Understanding The Self PDF

**Understanding the Self** **LESSON 1:** **THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE** **SOCRATES** - 1st Philosopher who engaged in a systematic questioning about the self  - Task of a Philosopher is to know oneself - always in struggle - **DUALISM -** Belief that every man is...

**Understanding the Self** **LESSON 1:** **THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE** **SOCRATES** - 1st Philosopher who engaged in a systematic questioning about the self  - Task of a Philosopher is to know oneself - always in struggle - **DUALISM -** Belief that every man is composed of two (body and soul) that are two different entities - **BODY** - Vulnerable to action (Mortal)  - **SOUL** - Helps the body run (Immortal, Gives life, Control the body) - Wherein the body and soul are dependent of one another - When we die the body and soul are separated **PDA (Pleasure, Desire, Affection)** - The soul seeking the truth or moral goodness **PLATO** - Supported the idea of dualism nature of body and soul  - Student of Socrates - Prison of the Soul - Soul will find another body to live in - **Soul for Socrates -** Immortal & **Soul for Plato** - Eternal  **SOUL IS IMMORTAL ** - It will live forever **SOUL IS ETERNAL** - No end to time  **3 COMPONENTS OF SOUL** - **Rational Soul:** Reason/Intellect/Knowledge - **Spirited Soul:** Emotion (Courage) - **Appetitive Soul:** Body Desires - Must work simultaneously **ST. AUGUSTINE** - Man is bifurcated nature - divided into two  - Body is bound to die  - Goal of every man is to live his life on Earth in virtue - Soul will have a total communion with the Lord **THOMAS AQUINAS** - Man is composed of two parts: matter and form  - **MATTER -** What we are made of, stuff/entities - **FORM -** Essence/Substance - **MATTER (Hyle) & FORM (Morphe) -** Greek translation **RENE DESCARTES** - Father of modern philosophy  - **COGITO -** Body  - **EXTENZA/EXTENSION -** Mind - **COGITO ERGO SUM -** I think therefore I am - We are like a machine - unless someone uses it doesn't work **DAVID HUME ** - Can only attain knowledge by experiencing  - Scottish Philosopher - **EMPIRICIST -** Empiricism derived from human senses and experiences - Nothing but a bundle of impression - Self is a hurdle of impression **IMPRESSIONS** - Everything originates from our senses **IDEAS** - Feeble images of thinking and reasoning based on our impression - Impression that we don't experience **IMMANUEL KANT** - If something cannot be physically experience it is not true - **RATIONALISM -** reason rather than experience is the foundation of knowledge - Seeing isn't believing reasoning is  - Humans have both inner and outer self  - **INNER SELF -** how we interact (**F**antasy, **I**magination, **V**alues, **B**elief, **P**ractices, **T**houghts, **E**motion, **F**eelings, **S**pirituality, **D**esire, and **P**urpose) - **OUTER SELF -** Physical senses - Opposed Hume's perspective of the self **GILBERT RYLE** - Person manifests behavior day-to-day - **SELF -** not a single entity one can locate - The body and mind cannot be separated - Body there has no experience without it that's why it is important (they are intertwined) **MERLEAU-PONTY** - Phenomenologists - **PHENOMENOLOGY -** Study of experiences - **MIND + BODY (PERSON) -** Intrinsically connected  **SIGMUND FREUD** - Self-interaction among 3 components - **ID -** Pleasure Principle (Instant gratification) - **EGO -** Reality Principle (Delayed gratification), Balances the ID and Superego - **SUPEREGO -** Morality Principle (Behavior), Morals + Judgments  **\ \ ** **\ ** **LESSON 2:** **THE SELF AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT** **THE SOCIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE SELF** **Sociology** - Social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life - Scientific study of society **Anthropology** - Scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past including past human species **Culture According to [GILBERT GEERTZ]** - Not just an ornament of human existence but - the principal basis of its specificity - an essential condition for it  **Culture** - Shapes how we live, think, and act - Not just an extra but rather the main thing **Culture According to [EDWARD B. TAYLOR]** - British Anthropologist - One of the founders of modern anthropology - That complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, moral, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by (a human) as a member of society **Role of Our Society** - George Herbert Mead stated development of self is through socialization **[MEAD]'s DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF THE SELF** **STAGE 1: THE PREPARATORY