants store more fat and water to survive - Animals hide inorder to avoid the heat Examples of organisms and deserts - Coyotes, Camels, Spiders - Cactuses, Palm trees, shrubs - Gobi Desert, Sahara Desert Desertification - Caused by humans via Irrigation and Climate Change Tundra High Northern Latitudes Extremely low temperatures 4-10 in of rain Permafrost Layer - A solid layer of ice with temperature below 0 - Starting to MELT because of CLIMATE CHANGE Adaptations of plants & Animals - They have thick fur to survive the wind - Trees CANNOT grow due to the PERMAFROST LAYER - Short summers which lasts 55 days Examples of organisms and Tundras - Foxes, Mountain Goats, Insects - Low-lying plants or shrubs - Northern Canadian Tundra Grassland Mid Altitude, Interiors of ALMOST every continent High Precipitation: 20 - 35 in 2 types of Grasslands  - Temperate grasslands can also experience colder weather - Tropical grasslands experience warmer climates - Prairies have tall grasses - Steppes have short grasses Annual Temperature of -20 - 30 degrees Celsius Adaptations of plants & Animals - Prey travel constantly in order to avoid the Predators Examples of organisms and Grasslands - Oat, Wheat, Grasses - Snakes, Lions, Gazelles - Great Plains of North America Deciduous Forest Mid Altitude Regions 30 - 59 in of rain Annual Temperature of -30 - 30 degrees Celsius; Experiences 4 seasons Adaptations of plants & Animals - Trees shed their leaves during autumn to fertilize the soil Examples of organisms and Deciduous - Oak, Birch - Opossums, Raccoons, deer - European Temperate Deciduous BroadLeaf Forest Taiga / Boreal Forest Subarctic Regions 12 - 33 in of rain - Rain is either Snow or Hail Below Freezing temperatures Adaptations of plants & Animals - Trees are cone-bearing Examples of organisms and Taigas - Coniferous Trees, Moss - Wolves, Owls - East Siberian Taiga, Alaska Peninsula Montane Taiga Rainforest Equatorial and Subequatorial Can be Temperate or Tropical Warm climate Highest Precipitation; 33ft of rain Adaptations of plants & Animals - The rainforests filter the MOST amount of Carbon dioxide - It also takes in the most sunlight  - Is the most diverse Examples of organisms and Rainforests - Snakes, Toads, Frogs, Tigers, Jaguars - Rattan, Yew Tree - Amazon Rainforest - The Philippines has rainforests Aquatic Covers 70% of the Earth Includes both saltwater and freshwater environments Freshwater Has high oxygen levels and contains less than 1% of salt Average density of 0.9998395 g/ml Streams and rivers have running water; Ponds and lakes have standing water Marine 35 ppt of salinity Average density of ocean is 1.03 g/cm3 Ocean zones are split into 4: - Intertidal zone – Between the lowest and highest tide; Closest to shore - Neritic zone – Between the low-tide line and out-over the continental shelf; Most live in this zone - Photic zone – Enough sunlight for photosynthesis - Aphotic – Not enough sunlight; Living things eat what drifts from above or each other - Oceanic zone – Nutrients are scarce; Little reside here - Benthic zone – Ocean floor; Water is deep Estuary Where freshwater and saltwater meets Many animals use this for breeding grounds Lesson - Scientists in Biology Ctto: Gauss and President Rosie Anatomy Scientists are called “Anatomists” Concerned with the structure of living organisms Conducts dissection to study the living body Dates back to 2000 years ago from the ancient greeks Requires a bachelor's degree in biology as well as Ph.D. in anatomy Often works at laboratories, medical centers, or universities/colleges Astrobiology “Astrobiologists” Studies celestial bodies beyond the Solar System in search of possible life Uses telescopes and radars to detect outer space life Requires a bachelor's degree in biology as well as Ph.D. in astrobiology Works at Universities and Private Institutions Biochemistry “Biochemists” Studies the chemical process within organisms Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry/Biochemistry etc., laboratory experience, Ph. D in research Works in Laboratories Bioclimatology “Bioclimatologists” Studies climate change, climate variability, and the result of climate change on the biosphere Masters or Ph.D. Degrees in environmental science, climatology Found in research institutions Bioengineering “Bioengineer” Studies how they can make machinery to replace parts of a body and to improve devices Bachelors in either bioengineering or biomedical engineering, additional degrees for higher levels Research labs, hospitals, or newly established biotechnology industries Botany “Botanist” Studies the flora, fungi, and algae found in different environments Bachelor’s degree in Earth Science,Biology, or Botany Laboratories or out in the find in search of plant life Evolutionary Biology “Evolutionary Biologists” Studies the evolution of species, how they adapt, and their change over time Bachelor’s Degree in biology, ecology, or a related field. Master’s degree is optional Outdoors in natural habitats of where they may observe these species Genetics “Geneticists” Studies DNA of how it varies among organisms and how similar it is to other species Bachelor’s degree in biology or genetics and a Ph. D or MO  In Laboratories or Universities, along with a devices that constantly works Marine Biology “Marine Biologist” Studies the marine life in the sea and how to preserve it Bachelor’s Degree in Marine Biology or related fields and Master’s/Ph.D. for advanced roles Found in laboratories or out in the open in bodies of water Microbiology “Microbiologists” Studies life who’s invisible to the naked eye. Viruses, Bacteria, etc. Bachelor's degree in microbiology, biology, or any related