GENBIO2_Q1_Wk-1.pptx

GENETIC ENGINEERING GENERAL BIOLOGY II QUARTER I – WEEK 1 LEARNING COMPETENCIES: ⮚ Outline the processes involved in genetic Engineering (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-6) ⮚ Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-7) Vocabulary bingo WINNING PATTERNS GENETIC VOCABULAR...

GENETIC ENGINEERING GENERAL BIOLOGY II QUARTER I – WEEK 1 LEARNING COMPETENCIES: ⮚ Outline the processes involved in genetic Engineering (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-6) ⮚ Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-7) Vocabulary bingo WINNING PATTERNS GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 1. The formation of new combinations of alleles or new genes which occur when two homologous DNA or chromosomes break and exchange parts. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 2. The process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 3. Refers to the passing of genetic factors from parents to offspring or from one generation to the next. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 4. ____ are small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 5. An identical copy of an individual organism, a cell, or a gene, or the totality of all the identical copies made from an individual organism, a cell, or a gene. In genetics, the clone implies identical in genetic make-up to the original. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 6. A piece of parasitic genetic material found in a cell that can propagate itself using the cell's energetic resources. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 7. _____is the basic genetic unit of life that acts as the template for the amino acid synthesis required for protein expression. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 8. the genetic material consisting of a long chain of individual units called nucleotides, each consisting of a base joined to a sugar and a phosphate group. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 9. A particular variant of a gene. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 10. An organism which has foreign DNA inserted into its genome by means of genetic modification in the laboratory. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 11. The totality of all the genetic material (deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA) in an organism, organized in a precise, though by no means fixed or constant way. In the case of viruses, most of them will have ribonucleic acid or RNA as the genetic material. GENETIC VOCABULARY TERMS 12. Any agent that can cause disease. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 13. A carrier or transmitter, of genes or of disease. Artificial vectors are made in genetic engineering for multiplying and transferring genes into genomes. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 14. ______________ is a reproductive cell of an animal or plant. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 15. A unit of heredity, usually a stretch of genetic material (DNA or RNA) with a defined function in the organism or cell, such as one for a protein. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 16. ____________is the scientific study of genes and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 17. The precise variant(s) of the gene(s) carried by an individual. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 18. structural unit of genetic material consisting of a long molecule of DNA complexed with special proteins in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 19. Similar to DNA except for the sugar in the nucleotide unit, which is ribose, instead of deoxyribose, and the base Uracil instead of Thymine. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 20. The expressed characteristics, or an expressed character of an organism due to its genotype. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 21. the transfer of genes by viruses from one organism to another. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 22. The code establishing the correspondence between the sequence of bases in nucleic acids (DNA and the complementary RNA) and the sequence of amino acids in proteins. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 23.________ is a biological process of duplicating or producing an exact copy, such as a polynucleotide strand DNA. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 24. _____are changes to your DNA sequence that happen during cell division when your cells make copies of themselves. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 25. ______is a technique to make many copies of a specific DNA region in vitro (in a test tube rather than an organism). GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 26. The step in protein synthesis in which the messenger RNA directs the synthesis of a polypeptide of a particular amino-acid sequence by "decoding" the genetic code. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 27. _________ is a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 28. A chromosome other than the sex- chromosome, or sex- deter-mining chromosome. GENETIC VOCABULARY WORDS 29. Interaction between genes.  