General Biology 1 Lesson 1-7 Lecture Notes PDF

Colegio San Agustin-Makati\ **Senior High School Department** **First Semester - AY 2024-2025** **GENERAL BIOLOGY-1** TOPICS - Cell theory - Cell organelles - Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic cells - Cell types - Cell modifications - Cell cycle - Cell division...

Colegio San Agustin-Makati\ **Senior High School Department** **First Semester - AY 2024-2025** **GENERAL BIOLOGY-1** TOPICS - Cell theory - Cell organelles - Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic cells - Cell types - Cell modifications - Cell cycle - Cell division **[Cell Theory]** - Francesco Redi's experiment depicts how maggots can grow through different set ups.This experiment supported the idea that the cells come from living organisms. - John Needham's experiment was about boiling a broth and sealing it to see if there will be growth of microorganisms, which was eventually observed. This experiment supported the idea of spontaneous generation, that cells can come from inanimate matters.. - Lazaro Spallanzani's experiment modified Needham's experiment by boiling the broth longer and sealing the flask tighter. This does not show growth of microorganisms. This experiment supported the idea that cells can't come from nonliving things. - Louis Pasteur's experiment used a swan-neck flask, eventually showing microorganisms did not grow on the flask. Then the curved neck was removed, eventually showing microorganisms grow on the flask. It supported the idea that cells came from living organisms. - Theodore Schwann - all animals are made up of cells - Mattias Schleiden - all plants are made up of cells - Rudolf Virchow - diseases start with the problem with cells. Cells came from pre-existing cells. - Cell Theory 1st Tenet - All organisms are composed of one or more cells. - Cell Theory 2nd Tenet - Cells are the smallest and most basic unit of structure and function of organisms. - Cell Theory 3rd Tenet - Cells came from previously existing cells. **[Cell Organelles]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **[Organelle]{.underl | **[Structure/Composit | **[Function]{.underli | | ine}** | ion]** | ne}** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Cell Membrane | Phospholipid Bilayer: | Act as a barrier of | | | | the cell, separating | | | - Head - Phosphate | and protecting it | | | and Glycerol | from the outside | | | | environment of the | | | - Tail - Fats | cell. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Cell Wall | Plant - | A rigid layer that | | | Polysaccharide | acts as a secondary | | | cellulose | protective layer of | | | | various organisms. | | | Bacteria - | | | | Peptidoglycan | | | | | | | | Fungi - Chitin | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Cytoplasm | Cytosol - jelly-like | Site of different | | | portion | chemical reactions | | | | and suspends | | | | organelles. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Nucleus | Nuclear Membrane | Storehouse of DNA. | | | | Protects genetic | | | Nuclear Pore | materials. | | | | | | | Nucleolus | Membrane - protects | | | | the nucleus and the | | | | DNA | | | | | | | | Pore - entry and exit | | | | points of substances | | | | such as proteins | | | | | | | | Nucleolus - helps in | | | | the production of | | | | protein that codes | | | | characteristics | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Smooth Endoplasmic | Smooth - responsible | | | Reticulum | for synthesizing | | | | lipids | | | Rough Endoplasmic | | | | Reticulum | Rough - responsible | | | | for synthesizing | | | | proteins | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Golgi Apparatus | Cis face | Involved in | | | | modifying, sorting, | | | Trans face | and packaging | | | | proteins | | | | | | | | Cis - receiving area | | | | | | | | Trans - releasing | | | | area | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Vesicles | Small membrane-bound | Encloses substances | | | sac | like proteins and | | | | lipids for transport. | | | Pinched off part of | | | | ER | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Vacuoles | Animals - numerous | Store water, | | | but small in size | nutrients, and other | | | | substances necessary | | | Plants - one central | for survival | | | and big in size | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Lysosome | Round-shape | Contains lysozyme to | | | | breakdown substances | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Peroxisome | Contains digestive | Breakdown hydrogen | | | enzymes | peroxide into water | | | | and oxygen | | | | | | | | Breakdown alcohol | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Mitochondria | Double membrane | Produce small | | | | molecules of energy | | | Folds | | | | | Produce ATP through | | | | cellular respirations | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Plastids | Double membrane | Produce energy for | | | | plants | | | With own DNA and | | | | ribosomes | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Centrosome and | Pair of centrioles | Primary microtubule | | Centrioles | | organizing center | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | CIlia and Flagella | Cilia: 5-10 | Cilia - move fluid or | | | micrometer | move through fluid | | | | | | | Flagella - 15-25 | Flagella - makes the | | | micrometer | cell propel faster | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Cytoskeleton | Network of protein | Provide structural | | | filaments and tubules | support, shape, and | | | | organization to the | | | | cell. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic Cells]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Prokaryotic | Eukaryotic | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Definition | Type of cell that | Type of cell that | | | lacks distinct | contains distinct | | | nucleus and | nucleus and | | | membrane-bound | membrane-bound | | | organelles. | organelles | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Nucleus | None | Present | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Genetic Material | Present in the | Present inside the | | | nucleoid | nucleus | | | | | | | Plasmid - | | | | extrachromosomal DNA | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Organelles | No membrane bound | Membrane bound | | | organelles | organelles | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Examples | Bacteria such as | Yeast, amoeba, fungi, | | | E.coli, | animal cells, and | | | *Streptococcus | plant cells | | | pneumoniae*, | | | | *Salmonella | | | | enterica*, and | | | | *Staphylococcus | | | | aureus* | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[Cell Types]** 1. Animals - Epithelial Cells - line surfaces of organs that act as protective barriers. Consists of receptors for detection of environmental agents and tissue repair. - Nerve Cells - consist of soma (body cell), axon covered by myelin sheath, dendrites, and axon terminals. Transmits signals from the body to the brain and vice versa. Capable of receiving sensory information from the environment. - Muscle Cells - generate force and movement through contractions 1. Skeletal - aids in the movement of the bones 2. Smooth - control functions of various organs 3. Cardiac - pump blood through the heart - Connective Tissue Cells - support and bind tissues 1. Fibroblast - collagen, tissue repair 2. Osteocytes - bone 3. Adipocyte - stores fats 2. Plants - Parenchyma - youngest among collenchyma and sclerenchyma, thin-walled, and used for storage of substances and tissue repair. - Collenchyma - younger than sclerenchyma but older than parenchyma, with thick walls for strength and stability - Sclerenchyma - oldest among parenchyma and collenchyma, with thick walls for strength and stability - Xylem - transports water and minerals - Phloem - transports water and food **[Cell Modifications]** - Microvilli - increase surface area for nutrient absorption in the intestines of animals - Root Hairs - increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption of the plants - Cilia and Flagella - enable movement of organisms through fluid and movement of fluid. - Adipocytes - stores energy in the form of fats - Osteocytes - found in the bound matrix, responsible for regulating bone density - Secretory Cells - responsible for the release of hormones and enzymes in the body - Nerve Cells - transmit electrical signals to communicate with other cells - Erythrocytes - biconcave in shape for more efficient gas exchange even in narrow capillaries - Myocytes - facilitate contraction for movement **[Cell Cycle]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **[Cell | **[Phases / | **[Key | | Process]* | Checkpoints]{.underli | Ideas]** | | * | ne}** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Cell Cycle | 1 G1 Phase | Duplication of | | | | organelles | | | | | | | | Start of duplication | | | | of centrioles | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | 2 S Phase | Replication of DNA | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | 3 G2 Phase | Duplication of | | | | centrioles is | | | | completed | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | 4 M Phase | Process of cell | | | | division occurs | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | 5 G0 Phase | Resting phase | | | | | | | | Cell is not dividing | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | 6 G1/S Checkpoint | Evaluate DNA damage | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | 7 G2/M Checkpoint | Ensure successful DNA | | | | replication | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | 8 M Checkpoint | Spindle assembly | | | | checkpoint | | | | | | | | Ensure spindle fiber | | | | is properly attached | | | | to the centromere of | | | | the chromosome | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[Cell Division]** - Mitosis  +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **[Cell | **[Phases]{.und | **[Illustration | **[Key | | Process]{.under | erline}** | ]** | Ideas]{.underli | | line}** | | | ne}** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Mitosis | Interphase | | Cell growth | | | | | | | | | | Preparation for | | | | | cell division | | | | | | | | | | G1 Phase, S | | | | | Phase, and G2 | | | | | Phase | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Prophase |  | envelope | | | | | disintegrate | | | | | | | | | | Centrioles move | | | | | to opposite | | | | | poles | | | | | | | | | | Spindle fiber | | | | | starts to form | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Metaphase | | Chromosomes | | | | | align at the | | | | | center | | | | | | | | | | Spindle fiber | | | | | attaches to the | | | | | centromere | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Anaphase |  | chromatids are | | | | | pulled to the | | | | | opposite poles | | | | | with the use of | | | | | spindle fiber | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Telophase | | Cleavage furrow | | | | | forms | | | | | | | | | | Reappearance of | | | | | nuclear | | | | | envelope | | | | | | | | | | Spindle fiber | | | | | breaks down | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Cytokinesis |  | completed | | | | | | | | | | Cell membrane | | | | | completely | | | | | separates | | | | | | | | | | 2 identical | | | | | daughter cells | | | | | are produced. | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ - Meiosis +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **[Cell | **[Phases]{.und | **[Illustration | **[Key | | Process]{.under | erline}** | ]** | Ideas]{.underli | | line}** | | | ne}** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Meiosis I | Interphase |  | | | | | | Preparation for | | | | | cell division | | | | | | | | | | G1 Phase, S | | | | | Phase, and G2 | | | | | Phase | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Prophase I | | Nuclear | | | | | envelope | | | | | disintegrate | | | | | | | | | | Centrioles move | | | | | to opposite | | | | | poles | | | | | | | | | | Spindle fiber | | | | | starts to form | | | | | | | | | | Homologous | | | | | chromosome | | | | | pair-up | | | | | | | | | | Crossing-over | | | | | happens | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Metaphase I |  | chromosomes | | | | | align at the | | | | | center | | | | | | | | | | Spindle fiber | | | | | attaches to the | | | | | centromere | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Anaphase I | | Homologous | | | | | chromosome are | | | | | pulled to the | | | | | opposite poles | | | | | with the use of | | | | | spindle fiber | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Telophase I |  | chromosome | | | | | arrive at the | | | | | opposite poles | | | | | | | | | | Cleavage furrow | | | | | forms | | | | | | | | | | Reappearance of | | | | | nuclear | | | | | envelope | | | | | | | | | | Spindle fiber | | | | | breaks down | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Cytokinesis | | Meiosis I is | | | | | completed | | | | | | | | | | Cell membrane | | | | | completely | | | | | separates | | | | | | | | | | 2 unique | | | | | daughter cells | | | | | are produced. | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Meiosis II | Prophase II |  | membrane breaks | | | | | down | | | | | | | | | | Spindle fiber | | | | | starts to form | | | | | | | | | | Chromosomes | | | | | condense | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Metaphase II | | Chromosomes | | | | | align at the | | | | | cell equator. | | | | | | | | | | Spindle fibers | | | | | attach to the | | | | | centromeres. | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Anaphase II |  | chromatids are | | | | | pulled to | | | | | opposite poles | | | | | of the cell | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Telophase II | | Chromatids | | | | | arrive at | | | | | opposite poles | | | | | and decondense. | | | | | | | | | | Nuclear | | | | | envelopes | | | | | reform | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | Cytokinesis |  | completed | | | | | | | | | | Results in 4 | | | | | genetically | | | | | distinct | | | | | haploid cells. | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+