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Gen Bio Reviewer Tissues in Animals Epithelial Tissue Histology - study of tissues, an aggregation - Epithelial tissues form the covering of cells with common origin and function is surfaces of the body located both in call...

Gen Bio Reviewer Tissues in Animals Epithelial Tissue Histology - study of tissues, an aggregation - Epithelial tissues form the covering of cells with common origin and function is surfaces of the body located both in called tissues. internal and external parts. (Ex. CELLS ARE GROUPED INTO TISSUES Skin, made up of epithelial cells) - Cells as a basic unit of living - Packed tightly (to no intercellular organisms are grouped into tissues space) and organs. Epithelial Tissue - simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous Nerve Tissue - motor neuron Muscle Tissue - smooth, striated and cardiac muscle cell Connective Tissue - compact bone, hyaline cartilage and blood Types of Layering Epithelial Tissues Simple Epithelium - Packed tightly (to no intercellular space) - Act as a barrier against mechanical injury, microbes, and fluid loss - It has free surface that is exposed to air or fluid - Cells are attached to a basement membrane Stratified - Avascular Functions: - Protection - Superficial lining of surfaces, tubules, and ducts - Can also be found among mucus and serous membranes - Absorptive - Secretory or glandular Pseudostratified  Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue Classification - Cube-shaped, central spherical - Shapes - squamous, cuboidal, nucleus columnar Locations: - Arrangement - one {simple} or two - Linings of kidney tubules and ducts or more layers {stratified} - Salivary glands - Specialization - some are Functions: specialized to form gland or secrete - Secretion mucus - Absorption Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissues - Flattened, central nucleus - Delicate and thin sheet of cells Location: - Lung alveoli - Blood vessels - Buccal mucosa Functions: - Diffusion - Gas exchange Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissues - Oval nucleus near at basal end - Apical surface may have cilia or microvilli - Usually have goblet cells Locations: - Digestive tract (w/ microvilli and goblet cells) - Upper respiratory tract (w/ cilia) - Oviducts (w/ cilia) Function: (part of simple columnar part) - Absorption - Secretion Stratified Epithelial Tissues Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue - Made up of several layers - Ciliated columnar - Only the cells of deepest layer - Glandular epithelium attached on the basement Locations: membrane - Conjunctiva of the inner eye - Stratified squamous - Male urethra - Stratified columnar Functions: - Secretion Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue - Protection - Cuboidal to squamous - Basal cells continuously replicate by cell division Locations: - Surfaces subject to abrasion like esophagus lining, outer skin, vagina, anus Functions: - Protection Specialized Epithelial Tissues - Pseudostratified columnar (ciliated) - Transitional - False stratification - Shorter cells have nuclei near the basal end Locations: - Epididymis - Ciliated trachea w/ goblet cells Function: - Protections - Linings Transitional Epithelial Tissue - Cells are stretch readily to accommodate fluctuation of volume of liquid - Cuboidal (non stretch) - Squamous (upon stretching) Location: - Urinary bladder Function: - Lining Pictures: Muscular Tissues Striated Cardiac Muscle Tissue - Cells that enables contractility to - Striated elicit movement or response to - Involuntary stimuli - Cylindrical branching cells 3 Types: - Each junctions contains - Striated skeletal muscle intercalated discs - Striated cardiac muscle - Muscle of the heart (myocardium) - Smooth/visceral muscle Striated Skeletal Muscle Tissue Smooth/Visceral Muscle Tissue - Striated - Non-striated - Voluntary (moves according to our - Involuntary will) - Fusiform muscle fibers - Nucleus are peripherally located - Nucleus located at the broadest part - Cylindrical - Wavy appearance - Attached to skeleton Locations: - Visceral organs Connective Tissues Loose Connective Tissue - Can be found in almost any part of - It holds organs in place and attaches the body epithelial tissue to underlying tissues - Used to support, connect, transport Includes: materials - Areolar tissue - The cells are embedded in an - Reticular tissue intracellular substance or matrix - Adipose tissue and fibers 5 Major Types - Bones - Cartilage - Adipose - Reticular - gelatinous Classified (Fibers) Either - Dense fibrous - Loose connective Adipose Connective Tissue - Fat tissue - Spherical or polygonal cells (adipocytes) with large vacuoles filled with lipids - Vascularized - Brown fat tissues: nape, groin, axilla - White fat tissue: below the skin, spaces between cells, tissues, organs serves as shock absorbers