GENETIC ENGINEERING HUMA N BACTERIU M BACTERIU PLA Is the process in M NT which pieces of HUMA N SHEE P DNA are FISH PLA NT transferred from one organism to EXAMPLE:  DNA RECOMBINATION is a process of modifying the genes of organisms for practical purposes. It is done when a piece of DNA is combined with another DNA from another source. RECOMBINANT DNA The resulting genetic product is called recombinant DNA. With this process, organisms get to have traits that are not normally found in their species.  BRIEF HISTORY OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Joining together of DNA Molecules from two different species that are inserted to the host organism to produce a new genetic combination.  BRIEF HISTORY OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY In the late 1973 Stewart Lim and Werner Arber discovered restrictions enzymes in E.coli, which are known as endonuclease.  BRIEF HISTORY OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY ENDONUCLEASE cut DNA at specific site where there are adjacent base sequence. They also create sticky ends on the cut DNA sites, allowing certain DNA fragments to be  BRIEF HISTORY OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY In 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen performed a successful set of experiments.  BRIEF HISTORY OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY The first one involves the recombination of plasmids in the DNA of E.coli bacterium. These plasmids contain genes that code for resistance to certain antibiotics.  BRIEF HISTORY OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY The first one involves the recombination of plasmids in the DNA of E.coli bacterium. These plasmids contain genes that code for resistance to certain antibiotics.  BRIEF HISTORY OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY The next involves recombining plasmid DNA of the bacterium into fragments of frog DNA. The recombined plasmid resulted in the production of an extra protein in the bacterium. Therefore, the frog gene can be successfully expressed in the E. coli bacterium.  BRIEF HISTORY OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY The next involves recombining plasmid DNA of the bacterium into fragments of frog DNA. The recombined plasmid resulted in the production of an extra protein in the bacterium. Therefore, the frog gene can be successfully expressed in the E. coli bacterium. Group activity “Genetic engineering process” INSTRUCTIONS: Divide the students into small groups and provide each group with a specific scenario related to genetic engineering. Instruct the groups to brainstorm and create a flowchart or diagram illustrating the step-by-step process of genetic engineering for their assigned scenario. Encourage students to include key components such as gene isolation, gene transfer, gene expression, and selection. Allow time for each group to present their diagrams and explain their understanding of the process.  4 DIFFERENT SCENARIOS 1.Insulin Production: In this scenario, students can explore how genetic engineering is used to produce insulin for people with diabetes. They can focus on the isolation of the human insulin gene, its transfer into bacteria or yeast, the process of gene expression to produce insulin, and how the genetically modified organisms are selected and cultivated to produce insulin.  4 DIFFERENT SCENARIOS 2. Crop Modification: They can investigate how genetic engineering is used to create crops with desirable traits, such as pest resistance or improved nutritional content. The process can include isolating the desired genes, transferring them into the plant's genome, ensuring gene expression, and selecting for successful modified plants.  4 DIFFERENT SCENARIOS 3. Glow-in-the-Dark Organisms: They can explore how genetic engineering can be used to make organisms, like bacteria or fish, glow in the dark. The process involves isolating and transferring bioluminescent genes, ensuring gene expression, and selecting for the organisms that exhibit the desired glow.  4 DIFFERENT SCENARIOS 4. Gene Therapy: Gene therapy is used to treat genetic disorders. This is to understand how genetic engineering can be applied in medicine. They can focus on how faulty genes are identified, replaced, or repaired using genetic engineering techniques, ensuring proper gene expression, and how the right cells are targeted for therapy.  