GEN-003-Reviewer-Mod.-1-5.docx

**MODULE 1** **What is Science?** - Comes from the Latin word [***scientia**.* Meaning '*Knowledge*'] - It refers to a [ **systematic and methodical activity**] of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation or both **What...

**MODULE 1** **What is Science?** - Comes from the Latin word [***scientia**.* Meaning '*Knowledge*'] - It refers to a [ **systematic and methodical activity**] of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation or both **What is Technology?** - Comes from the Greek root word [ **techne**, meaning '*art, skill or cunning of hand*'] - It is the **[application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools, and machine]** aimed at solving real-world problems. **What is Society?** - Comes from Latin word **[Societas]**, [which in turn was derived from noun '*Socius'*] - It is **[a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same cultural components]**. On a broader scale, society consists of the people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs and our cultural ideas. **The Interconnections of These Three Concepts in STS** 1. Science is a systematized body of knowledge that explains natural phenomena. This body of knowledge seeks to improve quality of living in the society 2. Science also informs the field of technology because technology is the use or application of scientific knowledge for a specific goal or purpose 3. Society and its elements demand on the field of science in terms of the knowledge that it will produce 4. Technology as well demands more scientific knowledge as it improves and refines scientific theories in the practice of science 5. Society benefits from technology because it provides several conveniences in our daily living 6. Technology simplifies and improves the quality of living that is evident throughout centuries. **Who is Lewis Wolpert?** - "**[He made an interesting comparison between science and technology]** that is helpful in the study of their interaction with society. He made it clear [that science is not the same as technology."] **Science responsibilities:** - Scientists are [**not responsible**] for the application of knowledge in technology. - He further explained that the very nature of science is that it is [**not possible to predict scientific discoveries**] and how [**these discoveries may be applied**.] - Scientists are **[responsible for the reliable conduct of scientific inquiry and its honest interpretation and dissemination.]** **Society influence the Technology and Science** - Technological applications of science are influenced by other sectors such as politics and governance, religion, and business**.** - With this distinction, one can guess the need for the study of the various ways in which **[science and technology act and are enacted in society.]** - This is a particularly timely and relevant concern because of the advancements in science and technology today. **Scope of the study of Science Technology and Society** - Science Technology and Society [applies methods drawn from history, philosophy, and sociology] **to study** **the nature of science and technology and ultimately judge their value and place in society.** **The Ten Emerging Ethical Dilemmas and Policy in Science and Technology Every Year.** - **Helix** - a [digital app store designed to read genomes] - **BlessU-2 and Pepper** - first robot priest and monk - **Emotion Sens as Facial Recognition** - [a software being developed to assess your reactions] to anything such as shopping and playing games - **Ransom ware** - [a way of holding data hostage] through hacking and requiring a ransom to be paid - **Textalyzer** - a device to an accident nether a driver was using his or her phone during an accident - **Social Credit System** - [a system of scoring citizens through their actions] by placing them under constant surveillance (which China plays to adopt) - **Google Clips** - a hands-free camera that lets the user capture every moment effortlessly - **Sentencing Software** - a mysterious algorithm designed to aid courts in sentencing decisions - **Friendbot** -an app that stores the deceased\'s digital footprint so one can still \"chat\" with them - **Citizen App** - an app that notifies users of ongoing crimes or major events in a specific area **The effects of advancement in 21st --Century technology.** - **Interdisciplinary Research:** The article discusses the role of interdisciplinary studies in fostering innovation within science and technology. - **Quantum Technology:** The piece touches upon the implications of quantum advancements on society and its fears. - **Internet's Role:** The internet's contribution to increasing societal connectivity and its subsequent effects on social attitudes is a focal point. - Sometimes, dangerous changes in social attitudes. