Gender Development - Social Construction and Structures

**SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION** how people see \"reality\" or how they react to it or response to any social situation attributed if not entirely by one\'s gender **SOCIAL NORMS** the repetitious performance of \"male\" and \"female\" **SOCIAL INTERACTIONS** gender is interactional rather than individu...

**SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION** how people see \"reality\" or how they react to it or response to any social situation attributed if not entirely by one\'s gender **SOCIAL NORMS** the repetitious performance of \"male\" and \"female\" **SOCIAL INTERACTIONS** gender is interactional rather than individual **GENDER** - a process, stratification system, and structure. **PROCESS** - day-to-day interaction reinforce gender as opposites. **STRATIFICATION** - men as group have more status and power than women as a group. **STRUCTURE** - gender divides work in the home and economic production. It legitimates those in authority and organizes sexuality and emotional life. **GENDER ROLES** - expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of male and female. - determine how male and female should think, speak, dress, and interact within the context of society. - a set of social and behavioral norms that are generally considered appropriate for either a man or a woman in a social or interpersonal relationship. - It is adopted during childhood normally continue into adulthood. **GEDER BIAS** - is the construction of socialization process and it is the extension of patriarchal ideology. - is commonly considered to be discrimination and/or hatred towards people based on their gender rather than their individual merits. - refer to any and all systematic differentiation based on the gender of the individuals. **SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES** 1. **FUNCTIONALISM** - Gender exist in society which is expected to promote social stability and shared public values. 2. **INTERACTION THEORY** - Focuses on micro-level everyday interactions that produce and challenge gender as we know it. 3. **CONFLICT THEORY** - Society is a struggle for dominance among social groups that compare for scarce resources. ***Feminist theory*** - examines inequalities in gender-related issues. Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995-2025, is a National Plan that addresses, provides and pursues full equality and development for men and women. Approved by: President Fidel V. Ramos on September 8, 1995 GENDER IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE 1. FAMILY -- Most important universal institution - It is the core of the social structure and fundamental unit of society because it is from which all other pertinent institutions to make society works. - Birth to death, the family exerts a constant influence on the child generally gender-based. a. Reproductive urge - to have sexual relationship to have a family of our own. b. Biological needs - sexual urge varies according to age. c. Economic provision - Child is dependent of the family a. Universality - family is everywhere b. Emotional basis - love, affection, sympathy and co-operation c. Formative influence - orientation and procreations d. Nuclear position in the society - society is an aggregation of families. e. Sense of responsibility - provide needs of the children f. Social control - family is a mechanism of social control g. Permanent and temporary in nature. - Functions of a Family - The primary function of the family is to perpetuate society, both biologically through procreation, and socially through socialization. - Family Structures - The traditional family structure consists of two married individuals providing care for their off-spring, but this is becoming more uncommon. 6. FUNCTION OF FAMILY 1. Adding new member - Families have children through birth, adoption, and may also use the help of fertility clinics. 2. Physical Care of Members - Bathing children, feeding family, taking older parents to appointments 3. Socialization of Children - Teaching children language in school, helping with homework, taking children to cultural activities, church. 4. Social control of members -- Teaching them right from wrong, discipline. 5. Effective nurturance or maintaining morale - Family members comfort children when crying, support them in making decisions. 6. Consuming and producing good services - money through work/careers, perform household chores, pay bills, buy food and clothing, provide shelter, pay for activities, etc. **GENDER DEVELOPMENT (WORKPLACE)** **Gender equality** is *considered a critical element in achieving Decent Work for All Women and Men*, in order to effect social and institutional change that leads to sustainable development with equity and growth. Regardless of whether a person is born male or female, gender equality at work refers to the equal rights, duties, and opportunities that every individual should have. **GENDER GAP AT WORK** In the work place, *men and women are often expected to perform different tasks and occupy different role based on their sex.* **Women** - work as secretaries **Men** - hold managerial and executive positions. **KINDS OF BIAS IN WORKPALCE** 1. **Unequal Pay** Make sure that you base your pay not on gender, but on performance and experience 2. **Interview Question** Ask yourself one simple question: Do you interview men and women differently? Questions about family and family life should be out of bonds, and in some cases, they are illegal 3. **Diminished responsibilities** If you have equally qualified administrators, one male and one female, give them equal responsibilities. 