GE ELEC 1 Agricultural & Aquacultural Practices PDF

GE ELEC 1 MODULE 3: AGRICULTURAL & AQUACULTURAL PRACTICES ❖ Agriculture- practice of cultivating and raising Rely on manual labor and natural animals to produce food, fiber, medicinal plants, processes. and other products essential to sustai...

GE ELEC 1 MODULE 3: AGRICULTURAL & AQUACULTURAL PRACTICES ❖ Agriculture- practice of cultivating and raising Rely on manual labor and natural animals to produce food, fiber, medicinal plants, processes. and other products essential to sustain human life. Focus on sustainability and harmony ❖ It involves various activities such as farming, with the environment. animal husbandry, and agroforestry, which are Examples: terracing, crop rotation, fundamental to providing food and raw materials organic farming, and the use of for society. traditional seeds. Goals of Agriculture 1. RICE TERRACING (Banaue Rice Terraces) Food Security- ensure a stable and sufficient Method: Farmers carve terraces into the supply of food to meet the nutritional needs of a mountainsides, controlling water flow for growing global population. irrigation. Economic Sustainability- create viable Significance: Helps in sustainable rice livelihoods for farmers and contribute to local, production in mountainous regions and national, and global economies. preserves cultural heritage. Environmental Stewardship- minimize the ✓ It promotes food security, particularly environmental impact of agricultural practices for rice, the staple food in the and promote sustainability. Philippines. Resource Efficiency- maximize the efficient use of natural resources such as water, soil, and 2. SLASH-AND-BURN (Kaingin) energy. Innovation and Technology Advancement- Method: Farmers clear a patch of land by adopt and promote technological advancement cutting and burning vegetation to plant crops. to improve agricultural productivity and Significance: Although widely discouraged due resilience. to its environmental impacts, this method has traditionally been used to clear forests for ❖ Agricultural Practices- refer to the methods farming. and techniques used in farming to grow crops ✓ It’s a subsistence practice in rural areas, and raise animals. contributing to local food production. Vary based on geography, climate, 3. MULTI – CROPPING available technology, and cultural traditions. Method: Planting different types of crops on They include everything from land the same place of land simultaneously. preparation, sowing, irrigation, pest Significance: Increases biodiversity and control, and harvesting to post-harvest maximizes land use, reducing the risk of crop processing and animal husbandry. failure and supporting local economies. Two General Practices 4. CROP ROTATION 1. Traditional Method: Growing different crops in the same field across different seasons (planned 2. Modern sequence). ❖ Traditional Practices Significance: A typical rotation could be corn Often based on indigenous knowledge (which depletes nitrogen), followed by legumes passed down through generations. (which fix nitrogen into the soil), and then cereal crop like wheat or barley. amc I I  GE ELEC 1 1. POND CULTURE ❖ Modern Practices Raising fish in enclosed ponds where water Make use of scientific and quality and feed can be controlled. Common for technological advancement to increase species like tilapia and catfish. productivity. Focus on efficiency, yield optimization, 2. CAGE CULTURE and scalability. Often involve machinery, synthetic Fish are grown in cages or enclosures fertilizers, and genetically modified submerged in natural water bodies such as lakes, organisms (GMOs). rivers, or the ocean. This allows access to natural Examples: precision farming, use of water flow with confining the fish. chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and 3. INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC genetic engineering crops. AQUACULTURE (IMTA) 1. GMO SEED TECHNOLOGY Practice where multiple species are farmed Method: Farmers use hybrid seeds, especially together in a complementary way. for crops like rice, corn, and vegetables to 4. SEAWEED AND ALGAE FARMING increase yields and pest resistance Significance: Boosts food production, helping Cultivating marine plants or food, cosmetics, or ensure a steady supply of food for local markets biofuel. This is often done in open water or and export controlled tanks. 