STAGE** - Time we are born till the age of 2 years old - Children mimic those around them, wherein parents are careful with their actions **STAGE 2: THE PLAY STAGE** - Ages 3 to 6 - Children are in the play stage - Play pretend enforcing role expectations **STAGE 3: THE GAME STAGE** - Ages 7 and onwards - Organized game (rules)  - Start of a child's independence **[GEERTZ'S] CONCEPT OF THE UNFINISHED ANIMAL** - Culture regulates behavior - Self is a product of society so we develop when society develop - We are not a blank slate as we keep on developing - Tabula rasa we are born nothing/empty - **THE SELF IN THE WESTERN AND ORIENTAL THOUGHT** **INDIVIDUALIST** - Look after him/herself and his/her immediate family only  - Learn to think in terms of 'I' - Individual ownership of resources - Low-context communication prevails (Direct) - Media - primary source of information - Self-actualization is the ultimate goal - Occupation mobility is higher - Task over relationship - Individual interests over collective - GDP is higher **COLLECTIVIST ** - Born into extended families or in other groups that continue protecting them in exchange for loyalty - Learn to think in terms of 'we' - Resource are shared with relatives - High context communication prevails (Actions) - Social networks - primary source of information - Harmony and consensus in society is the ultimate goal - Occupation mobility is lower - Relationship over task - Collective interest over individual - GDP is lower **\ ** **LESSON 3:** **THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF** **[WILLIAM JAMES] (Philosopher and Psychologist)** - **I -** Thinking, acting, and feeling self (Doer, Experience) - **ME -** Physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that makes who you are (Describes the personal experiences, Physical Appearance, Social Identity) **[CARL ROGERS]** - **IDENTITY -** Composed of personal characteristics, social roles, and responsibilities, as well as affiliations that defines who one is  - **SELF-CONCEPT -** What basically comes to your mind when you are asked about who you are (Perception, Ideas, Belief) - **HUMANISTIC -** Study Human  **Ideal Self vs Actual/Real Self** **Ideal Self** - Who we want to be  - Idealized version of yourself  - How I should be - You aspire to be (Goals, skill, traits) - What you wish to be  **Real/Actual Self** - Who we actually are - Strength and Weaknesses **PSAOH** **P** - Personal Attributes **S** - Skill  **A** - Abilities  **O** - Occupation  **H** - Hobbies **SELF-SCHEMA** - **CARL ROGERS -** Captured this idea concept of self-schema or our organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are - Provided by life experiences  - Mental framework that develops from our experiences with particular people, objects, or events **Incongruent vs Congruent** **Incongruent** - Self-image is different from ideal self (have a big gap) - Only a little overlap - Self-actualization will be difficult - Misalignment, disparity, and a huge gap between our real and ideal self  **Congruent** - Self-image is similar to ideal self (aligned) - More overlap - Person can self-actualize - Alignment and a small gap between our real and ideal self  - Gives us confidence, satisfaction, and a sense of self-actualization or fulfillment leading to a high self-esteem **Self-Esteem** - One's overall worth as a person, one's self worth - People with high self-esteem succeed more, have better relationships, and are happier compared to those with low self esteem **\ ** **Lesson 4:** **The Physical Self** **GREGOR MENDEL** - Father of Modern Genetics - Born in Austria in 1822 - A monk, discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his monastery's garden - Experiments showed that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, subsequently becoming the foundation of modern genetics and keading to the study of heredity **HEREDITY** - Passing of genetic factors from parents to offspring or from one generation to the next - Biological process of transferring genetic information in the form of physical or mental characteristics from the parent to their children - Asexual and Sexual production **SEXUAL** - Gametes involved (**Reproductive Cells:** Sperm and Egg cells) - Combination **ASEXUAL** - Fusion or union - Aclobe - same exact traits of genes **PEA PLANTS** - Used to study how traits are inherited - Chose a specific - cross pollinate - showed purple flowers have dominant traits - Led to the idea of dominant cells **NATURE** - Genes shapes our traits - The genes we are born with and other hereditary factors that can impact how our personality is formed and influence the way that we develop from childhood through adulthood **NURTURE** - Environment shapes