genbio-cell-1st.docx

**PPT** **Characteristics of life** - LOCOMOTION - GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT - IRRITABILITY - METABOLISM AND DIGESTION - REPRODUCTION. **Cell structure and function** **CELLS: THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE** - - - Amoeba proteus - Plant stem - Bacteria - Nerve cel...

**PPT** **Characteristics of life** - LOCOMOTION - GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT - IRRITABILITY - METABOLISM AND DIGESTION - REPRODUCTION. **Cell structure and function** **CELLS: THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE** - - - Amoeba proteus - Plant stem - Bacteria - Nerve cell - Red blood cell +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **🍒 NOTE** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - The key to every biological problem must finally be sought in the | | cell, for every living organism is, or at some time has been, a | | cell. E.B. Wilson, 1925 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ----------------------- -----------------  Cilia on a protozoan Sperm meets egg ----------------------- ----------------- **Cells are us** - A person contains about 100 trillion cells. That's 100,000,000,000,000 or 1 x 10^14^ cells. - There are about 200 different cell types in mammals (one of us). - Cells are tiny, measuring on average about 0.002 cm (20 um) across. That's about 1250 cells, "shoulder-to-shoulder" per inch. ------------------------------------------------------  red and white blood cells above vessel forming cells ------------------------------------------------------ **A Sense of Scale and Abundance** -- Bacteria on the Head of a Pin **Cell Types** - -  ------------------------ ------------  prokaryotic eukaryotic ------------------------ ------------ **Prokaryotic** - Do not have structures surrounded by membranes - Few internal structures - One-celled organisms, Bacteria - Have no membrane covered nucleus - Have no membrane covered organelles - Have circular DNA - Are bacteria **Eukaryotic** - - - - - - ------------------------ -------------  plant cell animal cell ------------------------ ------------- **Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes** **Cell Organelles** - **Common components of all cells** 1. Cell membrane/plasma membrane/plasma emma 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  An artist's conception of the cytoplasm - the region of a cell that's not in the nucleus or within an organelle. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Animal and plant cells have more similarities than differences **"Typical" animal cell**  **An idealized animal cell** **Typical plant cell**  **Major divisions of Eukaryotic cell** **Cellular anatomy**  **Cell membrane** - - - - **Nucleus** - - - - - - - **Nuclear membrane** - - - **Chromosomes** - - - **Nucleolus** - - **Cytoplasm** - - - **Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum**  **Ribosomes** - - **Endoplasmic reticulum** - - - - - - *Functions:* - Protein synthesis (about half the cell's proteins are made here) - Protein movement (trafficking) - Protein "proofreading" **Lysosome** - This bacterium about to be eaten by an immune system cell will spend the last minutes of its existence within a lysosome. - Digestive \'plant\' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates - Removes waste - Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes *Functions:* - Digesting food or cellular invaders - Recycling cellular components - Cell suicide (suicide is bad for cells, but good for us!) - (The lysosome is not found in plant cells) **Mitochondria** - Powerhouse/ power center of the cell - Both plant and animal cell contain many mitochondria - Mitochondria is plural of mitochondrion - Provides the energy the cell needs to move, divide, etc - "Electric company" of the cell **Mitochondrion** - A class of diseases that causes muscle weakness and neurological disorders are due to malfunctioning mitochondria. - Worn out mitochondria may be an important factor in aging. **Chloroplast** - Solar panel of the plant cell *↑ Two other unique feature of plant cell* **Cell wall** - Found only in plants - Protects and supports the cell **Vacuole** - Stories water, food and wastes - Largest organelle in plant cell **Cytoskeleton** - The name is misleading. The cytoskeleton [is] the skeleton of the cell, but it's also like the muscular system, able to change the shape of cells in a flash. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Found in plant and animal cells | Found only in plant cells | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1. Nucleus | 1. Chloroplast | | | | | 2. Golgi complex | 2. Cell wall | | | | | 3. Mitochondrion | | | | | | 4. Lysosomes | | | | | | 5. Endoplasmic reticulum | | | | | | 6. Cell membrane | | | | | | 7. Ribosomes | | | | | | 8. Vacuoles | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+  ------------- **LECTURE** ------------- **Characteristics of life (8)** Living things: 1. are made up of cells 2. reproduce 3. are based on a universal genetic code (DNA) 4. grow and develop 5. obtain and use materials and energy - digestion: breaking down food into pieces a. mechanical-physical forces b. chemical- enzymes (monomers) - metabolism: a. catabolism- use energy b. anabolism- obtain energy 6. respond or react to their environment (stimuli) 7. maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis) 8. change over time taken as a group =evolution (adaptation) **Unicellular** - can survive as a single cell example: bacteria (amoeba) **Multicellular** - many cells **Reproduction** - ability to reproduce 1\. asexual - one parent, no union of gametes - identical offspring 2\. sexual - union of gametes, for higher mammals 3\. based on genetic code - number of chromosomes will determine if it's human - 23 pairs=46 chromosomes (humans) 4\. grow and develop - By increasing number of cell we grow - Non-living things- external - We human living things- internal +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **🍒 NOTE** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - -ate=cell | | | | - -ose=sugar | | | | - -ase=enzymes | | | | - -in=protein | | | | - ic=cell | | | | - yotes= ogranism | | | | - cis-receive | | | | - trans- | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **The history of the cell theory** 17^th^ century **Marcelo Malphigh** - Italian doctor, naturalist, 1628 - Father of microscopy - Died 1694 **Anton Van Leewenhoek** - Dutch scientist, tradesman, 1632 - He invented the word "animacules" **Robert Hooke** - saw small honeycomb in microscope thus, called it "cells" **Robert Brown** - scotish, "nucleus" - discovered cell wall **Matthias Schleiden** - "Cell is always on plant" - **Theodor Schwann**- "also true for animals" **Rudolf Virchaw** - 3 vital functions of cell, - Summary: "all cells come from pre-existing cells" - Spontaneous generation- cells originate from non-living things **Ramon Cajal** - staining with silver soap **Camillo Golgi** - discovered golgi apparatus in cell **Nucleus** **1. Nucleolus**- synthesize ribosome **2. Nuclear membrane or envelope**- protection, regulate materials **3. Nucleo plasm**- **4. Nuclear pores**- pathway of nucleo membrane, entrance and exit of materials **Prokaryotic**- no nucleus, no organelles with membrane, little internal structure, usually a bacteria **Eukaryotic**- has nucleus, more complex, common components: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus **Cell membrane or plasma membrane**- gatekeeper of cell- double layer membrane **Phospholipids**- hydrophilic \"head\" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic \"tails\" derived from fatty acids Circle part: water loving part Tail: hydrophobic **Proteins** - Integral protein- channel and facilitator - Peripheral protein- nasa gilid, for signaling (facing cell), cell recognition (facing outside) **Lysosome**- contain digestive enzyme **Chromosomes**- condensed form of DNA, made of DNA strand when stretched shows the structure of DNA. **Cytoplasm**- jelly-like **Cytoskeleton**- even with gravity organelles floating in cytoplasm doesn't sink. **Endoplasmic riticulum**- rough (protein) and smooth (fats), membrane bound Nucleus-nucleo plasm- nuclear pores- rough endoplastic riticulum **Mitochondria**- source of energy, create chemical energy in ATP form only, membrane bound The only flagellated animal cell is sperm cell **Lysosome**- suicide, digestive enzyme, breakdown, membrane bound **Chromosome**- not membrane bound **Centriole**- L shape, kapag malapit na cell division Cillia- for locomotion Flagella mas mahaba sa cillia **Golgi apparatus/complex/bodies**- factory, produce vesicles, receive materials from cell **Vacuole**- store food, water and wastes, sa plant isang malaki, sa anima maliliit na marami **Capsule**- outer layer ng bacteria (eu and pro) All cells have 3- cell membrane