5. SHELLFISH FARMING Genetically Modified Organisms: Cultivating species like oysters, clams, and ✓ Created by directly altering the plants mussels in natural bodies of water, often using genetic material using biotechnology racks, bags or cages anchored to the sea floor. ✓ This involves inserting, deleting, or modifying genes, often from entirely Impacts of Agricultural and Aquacultural Practices different species, to introduce new traits ✓ Soil Degradation that would be difficult or impossible to ✓ Water Quality achieve through traditional breeding. ✓ Biodiversity Loss 2. AQUAPONICS AND HYDROPONICS SOIL DEGRADATION Method: Uses nutrient-rich water to grow crops Soil Erosion- Over plowing, monoculture, and without soil, often in urban settings or areas with deforestation expose soil to wind and water poor soil quality. erosion, stripping away topsoil that is vital for Significance: Allows year-round food fertility. production contributes to food security, Nutrient Depletion- Repeated planting of the particularly in urban centers or regions where same crops without crop rotation or adequate traditional farming is challenging. fertilization depletes essential nutrients, reducing Agriculture Practices soil fertility. Salinization- Irrigation in poorly drained soils Refer to methods and techniques used to can lead to the accumulation of salts in the soil, cultivate aquatic organisms such as fish, making it less productive for plant growth. shellfish, and plants in controlled environments. These practices are applied to enhance food WATER QUALITY production, conserve aquatic species, and Nutrient Runoff support economic activities. Pesticide and Herbicide Contamination amc I I  GE ELEC 1 Sedimentation Distinct seasons, deciduous trees Aquaculture Pollution- Fish farms can release Example: Eastern U.S., Europe. uneaten feed, faces, and chemicals (like antibiotics and pesticides) into water bodies, TUNDRAS polluting local ecosystems and contributing to algal blooms Cold, treeless, permafrost regions Example: Arctic tundra BIODIVERSITY LOSS Types of Biomes Aquatic Habitat Destruction- Clearing forests and wetlands for leads to habitat loss for many FRESH WATER BIOMES species. Overuse of Chemicals- Harm beneficial insects, Lakes, rivers, wetlands birds, and other wildlife, disrupting ecosystems Crucial for drinking water and habitats and reducing biodiversity. MARINE BIOMES Invasive Species- Involve farming non-native species that can escape into the wild and Ocean, coral reefs, estuaries outcompete local species, disrupting ecosystems Cover 71% of earth, immense biodiversity INTRO TO BIOMES Philippine Biomes TROPICAL RAINFORESTS Large ecological area defined by climate, soil, plants, and animals. High biodiversity, home to endemic species Essential for climate regulation and (e.g., Rafflesia arnoldii) biodiversity. Threats: Deforestation for agriculture and urbanization Types of Biomes CORAL REEFS ✓ Terrestrial ✓ Aquatic Biomes Vital for local fisheries and tourism Types of Biomes Terrestrial Threats: Climate change, destructive fishing practices. TROPICAL RAINFORESTS MANGROVE FORESTS High temperatures, heavy rainfall, rich biodiversity. Protect coastlines, support fisheries Examples: Amazon, Congo, Southeast Asia, Threats: Coastal development and pollution Philippine rainforests. DEFORESTATION SAVANNAS Logging, agriculture, and urbanization Grasslands with scattered trees, seasonal Consequences: Habitat loss, increased rainfall. greenhouse gases. Examples: African Serengeti POLLUTION DESERTS Industrial waste, urban runoff, plastic waste Low precipitation, water-conserving plants. Impact: Eutrophication, marine life threat Example: Sahara Desert URBANIZATION TEMPERATURE FORESTS amc I I  GE ELEC 1 Rapid city growth leading to habitat Artificial reefs and coral restoration destruction Renewable energy for reducing carbon Example: Urban heat islands, flooding. footprint CASE STUDIES: Human Activities in the Philippine Initiatives Philippines Harnessing Technology for Forest Mindanao Deforestation Conservation ✓ Utilize digital tools for data collection Agricultural expansion, loss of habitats, and monitoring landslides ✓ Mobile applications for reporting illegal Manila Bay Pollution activities Industrial and urban runoff, rehabilitation challenges Cebu City Development Loss of green spaces, flooding risks. Typhoon Haiyan Example of climate change impact, need for disaster preparedness Conservation Efforts Protected areas, marine sanctuaries, community-based initiatives Example: Apo Island Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) Exploring Environmental Management Approaches Restoration Initiatives Reforestation and coastal reforestation programs Example: Mangrove restoration in Iloilo Sustainable Practices Organic farming, sustainable fisheries Example: Sustainable fishing in Palawan Technology & Innovation in Conservation Innovative Solutions Remote sensing for forest monitoring amc I I