Gen-Chem-1.-Lesson-1.docx

**General Chemistry I** Lesson 1: Matter and its Properties Objectives; 1. Identify substances and separate them using the different properties of matter 2. Recognize the formula of common chemical substances 3. Compare consumer products on the basis of their components for use, safe...

**General Chemistry I** Lesson 1: Matter and its Properties Objectives; 1. Identify substances and separate them using the different properties of matter 2. Recognize the formula of common chemical substances 3. Compare consumer products on the basis of their components for use, safety, quality, and cost 4. Describe various simple separation techniques such as distillation, chromatography **[The Particulate Nature of Matter]** **[States of Matter ]** **Matter-** anything that occupy space and has mass. It can exist in a variety of states or phases, including solid, liquid, and gas. It is made up of atoms and molecules. The structure and movements of matter\'s atoms and molecules determine its attributes, including density, volume, and state. \*\*\* New studies revealed the existence of the fourth and fifth states referred to as *plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate.* Substances can change from one state to another when the physical forces between the particles composing them are changed **Density-** a physical property of matter that describes how much mass is contained in a given volume. States of matter 🚗💧☁️\| Solid, Liquid & Gas \| Learn with examples **Phase changes-** also known as a phase transition, is the process by which a substance changes from one state of matter to another. These changes occur when energy is added or removed from a system, altering the movement and arrangement of particles. 1. **Melting:** The transition from a solid to a liquid. This occurs when a substance absorbs heat, causing its particles to vibrate more rapidly and break free from their fixed positions. 2. **Freezing:** The transition from a liquid to a solid. This happens when a substance loses heat, causing its particles to slow down and arrange themselves into a fixed structure. 3. **Vaporization:** The transition from a liquid to a gas. There are two types: 4. **Condensation:** The transition from a gas to a liquid. This occurs when a gas loses heat, causing its particles to slow down and come closer together to form a liquid. 5. **Sublimation:** The transition from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid phase. This occurs when a solid absorbs enough energy for its particles to break free and enter the gas phase. 6. **Deposition:** The transition from a gas directly to a solid without passing through the liquid phase. This occurs when a gas loses enough energy for its particles to slow down and arrange themselves into a solid structure. **[Properties of Matter ]** Each substance has a characteristics set of properties that help identify it among other substances. These properties can be classified as physical or chemical and extensive or intensive properties. **Classification of Matter** Matter can be classified either as pure substance or a mixture. **Pure substance-** characterized by an unchanging or specific composition **Mixture-** is composed of different pure substances that are physically combined in variable proportions. **Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds** The Most Abundant Element in the Human Body --------------------------------------------- ------------ ----------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Element **Symbol** **Percent (by mass)** **Functions** Oxygen O 65.0 Used for cellular respiration Carbon C 18.0 Basic building blocks of most cells in the body Hydrogen H 10.0 Comprises the body fluids (as water) Nitrogen N 3.0 Make up the protein and nucleic acids Calcium Ca 1.5 Found in compounds that make up the bones, teeth, and body fluids Phosphorus P 1.0 Present in adenosine triphosphate molecule Potassium K 0.25 Major component of cellular fluids; involves in the transmission of nerve impulses Sulfur S 0.25 Found in amino acids that make up proteins **Mixtures; Homogenous and Heterogeneous** 1. Solute- the substance that gets dissolved 2. Solvent- the substance that does the dissolving Physical Methods of Separating Mixtures Method Use/ description ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Magnets Normally used to remove magnetic solids from non-magnetic components of a mixture Decantation Mist appropriate method to use for mixtures of liquids and heavy insoluble solids. Carried out by gently pouring the water out of the container after the solids settled at the bottom Evaporation Done by continuously heating the solution, leaving behind the solid components of the mixture Sublimation Used to separated volatile solids from non-volatile substances Filtration The solid-liquid mixture is allowed to pass through a filter, trapping the solid in it Distillation Separates miscible liquids of different boiling points Chromatography Used to separate components of different degrees of solubility using a moving and a stationary fluid **Pure Substances and Mixtures in Consumer Products** ***Consumer Product-*** any item bought for consumption. One commonly encountered class of consumer products are convenience products---those that appeal to a large segment of the market or those that are routinely bought. **Household Cleaning Materials** Personal Care Products Constitute a diverse group of materials that improve the overall appearance of a person. These products are used to generally cleansed and beautify.