GEN-BIO-1-KEY-POINTERS-2NDQUARTER PDF

PHOTOSYNTHESIS The basic source of energy that usually provides the boost to the electrons during photosynthesis is light. The name given to an assembly of several hundred accessory pigment molecules around a molecule of chlorophyll a is a photosystem. The oxygen given off as a product of photosy...

PHOTOSYNTHESIS The basic source of energy that usually provides the boost to the electrons during photosynthesis is light. The name given to an assembly of several hundred accessory pigment molecules around a molecule of chlorophyll a is a photosystem. The oxygen given off as a product of photosynthesis comes from water molecules. During the light reactions of photosynthesis, a water molecule will be split in order to obtain electrons to replenish the electrons lost from P680 in photosystem II. This breaking of the water molecule will release oxygen as a byproduct. The inorganic molecule required by green plants for the process of photosynthesis is CARBON DIOXIDE. During photosynthesis, the energy from the sun, carbon dioxide and water are used to produce simple carbohydrates (e.g., glucose) and oxygen. The first molecule to store energy from the Sun in ecosystems is glucose, which is synthesized during photosynthesis and serves as a universal energy source for life. The stroma and the thylakoid space within the thylakoid membrane have the steepest pH gradient in a chloroplast In the biochemical process of cellular respiration, the molecule represented by X is ATP. The dense needles of Douglas fir trees can prevent most light from reaching the forest floor, which would have the most immediate effect on producers. Producers, such as plants and algae, rely on sunlight for photosynthesis to produce energy. The rate of photosynthesis is affected by variations in the light. The net flow of gases involved in photosynthesis into and out of a leaf on a sunny day is carbon dioxide moves in and oxygen moves out. The original source of energy in a sweet potato that provides energy for human metabolic processes is the energy made available by photosynthesis. The process represented is photosynthesis and the primary source of energy for the process is the sun. The energy released in organisms through processes such as photosynthesis and respiration was originally present in sunlight and then transferred to sugar molecules. During the process of photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, effectively storing it in organic molecules. This is the most accurate representation of the activity that occurs during photosynthesis. The plant most likely absorb from the water for the process that produces the oxygen gas is Carbon Dioxide. What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is defined as the processes that bring about the manufacturing of food by green plants. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, while cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. The light reaction occurs in the. Chlorophyll is present in the thylakoid membrane, which absorbs the energy from sunlight and forms ATP and NADPH (light reactions). The Calvin cycle which happens in the stroma, on the other hand, reduces the carbon dioxide to glucose using ATP and NADPH. The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are ATP, NADPH, and O2. An example of autotrophic nutrition is 'an apple tree making its own food'. Autotrophic organisms, such as plants, are capable of synthesizing their own food using raw, inorganic materials such as sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide through a process called photosynthesis. During the light reactions, chlorophyll absorbs light energy and excites electrons in the pigment molecules. These electrons leave the chlorophyll and pass through a series of molecules, generating ATP and NADPH.  Photosynthesis Takes place in chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light energy from the sun to make glucose. The byproducts of photosynthesis are glucose, oxygen, and water. When a pigment molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons becomes excited, which means it gains energy and is put into an unstable state:  Explanation When a pigment molecule absorbs a photon, the energy from the photon is transferred to an electron in the molecule, causing the electron to jump to a higher-energy orbital. This process is called excitation.  Photosynthesis In photosynthesis, the energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules and converted into chemical energy. This process takes place in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. If a small water plant (elodea) is placed in bright sunlight and releases oxygen bubbles, it can be inferred that the plant is producing glucose through photosynthesis:  Photosynthesis The process by which plants, algae, and some microorganisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose.  Oxygen release Oxygen is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Because oxygen is less soluble in water than carbon dioxide, the water quickly becomes saturated with oxygen and bubbles form. The number of bubbles released per minute indicates the rate of photosynthesis.  Carbon dioxide Plants take in carbon dioxide through tiny holes in their leaves, flowers, stems, branches, and roots. CALVIN CYCLE The Calvin cycle does not involve the formation of waste products in the form of carbon dioxide: The Calvin cycle is a set of reactions that occur in plants to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into glucose, a sugar that stores energy. The cycle uses ATP and NADPH, which were produced during the light reactions, instead of light energy from the sun. CELLULAR RESPIRATION It takes place in the mitochondria of cells in living organisms. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose molecules to release energy for cellular processes. The byproducts of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the cell's main energy-carrying molecule. Mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants, and fungi. They are often called the "powerhouses" of the cell because they produce energy-rich molecules.  Cellular respiration produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is an organic compound that the body uses for energy. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs between the blood of the pulmonary capillaries and alveolar air. Cellular respiration harvest most chemical energy from converting oxygen to ATP. During cellular respiration, most ATP produced are generated by oxidative phosphorylation, which uses the energy released by redox reactions in the electron transport chain to male ATP. Here's some more information about cellular respiration and gas exchange:  Cellular respiration A metabolic pathway that uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. The energy from the chemical bonds in glucose is stored in ATP molecules.  Gas exchange Occurs in the lungs when alveolar air is exchanged with the blood of the pulmonary capillaries. Ventilation is the flow of air into and out of the alveoli, while perfusion is the flow of blood to the alveolar capillaries. Two carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate. Here's some more information about the citric acid cycle and the oxidation of pyruvate:  Pyruvate to acetyl CoA During the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, one carbon is lost as carbon dioxide. This leaves a two-carbon molecule called acetyl CoA.  Glucose to pyruvate In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is broken down into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules. GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis in eukaryotes takes place in the cytosol, breaking down glucose to two pyruvate molecules. The glycolysis process involves the conversion of one molecule of glucose (carbohydrate) to two molecules of pyruvate. Thus, glycolysis is characterized by the generation of two molecules of 3-carbon pyruvate and two ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Moreover, this process also involves the production of NADH. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is synthesized when energy stored in chemical bonds is released during cellular respiration. Here's some more information about ATP:  Cellular respiration ATP is primarily synthesized in the mitochondria of a cell during cellular respiration. This process breaks down glucose and other respiratory substrates, such as carbohydrates and lipids, to produce energy. The energy is then stored in the form of high energy bonds in ATP.  Function ATP is an organic substance that supplies energy for many functions in living cells, including nerve impulse transmission, muscular contraction, and chemical synthesis.  Recycling The human body recycles an amount of ATP equal to its own body weight each day. Cells usually transfer the energy that is released from the process of cellular respiration to adenosine triphosphate (ATP).  Catabolic pathways involve the degradation (or breakdown) of complex molecules into simpler ones. Molecular energy stored in the bonds of complex molecules is released in catabolic pathways and harvested in such a way that it can be used to produce ATP. Leaving the bowl of bread dough next to a warm radiator is an effective way to shorten the time needed for the yeast to make the dough rise: Explanation The process of yeast making bread dough rise is called fermentation. During fermentation, yeast cells consume the sugar in the dough and produce carbon dioxide and ethanol. The carbon dioxide gas fills bubbles in the dough, causing the dough to rise. The warmth of the dough speeds up the fermentation process. When a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom, it becomes reduced to NADH. Reduction is an important process in cellular respiration. The statement that accurately describes the reaction is 'C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced'. This is a process of aerobic respiration where glucose loses electrons, thus being oxidized, and oxygen gains electrons, therefore being reduced.  Citric acid cycle Two carbons enter the citric acid cycle from each acetyl group. Two carbon dioxide molecules are released on each turn of the cycle.