field. Master's or doctoral degrees for higher-level positions In hospitals, universities, or labs as they use microscopes and tools for data gathering Physiology “Physiologists” Studies how systems work within living organisms. Cells, tissues, etc. Bachelor’s degree/DO/MD in Physiology, Biology, or any related field Universities, research institutes, hospitals and healthcare systems, government agencies, biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, medical device companies, consulting firms, non-profit organizations and government laboratories Zoology “Zoologists” Studies wildlife about their interactions or behavior and how they may improve their health Ph.D. degree in zoology Laboratory environment Lesson - Population Dynamics Population Group of organisms belonging to the same species - Increases (Birth/immigration) - Decreases (Death/emigration) Population Dynamics Study of the size, composition, and distribution of populations of how they change over time Components of a population: Size Total size  Number of individuals Density Total space Population in relation to space Growth Size of a population over a period of time Distribution: Spatial Distribution at a particular moment Fluctuation Decrease/Increase in a population Age Distribution Number of a population in a successive age 2022 The world hit a milestone of 8 billion people India will surpass China in 2024 (It was correct) 14th largest is Philippines Population density Monaco -- 25,927 Macao -- 22,508 Singapore -- 8,539 Growth rate of the world (humans) 2024 - 87% 2023 - 88% - Decrease in growth by 1% Oldest and youngest (Median age) Monaco - 57 Niger - 15 Factors in Population dynamics: Birth rate/Natality How many are born per unit of time Death rate/Morality How many die per unit of time Emigration Moving away from a country Immigration Moving into a country Lesson - Carrying Capacity and Limiting Factors Limiting factors Stops/Limits population growth Density-Independent Abiotic Factors Affects the entire population regardless of size Ex. - Natural disasters, Weather, Temperature, Human disturbance Density-Dependent Biotic factors Size is important Ex. - Competition, Predation, Parasitism, Disease, Food supply Demographic Models: Exponential Growth Logistic Growth Constant growth over time Initial growth J shape Decelerates Happens when resources are Limited resources abundant Does not exceed the carrying capacity May surpass growth rate and capacity S shape Crashes due to sudden and massive deaths Carrying Capacity (K) Determined by the maximum number of individuals that an environment may handle Determined by the limiting factors: - O2 supply, Food, Diseases, Predators, Space Reproductive Patterns Species of organisms vary due to the: - No. births/deaths, Age of reproduction, life span R-Strategies K-Strategies Rate (r) Carrying Capacity Smaller population Larger population Short life span Long life spans Produces many at a time Produces fewer Controlled by the density independent Controlled by the density dependent factors factors Found in unstable environments Found in stable conditions Ex. - Oysters produce 500m once a Ex. - Chimpanzees produce 1 young year once every 5 years Population distribution: Clumped Uniform Random Social behavior Limites supplies Lack of interaction Resource availability Territoriality Random Environmental factors Competition environmental factors Demography  Studies of population increase, decrease, space, food, disease, etc. Philippine Demography Population on May 1, 2020 - 109,035,343 Growth - 1.6 Most populated Region IV-A - 16,195,042 NCR - 13,484,462 Region III - 12,422,172 Highest density - NCR Lowest density - CAR Factors include - Physical, Cultural, Social, Economic, Historical, etc. Lesson - Biodiversity Biological Diversity Diversity of life - Species richness & Ecosystem diversity Kinds of Diversity: Genetic Variation of the genetic information within species Allows the population to adapt Species Number of species present in ecosystems Relative evenness or abundance of each species Ecosystem Diversity of Aquatic and Terrestrial ecosystems Species Richness Total number of Species Species Abundance Number of individuals of a species Endemic Species Native/Local Found in a given Area Ex. - Philippine Eagle Introduced Species Have been moved to a new area Non-native Invasive Species Harmful introduced species that may have a huge impact on the native species Ex. Midas and Jaguar Cichlid caused damage to the native species in taal lake. Lesson - Water Properties Water Vital for life Clear, tasteless, and odorless liquid 70% of it covers the Earth's surface It is needed for: - Digestion - Circulation - Respiration - Transport - Thermoregulation - Homeostasis Structure - Made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom that are covalently bonded. H2O Properties of water: High surface tension - The molecules of water are tightly bonded together. Causing it to stay as one until surface tension is broken High heat capacity - It may take a long time to cool/heat water - Ex. Boiling water may take a while since its bond to change forms. 100°C is the boiling point of water Universal solvent - It was high polarity, allowing it to dissolve or breakdown other things easier Change in density - Based off of the temperature - Ex. The water molecules expands when frozen, keeping the underwater beneath as is  Cohesion - Interaction of water molecules to itself - How well it bonds together Adhesion - Interaction of water molecules to others - Ability to cling onto other objects Capillary action - Movement of water in a narrow space or tube - Causes the formation of the Meniscus Biomolecules - Soon