Genetic Engineering 1st Discussion PDF

GENETIC ENGINEERING Prepared: Mary Joy P. Araneta, SST-I Learning Competency: Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-6). Specific Objectives: The learner will be able to: 1. describe the processes of genetic engineering; and 2. identify the methods used...

GENETIC ENGINEERING Prepared: Mary Joy P. Araneta, SST-I Learning Competency: Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-6). Specific Objectives: The learner will be able to: 1. describe the processes of genetic engineering; and 2. identify the methods used for inserting plasmids into the host cells; What is Genetic Engineering?  GENETIC ENGINEERING a gene modification process wherein the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is transferred from one organism to another. Genetic engineering, also called recombinant DNA technology, involves the group of techniques used to cut up and join together genetic material, especially DNA from different biological species, and to introduce the resulting hybrid DNA into an organism in order to form new combinations of heritable genetic material. Gene: A segment of DNA that encodes a protein and is the basic unit of heredity. Genes are the building blocks for your body. Some genes give the instructions to make proteins. A protein’s job is to tell your body what types of physical characteristics you should have, like your hair and eye color. What are chromosomes? Chromosomes are structures that look like thread, which live in the nucleus (center) of cells. Chromosomes contain DNA and protein, and they come in different sizes. Proteins called histones allow them to pack up small enough to fit in a nucleus. Without histones, our chromosomes would be as long (tall) as we are! Chromosomes give your cells the actual instructions to make you into a unique person. What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the material that exists in every cell in your body that holds your genetic code. It makes up your body’s instruction manual. What is DNA made of? DNA has a language that it uses to write your instruction manual (a code). Four chemical bases make up your DNA language including: Adenine (A). Cytosine (C). Thymine (T). Guanine (G). Allele A variant of a gene that controls a specific trait. Alleles are different forms of a gene that can occur at a specific location on a chromosome. For example, one allele might code for brown eyes, while another allele might code for black eyes. Homozygous Inheriting the same versions (alleles) of a gene from both parents. For example, a plant with two copies of the allele for yellow flowers is homozygous for flower color. Heterozygous Inheriting different versions of a gene from each parent. For example, a person with one allele for brown hair and one allele for red hair is heterozygous for hair color. Trait A characteristic of an organism that can be described or measured. Traits can be physical or behavioral. For example, eye color, hair color, and hairline shape are traits. Multiple alleles Occur when there are more than two different versions of a gene for a trait in a population. This can lead to a wide variety of phenotypic traits, such as blood type, eye color, and hair color. Genotype The combination of alleles that an organism carries. An organism's genotype is homozygous if the paired alleles are the same, and heterozygous if the paired alleles are different. Phenotype The physical or chemical expression of an organism's genes. Dominant Dominant version (allele) of a gene shows its specific trait even if only one parent passed the gene to the child. When a child inherits dominant brown‐hair gene form (allele) from dad, the child will have brown hair. Recessive Recessive gene shows its specific trait when both parents pass the gene to the child. When a child inherits recessive blue‐eye gene form (allele) from both mom and dad, the child will have blue eyes. In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b), and rough fur (R) is dominant over smooth fur (r). What are the phenotypic ratios if two heterozygous guinea pigs (BbRr × BbRr) are crossed? In summer squash, white fruit color is dominant over yellow fruit color and disk-shaped fruit is dominant over sphere-shaped fruit.If a squash plant homozygous for white,heterozygous disk- shaped fruit is crossed with a plant homozygous for yellow, sphere-shaped fruit, what are the resulting genotypes and phenotypes and in what proportion?