our traits (the people around us) - Nature and Nurture: Most of the time are combine to make us who we are today **PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS ASSOCIATED IN PHYSICAL SELF** **DSMD (Devereux Scales of Mental Disorders)** - 5 to 6 symptoms before diagnosing **1. ANOREXIA NERVOSA** - Restrict food intake - Always check body weight (even when underweight they may see themselves as overweight) **SUBTYPES OF ANOREXIA** 1. **RESTRICTIVE -** A person avoids or restricts what they eat 2. **BINGE PURGE -** Excessively eats then purges or vomiting on excessive use of laxatives **2. BULIMIA NERVOSA** - Eat excessively followed by excessive vomiting, use of laxatives, exercise - Strong feeling of gaining weight **3. BINGE EATING DISORDER** - Excessive eating (no purge involved) - Results to people being overweight **4. AVOIDANT RESTRICTIVE DISORDER** - Avoids and restrictive - No fear of gaining weight or distorted body image **5. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER** - Obsessive thought or idea there is something wrong with your body **LESSON 5:** **THE SEXUAL SELF** **SEXUALITY **- The ways people experience and express themselves as sexual beings **THE GENDERBREAD PERSON** - Diagram showing the difference of gender identity  - **Gender Identity:** how you see yourself  - **Gender Orientation:** Who you are attracted to (Homo/Hetero) - **Sex:** Physiological self (Male/Female) - **Expression:** How you show your identity; the way you present yourself  **PUBERTY ** - One of the three-year process of hormonal and physical change that causes the young person to reach sexual maturity, girls usually entering it about a year (or two) earlier than boy  - Not a one size fits all experience  - Could manifest varying rates and specific ages  - Every individual "develops and reacts in different ways" due to factors like stress, weight, "nutrition, hormonal activity, and inherent characteristics" - **Pubertal growth spurt:** Girls - 9 peaks at 11 ½, Boys 11 ½ peaks at 13 ½ - **Major Change in Boys:**  Nocturnal Emission (Wet Dreams) - **Major Change in Girls:** Menarche (Menstruation) **EROGENOUS ZONE** - Parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual arousal when touched in a sexual manner - Commonly (mouth, breasts, genitals, and anus); other common areas (neck, thighs, abdomen, and feet) - Once touched you feel something/arouse - Sexually stimulating zone   **SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES **(**STI) -** Infection transmitted without complications  **1. CHLAMYDIA** - Common STD - **Transmitted:** Oral, anal, and vaginal sex - Chlamydia Trachomatis  - Who have multiple partners intercourse without protection - **Symptoms:** Pain during intercourse; Burning sensation while urinating (women) **2. GONORRHEA** - **Transmitted:** Oral, anal, and vaginal sex - Cause sterility  - Drip  **3. SYPHILIS (CHANCRES)** - **Source:** Genitals - **Primary Symptoms:** Chancres - **Secondary:** Skin rashes, lymph nodes  **4. CHANCROID (OPEN SORES)** - **Source:** Open sores on the genital  **5. HUMAN PAPILLOVIRUS (HPV) (WARTS)** - Genital warts **6. HERPES VIRUS (BLISTERS)** - **Herpes 1:** Mouth and Lips  - **Herpes 2:**  Genitals  **7. TRICHOMONAS ** - **Infection:** Vagina  **NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS FOR CONTRACEPTION** **NATURAL METHOD** **1. Abstinence **- Restrict sexual activity  **2. Calendar Method** - Restrict when a woman is fertile (14-16 days before the period) **3. Cervical Mucus Method** - Observe discharge (ovulation watery) **4. Coitus Interruptus (Intercourse)** - Oldest method = Pull out method  **ARTIFICIAL METHODS** **1. Hormonal (Pills)** - Stops ovulation **2. Injection** - Medroxyprogesterone: Stops the release  **3. Subdermal Implant** - Matchstick size implant; Inserted under the skin of the upper arm  **4. Patch **- Release hormones will stop; Placed on the stomach/ abdomen/ butt **5. Non-Hormonal** - Stops the sperm **6. Condoms **- Catches the semen; Most common **7. Spermicides** -- Killing of the sperm **8. Cervical Cap** - Looks like a thimble  **9. Vasectomy** -- Cuts and sealing the tubes that carries the sperm **10. Ligation** -- Cutting of the fallopian tube **LESSON 6:** **THE mATERIAL SELF** **DIDEROT EFFECT: DENIS DIDEROT (FRENCH PHILOSOPHER)** - Chain reaction of purchasing - Phenomenon that occurs when acquiring a new possession leads to a spiral of consumption that results in the acquisition of even more possessions - First described in Diderot's essay "Regrets on Parting with My Old Dressing Gown" 3. **COMPONENTS OF ME** 1. **Material Self** - Tangible or materials possessions - Body - Clothes - Herman Lotze - What we wear directly affects our attitudes and behavior - Family - Home - Where our heart is and extension of self 2. **Social Self** - How we interact with others 3. **Spiritual Self** - Our spirit and who we are inside **WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE** - **RUSSELL BELK:** posits that "we regard our possessions as part of ourselves. We are what we have and what we possess" - We grow older putting importance to material possessions decreases - Material possession gains higher value in our lifetime if we associate these things with significant events, accomplishments, and people in our lives - Tell something about who we are (self-concept, past, and future) **HOW DO I DECIDE WHAT TO BUY?