Dense Collagenous Tissues - Long wavy collagenous fibers compressed with resting fibrocytes Locations: - Tendons - Ligaments - Fascia Can be: - Dense regular - Dense irregular Reticular Tissues Cartilage - Ground tissues of soft organs like - Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) liver, spleen, lymph nodes - Avascular - Collagenous fibers forms networks 3 Types: where tissues of soft organs lie - Hyaline Cartilage - Elastic Cartilage - Fibrocartilage Hyaline Cartilage - No collagenous fibers Locations: - Nasal septum - Ensiform cartilage Bone - Matrix is called lamellae - Bone cells (osteocytes) found in lacunae - Osteoblasts (bone forming cells) - Osteoclasts (bone destroying cells) Elastic Cartilage - Contains abundant elastic fibers in the matrix Locations: - Pinna or elastic outer ear - Epiglottis - Eustachian tube Fibrocartilage - Erythrocytes (red blood cells) - Have collagenous fibers - Leukocytes (white blood cells) - Few chondrocytes occur in parallel - Thrombocytes (platelets) rows Locations: - Invertebral disc pads - Synaphses of coxae (hip bone) Erythrocytes - The most common blood cells 5-6 billion in every ml of blood - Lose their nucleus during maturation - Its biconcave shape and thinner in the center than its edges Blood - Contain the pigment hemoglobin - Ground matrix is called plasma - Covered by a thin and elastic cell - Blood is a fluid body that have an surface extracellular matrix called plasma - The major function is to transport (55%) and formed in bone marrow O₂ and some CO₂ - Plasma consisting of water, mineral Adaptation of Erythrocytes: salts, and a variety of solved - The biconcave shape also adds to proteins its surface area Functions of Plasma: - No nucleus - Carry nutrients to cells - Contain hemoglobin - Remove excretory products from the - The small size also suits for the cells greater total area of plasma - Distribute hormones from endocrine membrane in a given volume of glands to target organs blood - Distribute heat energy from warm parts of the body to the cooler parts Blood Parts Includes: - Erythrocytes (RBC) - Leukocytes (WBC) - Thrombocytes (platelets) Blood Cells (45%) Leukocytes Neutrophil - Contain nucleus and organelles, - Most abundant of the leukocytes but lack the pigment hemoglobin - Responsible for phagocytosis of - They are spherical in shape microorganisms - 6000-11000 per mm³ of blood - Ratio of leukocytes to erythrocytes is about 1:700 Basophil - Have s-shaped nucleus and granules - Secrete large amounts of histamine (which increases inflammation) - Secrete heparin (which helps to keep a balance between blood Granulocytes clothing and not clotting - Granular cytoplasm - Help control the allergic response - Lobed nucleus - Mature in bone marrow Eosinophil - Have a double-lobed nucleus - For parasitic infection Agranulocytes Nervous Tissue - Clear cytoplasm - Have a property of conductivity - The nucleus are not lobed - Neuron or nerve cell consist of - Mature in lymph nodes nerve cell body called soma or perikaryon and protoplasmic process called axon and dendrite Nervous Tissue - The components of nervous tissue are specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses, which allow Platelets communication among other tissue - Fragment cells, about 2-3 mm in types diameter - The major structural and functional - They have no nucleus and have a “unit” of nervous tissue is the nerve lifespan of about 10 days cell called “neuron” - Originate as pinched - off cytoplasmic fragments of large cells in the bone marrow Function: - Important in the process of blood clotting 3 Parts of Neurons: 1. Cell body - containing a nucleus Neurons can be classified by the number of and one or more long cytoplasmic their fibres or by their function extensions known as dendrites 2. Dendrites - highly branched fibres, Afferent Neurons called dendrites - Sensory neurons - Bring impulses toward the Location: cell body - Eye, surface of skin 3. Axon - single, unbranched fibre Functions: - Axon much longer than - Receive information about body’s dendrites condition and external environment - The axon carries - Send impulse from sensory receptor information away from the to central nervous system cell body - Are enclosed by an insulating layer called the myelin sheath Efferent Neurons - Motor neurons Locations: - Brain and spinal cord Functions: Myelin Sheath - Conduct impulses out of CNS - Formed from the schwann cells toward muscles and glands which enclosed the axon - The myelin sheath functions as electrical insulation in a neuron and accelerates impulse transmission - The speed of transmission is further increased by nodes of ranvier found throughout the myelin sheath Intermediary Neurons - Association neurons Location: - Brain and spinal cord Function: - Integrate information - Conduct impulses between neurons within CNS 

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