5 STEPS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING 1. Isolation of the genes 2. Insertion of those genes into a transfer vector (a virus or a plasmid used as a conduit) 3. Transfer of the vector to the organism to be modified 4. Transformation of that organism’s cells 5. Separation of the genetically modified organism (GMO) from organisms that have not been successfully modified  MODIFICATION OF TRAITS MAY INVOLVE: I. introduction of new traits into an organism II. enhancement of a present trait by increasing the expression of the desired gene III. enhancement of a present trait by disrupting the inhibition of the desired  MODIFICATION OF TRAITS MAY INVOLVE: I. cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs) II. selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant DNA ( eg. circular plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene of interest) III. ligation (join together) of the gene of interest (eg. from animal) with the vector ( cut bacterial plasmid) IV. transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a host cell (that would carry out replication to make huge copies of the recombined plasmid) V. selection process to screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest VI. sequencing of the gene to find out the primary structure of the protein Technologies and tools used in RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS USED IN RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY 1. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 2. DNA SPLICING 3. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS.  GEL ELECTROPHORESIS Gel Electrophoresis is a method used to separate DNA fragments based on their size. In this method, a mixture of DNA Fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric Fig.1 Apparatus used voltage is applied to the gel. in gel electrophoresis GEL ELECTROPHORESIS The negatively charged DNA molecules move toward the positive end of the gel. The smaller the DNA fragments, the faster they move. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS This is important for characterizing DNA fragments, fingerprinting, comparing the genome of different organism, and locating and identifying one particular gene out of the millions of genes in an individual’s genome.  DNA SPLICING This is a method used to provide the identity and order of nucleotides in a DNA strand. Small, single-stranded pieces of DNA are placed in test tubes with an enzyme that can make a complementary DNA strand by using the original DNA strand as a template. Fig. 2 Process involved in DNA sequencing  DNA SPLICING A supply of the four nucleotide bases found in DNA is then added, along with a small amount of one of the bases that has been labeled with fluorescent dyes  POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION The goal of PCR is to amplify specific DNA sequences. This is important in detecting diseases or infectious agents. To make copies of a piece of DNA. DNA is heated to separate its two strands then cooled to allow the primers to bind to the single-stranded Fig.3 Results of polymerase DNA. chain reaction (PCR)  POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION The priers are short DNA strands that provide a place for the DNA polymerase to start working. As the polymerase starts working, new strands of the separated DNA are formed. Continuous heating and cooling allow further separation of DNA and formation of new DNA strands, respectively, creating millions of copies of the DNA segments.  POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION The priers are short DNA strands that provide a place for the DNA polymerase to start working. As the polymerase starts working, new strands of the separated DNA are formed. Continuous heating and cooling allow further separation of DNA and formation of new DNA strands, respectively, creating millions of copies of the DNA segments. PROCESS USED IN RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY PROCESS USED IN RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY 1. TRANSFORMATION USING VECTOR 2. VECTORLESS GENE TRANSFER 3. TRANSDUCTION  TRANSFORMATION USING A VECTOR Recombinant DNA may be created through transformation with the help of a vector such as bacteria cells. PLASMI A plasmid is a circular piece of D DNA in a bacterium. Two reasons why plasmid is the most useful tool in gene transfromation First, a plasmid contains a gene sequence that serves as a bacteria origin or replication. This is where the foreign DNA can be inserted into the bacteria cell.  Two reasons why plasmid is the most useful tool in gene transfromation Second, it also contains a genetic marker, which makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry plasmids-containing foreign DNA. Some of these genetic markers code for antibiotic resistance. DURING TRANSFORMATION Restriction endonuclease enzyme is used to cut the piece of the door DNA. DURING TRANSFORMATION Sticky ends are areas in the DNA where the bases are ready to paired. Restriction enzymes cut the DNA only at specific nucleotides sequence. They work precisely like a key that fits only one specific lock. DURING TRANSFORMATION Sticky ends are areas in the DNA where the bases are ready to paired. Restriction enzymes cut the DNA only at specific nucleotides sequence. They work precisely like a key that fits only one specific lock. DURING TRANSFORMATION Then, an enzyme known as DNA ligase is used to insert the donor DNA into the vector. It seals the sticky ends by joining the phosphate and the sugar bonds in the DNA. The inserted DNA also contains a genetic marker for identification. The recombinant DNA is then inserted into a bacterial cell, such as E.coli. DURING TRANSFORMATION Then, an enzyme known as DNA ligase is used to insert the donor DNA into the vector. It seals the sticky ends by joining the phosphate and the sugar bonds in the DNA. The inserted DNA also contains a genetic marker for identification. The recombinant DNA is then inserted into a bacterial cell, such as E.coli.  