** 1. **NEED RECOGNITION** - **Stimuli** - Causes something to respond - **Internal:** Hungry then we eat - **External:** Advertisements of things 2. **INFORMATION SEARCH** - What we look for in a product 3. **EVALUATION ALTERNATIVES** - Find different options **LESSON 7:** **THE POLITICAL SELF** **WHO IS A FILIPINO?** - Article 4, Section 1 1987 Philippine Constitution, Filipino citizens are: - Fathers or Mothers are citizens of the Philippines - Born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority - Are naturalized in accordance with law (aliens or foreign nationals legalized by law) - **Citizenship:** not the only marker of being a Filipino; People who were born and grew up in the same culture develop and share common personality traits and values **FILIPINO VALUES AND TRAITS** **FILIPINO HOSPITABILITY** - Filipinos welcome their guests and tourists as if they are their own brothers and sisters. They always make their guests feel at home, offering them something to eat, or even a place to stay - **Best China:** Term for using the best silverware for guest - **Festivals:** Willing to spend money just for people to have something to eat - **Greetings:** **RESPECT FOR ELDERS** - Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand while saying "Mano po!" and constantly using "po" and "opo" in conversations - Wider array of references to older people such as *ate* (older sister); *kuya* (older brother); *tito* & *tita* (uncle & aunt); *lolo* & *lola* (grandfather & grandmother); *manong* & *aling* (older people outside the family) **CLOSE FAMILY TIES** - Maintain a tight relationship with Families - They are fond of family reunions during birthdays, holidays, or fiestas year-round - Some even opt to live in a big house where everyone can stay together. Nursing homes are almost always not an option for family members - Family comes first - highly valued **CHEERFUL PERSONALITY** - Smile when they are happy or sometimes even when they are sad or angry - Smiling has been a coping strategy for many Filipinos especially during trying times and calamities **SELF-SACRIFICE** - Go out of their way to extend help to their friends, families, and loved ones - OFWs sacrifice a lot. That is why they are regarded as modern-day Filipino heroes **BAYANIHAN** - Spirit of communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos - Also about giving without expecting something in return **"BAHALA NA" ATTITUDE** - Filipino version of the famous line "Hakuna Matata" meaning no worries - Said to have originated from "Bathala na" **Bathala** means God, the phrase meaning leaving everything into God's hands - Come what may **COLONIAL MENTALITY** - Regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favor foreign products more than their own; but also the desire to look more foreign than local and keep up with foreign beauty trends **"MAÑANA" HABIT** - Term for Procrastination - Derived from the phrase "Mamaya na" meaning dawdling things, which could have been done at an earlier time **NINGAS KUGON** - "Ningas" for flame; "Kugon" for Cogon grass that easily burns out after it is put into flames - Attitude of eagerly starting but quickly losing eagerness soon after experiencing difficulty - Only passionate at first; Loss of enthusiasm **PRIDE** - Hold on to their pride as if they are more precious than keeping a good relationship with family and loved ones - Absence of Humility **CRAB MENTALITY** - Toxic trait where one resents the achievement of another, instead of feeling happy for the person; just like crabs in a container, they pull each other down **FILIPINO TIME** - Attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner, or parties especially if they are meeting someone close to them **HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO?** - Be an active Filipino citizen - Voting - Engage in community programs - Study the Philippine history - Support local products - Speak the Filipino language - Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent - Listen to both sides