4. **Glass Ceiling** All things being equal, men and women should be able to reach as high as possible, given their skills and performance 5. **Positional bias** Don\'t fall into the stereotype nightmare; otherwise, you might miss out on hiring the best-suited 6. **Terminations** Rules and policies should apply both genders \-\-- across the board 7. **Outdated views** Women can be professional without dresses just as men can be professional without a tie 8. **Sexual Harassment** There are no circumstances where sexual harassment should be permitted **WHAT DRIVES GENDER PAY GAP?** **Earnings inequality** between men and women *is a sign of a larger social issue in the workplace*. It illustrates how historically and structurally undervalued women\'s contributions to the workplace have been, as well as the major obstacles that prevent more women from holding senior executive and managerial positions. - Conscious and unconscious discrimination and bias in hiring and pay decisions. - Women and men working in different industries and different jobs, with female-dominated industries and jobs - Lack of workplace flexibility to accommodate caring and other responsibilities, especially in senior roles - High rates of part-time work for women - Women's greater time out of the workforce for caring responsibilities impacting career progression and opportunities. - Women's disproportionate share of unpaid caring and domestic work **GENDER AND ISSUE AND CORRESPONDING LAW** It describes ***any form of violence done to an individual or a group of individuals due of their actual or alleged sex, gender, sexual orientation, or gender identity*** **TYPE OF ISSUES:** - Sexual, - Physical, - Verbal, - Psychological (Emotional), - Socioeconomic. **TRAFFICKING AGAINST PERSONS** **\"Trafficking in persons\"** refers to the *act of obtaining a person\'s consent to be exploited by hiring, transporting, transferring, harboring, or receiving them through the threat of, or actual use of force in exchange for a person\'s cooperation.* **RA. 9208 ANTITRAFFICKING IN PERSONSACT OF 2003** The House Bill No. 4432 and Senate Bill No.2444 were combined to create the **Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003** **or RA 9208**. It *establishes the essential institutional frameworks for the protection and support of trafficked individuals and implements policies to eradicate and criminalize human trafficking, particularly that of women and children.* It seeks to \"promote human dignity, protect the populace from any threat of violence and exploitation" **VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN** *The denial of rights to women and children in diverse countries has had a big impact on world history.* Prior to now, women were not able to exercise their civic, social, political, or religious rights. They were also prohibited from voting, working, going to school, and even wearing clothing that did not entirely cover their body. **RA 9262 OR THE ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN ACT OF 2004** A law that *aims to stop violence against women and their children (VAWC) by their intimate partners*, such as their husband or ex-husband, live-in partner or previous livein partner, boyfriend/girlfriend or exboyfriend/ex-girlfriend, dating partner or past dating partner, has been passed. **VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN UNDER RA 9262** - against a woman who is his wife, former wife; - against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relationship, - against a women with whom he has a common child; - against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate within or without the family abode, *It refers to any act or a series of acts committed by an intimate partner* (husband, ex-husband, live-in partner, boyfriend/girlfriend, fiance, who the woman had sexual/dating relationship): Of which results in or is likely to *result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering or economic abuse* including threats of such acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty. **VIOLENCE COVERED UNDER R.A.9262** - Physical Violence - Sexual Violence - Psychological Violence - Economic Abuse - **R.A. 9262 covers** several acts of violence, which are: When an employee or group of employees feel threatened or denigrated by their coworkers, workplace harassment has taken place. A workplace harasser\'s only goal is to make their victims feel uneasy and dangerous. **RA. 7877- ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT ACT OF 1995.** An act declaring sexual harassment unlawful in the employment, education or training environment, and for other purposes According to the law, sexual harassment at work, in a place of learning, or during training is \"committed by an employer, employee, manager, supervisor, or any authorities that requires any sexual favor from the other, regardless of whether the demand, request, or requirement for submits is made in a sexually explicit manner. **TYPE OF WORKPLACE HARRASSMENT** - Verbal Harrassment, - Psychological Harrassment, - Cyberbullying - Sexual Harrassment, - Physical Harrassment **OTHER ISSUES:** 1.**Marginalization** - pushes women to the margins of economic and social life as well as the decision-making process; lowers the importance of the activities that women engage in that help the country develope. 