VECTORLESS TRANSFER The process is similar to transformation, but it does not involve vectors.  TYPES OF VECTORLESS TRANSFER In electroporation, temporary holes are formed in the plasma membrane of host cell by applying a significant amount of electricity in the culture medium. TYPES OF VECTORLESS TRANSFER  TYPES OF VECTORLESS TRANSFER In protoplast fusion, cells are treated with chemicals to initiate recombination. In this process, bacteria cell walls are digested, turning the cells into protoplasts.  TYPES OF VECTORLESS TRANSFER In microinjection, the host cell is immobilized by applying a mild suction with blunt pipette. The foreign gene is then injected with a microinjection needle, thus creating recombinant DNA.  TYPES OF VECTORLESS TRANSFER In microinjection, the host cell is immobilized by applying a mild suction with blunt pipette. The foreign gene is then injected with a microinjection needle, thus creating recombinant DNA.  TYPES OF VECTORLESS TRANSFER using a particle gun for recombination, the host cell is bombarded with tungsten particles coated with foreign DNA. This process is used in the field of agriculture.  TRANSDUCTION TRANSDUCTION is the process wherein genetically engineered bacteriophages- viruses that that parasitize bacteria- are introduced into the cell to create the desired recombinant DNA. APPLICATION OF RECOMBINANT DNA  GENETIC ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE Transgenic plants, or plants that contain genes from other organisms are now important part in the field of agriculture. By using recombinant DNA technology, plants can be grown with genes responsible for producing natural insecticides. The following are some bacteria used in recombinant DNA technology: 1.Pseudomonas syringae – The recombinant variant of this bacterium is called the ice-minus bacterium, which lacks the gene responsible for ice formation. The ice- minus bacteria prevent frost crystals from forming on plants. 2.Pseudomonas flourescens- This is a nonpathogenic bacterium that has the ability to produce proteins rapidly. This characteristic is advantageous in developing biotherapeutics and vaccines. The following are some bacteria used in recombinant DNA technology: 3. Agrobacterium tumefaciens- In its natural state, this bacterium has a tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid that causes crown gall disease in plants. The said Ti plasmid in the bacterium can be removed and replaced with a recombinant plasmid. This enables the now-modified bacterium to introduce beneficial genes to plants.  GENETIC ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE Improvements in Plants Enhanced potential for more vigorous growth and increases yields (hybrid vigor-heterosis) Increase resistance to natural predators and pests, including insects and disease-causing microorganisms. GENETIC ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE  GENETIC ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE Production of hybrids exhibiting a combination of superior traits derived from two different strains or even two different species Pluot (plum+apricot) Tangelo (tangerine + grapefruit/pomelo) Tayberry (blackberry+raspberry) Rabbage (cabbage+radish)  GENETIC ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE Selection of genetic variation with desirable qualities increased protein value Increased content of limiting amino acids Smaller plant size, reducing vulnerability to adverse weather conditions  GENETIC ADVANCES IN AGRICULTUR E  GENETIC ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE Improvements in Animals Development of superior breeds in livestock Chickens Grow faster Produce more high-quality meat Lay greater number of egg Larger animals (pig and cow) Artificial insemination Sperm form a single male with superior genetic trait used to fertilize thousands of females  GENETIC ADVANCES IN MEDICINE Genetic basis of disorders are documented Advances in cancer research Effective early detection and more effective approaches to treatment Genetic Counseling Provides couples with objective information on which they can base rational decisions about child-bearing Immunogenetics Compatible blood transfusions and organ transplants GENETIC ADVANCE S IN MEDICINE  GENE THERAPY GENETIC ADVANCES IN MEDICINE DNA Recombinant DNA techniques Manipulating & cloning a variety of genes biotechnol (medically important molecules: insulin, ogy blood clotting factors, growth hormone) Gene Genetic disorders are treated by therapy inserting normal copies of genes into cells of afflicted individuals Human The entire genetic complement (genome) Genome of several species is being sequenced Project