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **MODULE 2** **Historical Antecedents of Science, Technology and Society** **Prehistoric** - Tool from Stone 3.5 million years ago **Ancient Time** - Wheels in Mesopotamia 3500BCE - Papyrus in egypt 3000BCE - Antikythera- Mechanism Invented in Greece 150-100 BCE **Middle Ages** - Spinning Wheel in India Between 6th-11th Century AD - Paper Money in China 17th Century AD - Gunpowder in China 850 AD **Early Modern Times** - Microscope by Zacharias Jannsen 1590 - Mercury Barometer by Evangelista Torricelli 1644 **Modern Times** - World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee 1990 - Automobile by Karl Benz 1886 - Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell An **antecedent** is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something - Historical antecedents in science and technology are factors that paved the way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated scientific and technological innovations today. - Knowledge of the history of science and technology is useful in appraising these innovations today. - By understanding how previous generations influenced and were influenced by developments in science and technology, today\'s generation can come up with informed decisions on the proper application of science and technology to daily life. **Science and Technology in the Philippines** **1) Pre-Spanish Period** - simple tools or weapons of stone flakes are used but eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones. **2) Spanish Regime** - development of science and technology were greatly shaped by the role of the religious orders. **3) American Regime** - a system of secularized public school education as soon as the civil government was set up in the islands. **4) Japanese Occupation** - brought educational and scientific activities. **5) Science and Technology since Independence** - the lack of government support; the dearth of scientists of high training and ability; low morale of scientists and a lack of public awareness of Science. Science and technology has been around from the **beginning of time.** It evolves from the everyday. efforts of the people trying to improve their way of living. Throughout history, **humankind utilized tools, machines, and techniques** without understanding how or why they worked or comprehending their physical or chemical composition. Evidence of this can be found in roughly shaped stones used for chopping and scraping, dating back millions of years. Around 400 B.C., there were clear **signs of scientific development in Mesopotamia**. People documented their observations of diseases, chemicals, and even celestial bodies. Egyptians living along the Nile Valley possessed knowledge of medicine, mathematics, and even complex engineering feats like pyramid construction. Further advancements came around 3000 B.C. with the discovery of bronze, which led to the creation of stronger tools and weapons. This era also saw the invention of the wheel in Mesopotamia, **revolutionizing transportation.** The first cities emerged around this time, and the pyramids in Egypt stand as a testament to the scientific and technological capabilities of that era. **During the Middle Ages and Renaissance.** While the **Middle Ages** are often associated with a decline in scientific progress, advancements were still made in warfare technology. **The Renaissance**, however, ushered in a period of renewed learning. Inventions like the printing press and the scientific contributions of figures like Leonardo da Vinci mark this era. This period also saw geographical discoveries made possible by advancements in navigation tools. **Narrative from: Olivia C. Caoili** **Title: Science and Technology Throughout History** Throughout human civilization, science and technology have played pivotal roles in shaping societies, economies, and cultures. From ancient times to the present day, various innovations and discoveries have propelled humanity forward. Key milestones include the invention of the wheel, the development of metallurgy, the emergence of written languages, and the exploration of the cosmos. These advancements have influenced transportation medicine, agriculture, and communication. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **MODULE 3** **Intellectual Revolutions that defined Society** **Three of the most important one that altered the way humans view science and its impacts on society the;** - **Copernican Revolution** - **Darwinian Revolution** - **Freudian Revolution** **Intellectual Revolution** - Can be defined as the historical changes in thoughts, beliefs and social institutions due to new ideas and principles. - Throughout history, intellectual revolutions have sparked major changes in society, changing how people think, live, and interact with the world. - This exploration focuses on some of the most important intellectual revolutions, highlighting their **1) key figures**, **2) major developments**, and 3**) lasting impacts on society.** **Paradigm Shifts** - These shifts resulted from a renewed and enlightened understanding of how the universe behaves and functions. They challenged long-held views about the nature of the universe. Thus, these revolutions were often met with huge resistance and controversy. **Intellectual Revolutions as Paradigm Shifts:** Intellectual revolutions can be considered paradigm shifts resulting from a renewed and enlightened understanding of how the universe behaves. \* They challenged long held views about the nature of the universe. **Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)** - Astronomer - Heliocentric Model of the Universe: places the Sun at the center of the Solar System. - Met huge resistance from church, which led to the prohibition of reading De Revolutionibus - Was soon accepted by other scientists (Galileo Galilei) - Was then capped off by Isaac Newton. **Charles Darwin (1809-1882)** - British Naturalist - The Theory of Evolution: all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual\'s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. - **Natural Selection** **-** evolutionary process by which organisms inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favored survival and reproduction. - In the case of biology and evolution, nature may be described as a lawful system that can be explained through scientific thought. - He introduced all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. **Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)** - **Psychoanalytic Theory**: human behavior is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges. Amethod for treating mental illness and also a theory which **explains human behavior.