GEM AC-1 Introd to Haem 2023 S.pptx

Introduction to Haematology AC UCCSMS Access course 5/10/2023 1 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Main components of blood and their functions. 3. Sites of normal haem...

Introduction to Haematology AC UCCSMS Access course 5/10/2023 1 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Main components of blood and their functions. 3. Sites of normal haemopoiesis 4. Haemopoietic stem cells 5. Haemopoiesis 1. Role of the bone marrow in haemopoiesis 2. Factors influencing haemopoiesis 2 Introduction Blood is a fluid connective tissue that consists of plasma, blood cells and platelets. The average human ~ 5 litres of blood. Haematology: The study of blood and its disorders. Role: Vital in diagnosis and treatment. 3 Components of Blood Blood draw Centrifuge 4 Components of Blood cont'd Plasma contains water, salts, enzymes, antibodies, proteins (albumin, coagulation factors e.g fibronogen, Factor VIII, etc ), electrolytes, etc. What’s the difference between plasma and serum? Blood components: kept within appropriate concentration limits by an effective regulatory mechanism. 5  What’s the difference between plasma and serum? 6  Functions of blood. Blood has 3 main functions 3. Regulation 1. Transport pH: buffer against excessive acidity or Gases: O2, CO2 between the lungs and rest of the body alkalinity Water balance by transferring water to Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins and from tissues Waste products; Hormones; Heat (body temperature) Temperature regulation 2. Protection Leukocytes: Immune system defenders (pathogens, cancer cells Blood maintains overall health and Antibodies and other proteins destroy pathogens homeostasis in the human body. Platelet and coagulation factors: clotting and minimise blood loss 7 Composition of blood 8 150-450 x 109/L 9 Haemoglobin (Hb) Haemoglobin (MCH) 10 Haemopoiesis and Stem Cells Haemopoiesis: It is the physiological formation of all blood cells Sites and stages of haemopoiesis Embryonic yolk sac: transient site of haemopoiesis → embryonic red cells. Starts around 3rd week of embroyonic develpment 11  After birth, the bone marrow is the exclusive site for haemopoiesis. Exception T lymphocytes maturation occur in the thymus in adults. 12 Sites of Haemopoiesis ----------- 13 Medullary (Bone marrow) and extramedullary haemopoiesis. Bone marrow Medullary Postnatal Fetal haemopoiesis Extramedullary Extramedullary haemopoiesis haemopoiesis Certain diseases 14  Haemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) They can self-renew asymmetric cell division. self-renew and differentiate into all types of blood cells Haemopoietic They are pluripotent (Multipotent) Stem cell Stem cells are identified by cell surface markers CD34 + and CD38− 15 Terms and Common Haematological Disorders Anaemia (low Hb) Production of RBC Erythropoiesis Polycythaemia (high Hb) Production of WBC Leucopenia Leucopoiesis Leucocytosis Production of PLT Thrombopocytopenia Thrombopoiesis Thrombopocytosis 16 Haematological Testing Common Haematological samples and anticoagulants used Na Citrate EDTA EDTA anticoagulant tubes: full blood count (FBC), blood smears. Posterior iliac crest (hip bone) Sodium citrate tubes: coagulation studies 17 Full blood count Male adult result 18 Blood smear: Morphology 19 Factors Influencing Blood Cell Production Healthy bone marrow and stem cells Nutritional status, as iron deficiency can lead to anaemia. Haemopoietic Growth Factors G-CSF (Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor) and GM-CSF (Granulocyte- Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor) Lineage specific hormones Thrombopoietin (TPO), a crucial factor for platelet production. Erythropoietin a crucial for erythrocytes production 20  haemopoietic Haemopoietic (haemocytoblast) Growth Factors Thrombopoietin https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9420824 21 Role of the bone marrow (BM) in haemopoiesis The BM forms a suitable environment for stem cell survival, self-renewal and formation of differentiated progenitor cells. Provide some of the growth factors, adhesion molecules and cytokines 22 Production of the various blood elements https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9420824 23 24 Questions 25 HAEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS The role of red cells is to carry oxygen to the tissues and to return carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Haemoglobin is essential for normal red cell function. 26 Centrifuge 27