2\. **Gender stereotyping** is when a set of positive or negative roles, features, and qualities are applied to all members of a social group depending on sex. 3\. The **involvement** in the three work areas of reproductive, productive, and community management and governance is known as multiple burden. A person\'s involvement in any of these areas, sometimes unintentionally and sometimes excessively, reduces the amount of time they have for themselves and the activities they truly want to do. 4\. **Subordination** - one sex becoming inferior to the other. Subordination is a power relationship. Power has four categories: -Power over -Power to -Power with -Power within **LGBTQIA**+ an acronym that brings together many different gender and sexual identities that often face marginalization across society. The acronym stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, intersex, asexual, and the + holds space for the expanding and new understanding of different parts of the very diverse gender and sexual identities. **CHURCH** acknowledgement as the body of Christ, the sacrament of salvation, the people of God, and the temple of Holy Sprit, a community of relationship with Christ. GENDER ROLE IN CHURCH Some of the historical teachings of the church, particularly those pertaining to sex and gender roles, have played a vital role in improving the position of women. The church should assume the initiative in fostering social mobilization for the goal of fostering positive attitude and behavior change based on biblical teaching that is required for the maintenance of gender equity Around the world, there are many different social statuses for women. Religion, which itself must be understood as a fluid term with interpretations and practices that are \"embedded\" and hence fluctuate with respect to cultural and historical links, is one of several significant characteristics linked to the divergence of gender disparity. Despite the complexity of the issues, some religious traditions and customs may help to perpetuate gender disparities and limit the role of women in society. **EXAMPLES OF GENDER BIAS IN CHURCH:** - **Women** are expected to serve in children\'s ministry - Women are expected to take on the scribe or administrative roles - Women are absent as speakers at church and national conferences, or are present only as psalmists or singers. - Women are also often paid less or nothing compared to men in comparable roles or capacities. - Sermon illustrations position women as temptresses or victims and rarely as agents. - Most churches spend far more time highlighting the men of the Bible as sources of wisdom and instruction - Women aren\'t expected to lead even \"God only calls women into leadership when men are not in their rightful places.\" **POLITICAL** Both the actual practice of politics and the academic field of political science are gendered. People all around the world discover that the fundamental elements of their political lives are; - safety, - health, - education, - employment, - access to markets, - public spaces, and - freedom of expression Although it varies widely between nations, men often have a greater presence in formal and informal decision-making processes. Women\'s possibilities and capacities for decision-making are constrained by institutional, as well as cultural, economic, and sociological issues. The social construction of gender and its interactions with other identities are topics that researchers are paying more attention to today. **POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT** - distinct effects on different types of women, according to recent study on gender and political behavior. **GENDER ROLE AND DIFFERENTIATION** The influence of gender on political participation has been investigated across a range of political activities and political process orientations. It is more instructive to talk about the dynamics of several gender disparities rather than just one \"gap.\" According to research, there are significant differences between countries, modalities of participation, and distinct categories of women when it comes to gender inequalities in political participation and voting preferences throughout time. Gender-Based Gaps in Politics The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes that opportunities for women to speak out and lead at all levels of decision- making, together with gender equality, are essential components of more stable and successful society.   **WHAT IS MASS MEDIA?** - Technology aimed at a large audience is referred to as mass media. - It serves as the main medium of communication for a sizable portion of the general populace. - Mass media is a communication Written, broadcast or spoken **Media as Social Institution** **MASS MEDIA** - the most powerful tool for bringing people together now. - It is already seen as a key socialization tool. - has a considerable impact on how we think and behave, among other aspects of who we are. **Women and Men in Gendered Mass Media** - Men are typically portrayed as being active, brave, strong, sexually aggressive, and heavily involved in human activities. - Women as sex objects that are typically incredibly lovely, charming, and dependent, as well as frequently weak and impulsive. **Gender Stereotypes in Media** (Media Literacy Council, 2019) - Messages about gender continue to emphasize beauty over intelligence for women. - Praise women who are thin and fashionable, -and put down people w/ other body shapes and styles - Treat women and girls as sexual objects - Portray women\'s key role in life as the caretaker or homemaker (in some TV advertisements) - Show women as dramatic, resilient, and over-emotional (movies, telenovelas) **Gender Stereotypes in Media (Media Literacy Council, 2019)** - These messages are equally strong and clear for men even though they may be more complex. - The media could Idealize a buff and muscled body shape - Stigmatize boys who show emotion instead of boldness - Depict boys who act recklessly, even at the expense of others, as cool