** - Proposed Id, Superego, and Ego - Humans are pleasure seeker - Oedipus and Electra Complex - Was accepted to address the psychological fixations. - Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. - **Psychoanalysis** - which means a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness. The Copernican, Darwinian and Freudian revolutions were pivotal moments in history that reshaped society\'s understanding of the world. - **Copernicus\'s heliocentric** model challenged the geocentric view of the universe, challenging established religious and cultural norms - **Darwin\'s theory of evolution** challenged traditional religious beliefs about the origin of life, sparking debate between science and religion. - **Freudian\'s psychoanalytic theory** spraked debates about sexuality, childhood, and therapy, profoundly reshaping societal views. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **MODULE 4** **Nation Building** - is a process with an end goal of establishing common interests, goals and preferences among citizens of a country towards the formation of that country where the people have no intentions of separating themselves from one another (Alesina and Reich 2015). **What is Science and Technology in Nation Building?** Science and Technology is essential in nation building. Scientific knowledge and technological advancements are needed to address problems and concerns such as climate change, natural disasters and epidemics. Also, they are needed to increase industrial productivity leading to economic development **Science and Technology in Nation Building** increase agricultural productivity conserve and protect the environment produce good qualities secure peace, order and stability manage natural disasters generate jobs for workers ensure quality healthcare Develop good infrastructure increase economic productivity efficiently deliver social services **How does Science and Technology contribute to Nation Building?** → Science and technology have played a crucial role in the development of the Philippines as a nation. → Throughout its history, the Philippines has been influenced by different cultures and colonial powers, each leaving its mark on the country\'s scientific and technological development. **In Section 10, Article XIV of 1987 Philippine Constitution**, it is stated that \"Science and Technology are essential for national development and progress\". **Science and technology** are important to enable Filipinos to develop products and industries such as semiconductors and processed food products, to build good roads, airports and seaports, to make electricity accessible, to develop crop varieties, to ensure good healthcare, to manage natural disasters, and many more. **For the People: Government Policies in Science and Technology** In the Philippines, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the agency concerned with advancing the country\'s scientific and technological capacity. The department is mandated to \"provide central direction, leadership and coordination of scientific and technological efforts and ensure that the results therefrom are geared and utilized in areas of maximum economic and social benefits for the people\" (Executive Order 128 1987). The DOST is composed of: 1) the sectoral planning councils, 2) collegial and scientific bodies, 3) S&T services and 4) research and development (R&D) institutes. All programs, projects and activities of DOST shall target to achieve the following outcomes:. **1. Stimulation of Innovation** **2. Promotion and acceleration of Technology adoption** **3. Development of a critical mass of globally competitive human resources on Science and Technology** **4. Increased productivity and efficiency of micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs (MSMEs)** **5. Ensured resilience to disaster risks and climate change** **6. Reduced inequality in science and technology capacities and opportunities** **7. Achieve effective science and technology governance** The Department of Science and Technology worked together with the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) in order to determine strategies and policies that can help the country prepare itself in accomplishing the ASEAN 2015 goals. The resulting policies were clustered into four as follows: Social sciences, humanities, education, international policies and governance Physics , engineering and industrial research, earth and space sciences and mathematics Medical, chemical and pharmaceutical sciences Biological sciences, agriculture and forestry **Aside from these, the DOST have existing projects such as** **(1)** funds for researches, patents and projects related to science and technology; **(2)** scholarship grants for undergraduate and graduate studies of S&T students; **(3)** more campuses of the Philippine Science High School where young Filipino students are trained in S&T; **(4)** S&T parks to encourage academic and industrial partnerships: **(5)** Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists to come home and work on researches and projects with fellow Filipino scientists; **(6)** establishment of the National Science Complex and the National Engineering