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Sustainable Development Different organizations' interpretation: World Bank - balancing cost and benefits polic...

Sustainable Development Different organizations' interpretation: World Bank - balancing cost and benefits policies and actions based on Stability vs. Sustainability WORLD BANK (1992) economic analysis Models of Sustainable Development - sustainable development means considering the cost and - view of costs and benefits is incomplete, neglecting the benefits of developmental and environmental policies. It distributive aspect (benefits might outweighed the costs but ✓ Definition of and challenges to sustainable development also signifies focusing on meticulous economic analysis in do not necessarily mean redistributing the benefits to the ✓ Links between sustainable development and globalization order to reinforce environmental protection. most impoverished). DEFINITIONS World Bank - emphasis on economic aspect UK's 5 Principle Approach to Sustainable Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway IUCN, WWF, ENEP (1987) Development - Sustainable Development is that which meets the needs - Sustainable development is about the conservation of of the present without compromising the ability of future ecological processes, the safeguarding of genetic 🌱 LIVING WITHIN ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITS generations to meet their own needs" diversity, and the balanced utilization of species and - unimpaired natural resources ecosystems 1987 - "sustainable development" was first coined 🌱 ENSURING A STRONG, HEALTHY, AND JUST during the World Commission on Environment and UNEP - sustainability and health of ecosystems and SOCIETY Development (WCED) process - meeting diverse needs of all people - development that can meet the needs of the present - personal well-being generation without compromising the ability of future Edward Barbier (1987) - social cohesion (strength of the bonds that connect generations to meet their own needs. - Sustainable economic development is about improving the members) and inclusion poor people's standard of living, in terms of enhanced food - equal opportunity for all Rogers, Jalai, and Boyd (2008) source, increased real income, education, health services, - Economic and social needs should be balanced with the water supply, and sanitation. It is only indirectly concerned 🌱 ACHIEVING A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY capacity of the environment to provide with cumulative economic growth. - economy that provides prosperity and opportunity for all - polluters pay Global actors and governments - must issue Barbier - aggregate economic growth indicators are not - efficient resource used is incentivized appropriate policies and actions that take into account the as important as human welfare indicators especially of the entwined aspects of social, cultural, and economic poor. 🌱 PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE development, and environmental protection and - participative system of governance enhancement. - engaging people's creativity and sustainability 🌱 USING SOUND SCIENCE RESPONSIBILITY - policy is developed and implemented on the basis of strong scientific evidence - taking into account scientific uncertainty - public attitude and values  12. Responsible consumption and production CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT United Nations Department of Economic and Social 13. Climate action Affairs 14. Life below water Poverty - global sustainable development requires "SIGNIFICANT 15. Life on land - Lack and deprivation of important basic needs of people PRICE CORRECTIONS..." 16. Peace and justice strong institutions - Measured through per capita income 17. Partnerships to achieve the goal (United Nations) - Poverty incidence is the proportion of the poor population Global Leaders and UN Members (2000) to the total population reached a consensus and adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - it pursues Income Inequality poverty reduction and human development - Clear evidence of fast economic growth since the 20th composed of 8 goals to be achieved on 2015 century as measured through the global per capita GDP. - Despite the booming economy, the gap between the rich 1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; and the poor also increased. 2. To achieve universal primary education; - As mentioned, the per capita GDP of the richest 25 3. To promote gender equality and empower women; percent of the global population increased almost six 4. To reduce child mortality; times, leaving the poorest population behind (IMF, 2000). 5. To improve maternal health; - This persistent inequality is seen to be an enormous 6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; challenge to sustainable development (UN, 2013). 7. To ensure environmental sustainability; and 8. To develop a global partnership for development. - Average annual family income in the Philippines in 2015 was Php 86,000 for the poorest 10 percent of Filipino families, while the richest 10 percent had up to Php In 2015, UN Members adopted the 17 sustainable 786,000 average annual family income (Family Income development goals by the year 2030 to address and Expenditure Survey PSA, 2015). - poverty - inequality - climate change - Ecological Footprint – the goods and services consumed by a person including the use of fossil fuels to 1. No poverty provide these services and products. 2. Zero Hunger - Because of too much ecological footprint that exceeds 3. Good health and well-being the capacity of the planet to provide, biodiversity is 4. Quality education threatened. 5. Gender equality Some threats: 6. Clean water and sanitation - Habitat destruction 7. Affordable and clean energy - Overfishing 8. Decent work and economic growth - Pollution 9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure - Infrastructure development 10. Reduced inequality - Water over-extraction, and poaching 11. Sustainable cities and communities - However, some of the richer countries have the highest goals is the pursuit of economic growth or enhancement footprint and highest consumption compared to poorer of production of goods and services. countries. Some of the critiques of neoliberal economic globalization include its tendency to pursue unsustainable - The consumer culture or the obsession with material development: goods puts pressure on the environment. - Prioritizing of economic growth that leads to - However, the consumerist behavior that drives people to unconstrained extraction of resources from the acquire an enormous amount of material goods is environment; embedded in a broader system in crisis. - Enhancing economic growth also lead to creating markets all over the world to sustain the economic - The Story of Stuff – argues that the fundamental growth; and problem is the maintenance of a linear system of over- - Encouraging competition is supposed to push firms to extraction, over-production, distribution, consumption, create better and cheaper products. However, this and disposal on a finite environment. drives firms to exploit cheaper raw materials and cheap labor to produce cheaper products Environmental Destruction - The present system of production and consumption - These neoliberal measures increase the wealth of TNCs creates tremendous impact on the environment. while decreasing social service budgets intended to - Deforestation is due to over-extraction of forest-based uplift conditions of laborers, women, farmers, and products by commercial logging and massive export of consumers. forest-based products. - Privatization of common resources also threatens the - Exploitation of mineral wealth is exacerbated by the protection of land, water, and other natural resources. Philippine policy that allows 100 percent foreign ownership of mining companies. - Urban dwellers in Manila experienced worst water - In the midst of these hardships presented by economic shortages in March 2019. globalization, global civil society and mass movements - Mineral resources of the Philippines are being over- create innovative campaigns and strategies to oppose extracted by foreign mining companies at the expense neoliberal globalization and pursue sustainable of local communities and indigenous peoples. development. - People organize themselves to respond to Economic Globalization and Sustainable Development unsustainable global economic processes through - The current trend of economic globalization, adhering to protest, legal battles, negotiations with governments, neoliberal paradigm poses threats to the attainment of and alliance/network building. sustainable development. - Economic Globalization means – enhancement of trading among countries, One of the most important