Complex in order to develop S&T and engineering manpower resources in the country. **Balik Scientist Program** The program aims to encourage Filipino Scientists or Scientists of Filipino descent to return to the Philippines and conduct research or scientific undertakings. As of December 2017, there were 497 scientists who served under the program. Republic Act No. 11035 or the Balik Scientist Act was signed into law in 2018. The law will provide incentives and assistance to retuming Filipino experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers. The program is important in maintaining a critical number of Filipino experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers that will serve the country. According to UNESCO, a country should have 380 scientists/researchers per million population. However, in the Philippines, there are only 189 researchers/scientists per million which means that there is a gap of around 19,000 researchers or scientists **Dr. Josefino C. Comiso** → One of those Balik Scientist, whose goal is to: \"improve the ability of the country to utilize advanced technology in addressing problems on natural resource management, especially as related to climate and environmental changes\" **Order of National Scientists** highest honor that is bestowed by the President of the Rep. of the Philippines to a Filipino man or woman of science who has made significant contributions in one of the different fields in science and technology in the Philippines. As of 2018, there are 41 National Scientists. Two of them are **engineer agriculturist Ramon Barba and biologist Angel Alcala.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **MODULE 5** **Major Developments in Science and Technology in the Philippines** To help the country leapfrog its constraints to growth, USAID has strategically included science, technology and innovation (STI) in its programming. The US government contributes to the prioritiesof the U.S.-Philippines Science and Technology Agreement signed by **former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (U.S. Presidential Candidate) and the former Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs Albert del Rosario.** **Major Personalities in Science and Technology in the Philippines** (**Regine Cabato** documented seven (7) Filipino scientists who are \"changing the world. \"/CNN Philippines Life/). 1\. **Reina Reyes** **astrophysicist,** One of Reyes\' passion projects is Pinoy Scientists, a blog that features mostly young Filipino scientists across different fields and from across the world. 2\. **Irene Crisologo** - radar meteorologist. She is a radar meteorologist based in Potsdam Germany working on open source methods for processing weather 3\. **Julius Sempio** - specialist in geoinformatics and remote sensing. He is helping develop an effective archive and database for images coming from Diwata-1. also known as PHL-Microsat-1, a Philippine microsatellite launched into the International Space Station and the future Diwata These are used in mapping, monitoring the environment and detecting changes in land features and land usage. 4\. **Andreia Carillo** - astrophysicist, She is from Bulacan but is now based in Austin in the United States where she is finishing a doctorate degree at the University of Texas 5\. **Kamela Ng -** molecular epidemiologist. She splits her lime between the Institute of Tropical Medicine at Antwerp in the Netherlands, Belgium and the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. Her current research is focused on the early detection of drug resistant-tuberculosis transmission **6. Migs Canilao** - anthropologist and archaeologist. He specializes inenvironmental and urban geography. He is completing his studies at the University of Illinois in Chicago where his research involves using high resolution satellite imagery to track ancient gold trading trails and settlements in Northwestern Luzon. **7. Sarah Oliva** - geophysicist. She is a geophysicist based in Tulane, New Orleans, United States. From Naga City (Camarines Sur), she had a background in physics and material science but preferred geology because her dad is a geologist. **The role of digital technologies in preserving and documenting cultural heritage in the Philippines is crucial. Here are some examples;** **1. 3D Laser Scanning** 3D laser scanning captures detailed spatial data by creating a 3D representation of cultural heritage sites or artifacts. **DigiScript Philippines**, a team of 3D technology specialists, began using 3D laser scanning to digitally preserve UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These sites include the four Baroque churches constructed during the Spanish colonial period: \- **Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte** **- Sta. Maria Church in Ilocos Sur** **-** **San Agustin Church in Intramuros** **- Miagao Church in Iloilo** **2. Multispectral Imaging (MSI):** Multispectral imaging involves capturing images Multispectral Imaging (MSI): at various wavelengths beyond what the human eye can perceive. It reveals hidden details in artworks, manuscripts, and historical objects. In the context of cultural heritage, MSI helps analyze pigments, faded inscriptions, and other features that may not be visible under normal lighting conditions. **3. Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR)** Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies allow users to immerse themselves in historical and cultural contexts**.** Museums and heritage sites can use VR and AR to provide educational and interpretive experiences.