The Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany | GCSE History PDF

The Weimar Republic 1918-29: The Constitution: Key Developments...

The Weimar Republic 1918-29: The Constitution: Key Developments Au tumn 1918: Ebert, leader of The President ❑ Intended to be fair. Women 11 t h November Germany was losing the Social had the vote on the same the war. Allies Political revolution 1918 the German Elected every 7 years Democratic Party, insisted they would occurs in government term as men. Germany. It now took temporary signed an not make peace with ❑ President was elected every control until a new Kaiser Wilhelm. He became a republic. armistice with the government was Chooses 7 years by the people. abdicated in allies. November 1918. set up. The Chancellor Appointed from the Reichstag by the A rticle 48 President. Had to be supported by a ❑ Voting based on In an majority of the Reichstag proportional representation em ergency the ❑ This weakened government Germany had not 1920: The Social El ect J une 1919: President can Chooses as it led to lots of small been invaded so J a nuary 1919: Democrats formed rul e on their many people did Treaty of Versailles the majority of the The Parliament (Reichstag) parties and no majority Spartacist Uprising own. not know. signed Reichstag. Proportional Representation: parties ❑ Coalitions formed did not got the same proportion of seats as last long their proportion of votes ❑ Chancellor did not need to be leader of the largest El ect party The German Electorate ❑ Article 48 could be used to J a nuary 1923: All adults can vote, all have equal rights overrule Reichstag in Ma rch 1920: The Invasion of the N ovember 1923: emergency. The Kapp Putsch Ruhr – led to The Munich Putsch hyperinflation Challenges to the Weimar Republic from the left and right: Uprising badly organised and government used police and Treaty Of Versailles: Spartacist Uprising: January 1919 Freikorps to suppress it Attempted to lead a ▪ Communists: Rosa Luxemburg and Little support for uprising from public ▪ Germans shocked at severity Treaty of Versailles ▪ Germany’s status destroyed Lasted less than 2 weeks ▪ ‘Di ktat’ – a dictated peace Lost 13% of land – including revolution to Karl Liebneckt enforced without negotiation valuable farm land overthrow the ▪ Seized control of government government newspaper headquarters and Revolt highlighted the instability of Weimar Government – dependent on army LAND ARMY MONEY B LAME tried to organise a strike. Republic promised not to change army leadership ❑ Alsace-Lorraine returned ❑ 100,000 men. ❑ Germany ❑ Article 231. Trade Unions in Berlin organised a general strike to France. ❑ Navy = 6 battleships had to pay ❑ Germany to ❑ Land taken to give and 15,000 sailors. Kapp couldn’t rule Germany due to chaos £6,600 blame for Attempted to seize Poland access to sea. Kapp was caught and imprisoned ❑ No submarines or reparations. causing WW1. power. Freikorps Ka pp Putsch: March 1920: ❑ ‘Polish Corridor’ meant East Prussia was cut off aircraft. ❑ Pay for ❑ Justified hated the Treaty of Right-wing Nationalist Freikorps Army sympathised with Kapp so refused to act against ❑ Rhineland from Germany. damages making Versailles and Led by Wolfgang Kapp him ❑ Lost overseas colonies. demilitarised and caused by government for 5,000 Freikorps set up government in Berlin, and Weimar Germany pay ❑ Saar Coalfields given to occupied by Allied the war. reparations. signing it government was forced to flee to Dresden France for 15 years. troops  The Weimar Republic 1918-29: The challenges of 1923: Changes in society 1924-29: Strike united workers against French invaders Weimar government temporarily increased in German government popularity unable to make second Some workers set fire to factories, sabotaged 1928: an increase in wages by over 10%, German Unemployment remained high among those who reparations payment in machinery and flooded mines workers were some of the best paid workers in worked in professions such as, lawyers, civil 1922 Invasion of the Ruhr: Europe servants and teachers. Requested extra time France and Belgium invaded 1928: homelessness had been reduced by more April 1928: almost 184,000 middle class workers Germany unable to offer resistance but refused to Standard France and Belgium took the Ruhr in January 1923. of Living than 60% were seeking employment and almost half of work for French (Passive Resistance) Between 1924-31 more than 2 million homes them didn’t quality for unemployment relief. goods from factories and Clash with French troops resulted in shootings were built, while almost 200,000 ere renovated mines to the value of Government printed more money to pay strikers or expanded. reparations payment without having gold to support the value of paper money 1926: there were 32 women deputies in the Despite large number of women who worked Reichstag which was higher than US and Britain during the war in ‘male’ jobs, after the war the Hyperinflation: Pensions and fixed incomes found their pensions became worthless Number of female doctors doubled from 2,500 in better paid jobs were taken by men. Farmers benefited from increasing food prices Savings lost all value – particularly affected the middle class 1925 to 5,000 in 1939. Married women who worked were criticised for Rich protected from the worst effects Wages could not keep up with inflation Women had more rights e.g. right to vote, working and neglecting their homes. Many businessmen were able to wipe their debts. November 1918 - £1 worth of foreign goods would cost 20 marks – marriage was an equal partnership and women Women Others took over small businesses going bankrupt. by 1923 cost 20 billion. could enter all professions on the same terms as men. Young single women had financial The recovery of the Republic: independence, divorces rates went up, women enjoyed more social freedom like smoking and Prices came down Based on gold by the Loans from US banks – drinking. Value of currency guaranteed, government taxes lowered. ended hyperinflation Architecture flourished, especially in Bauhaus. This led to the criticism that artists were These were architects who designed various undermining traditional German values, especially 1924: 1924: things such as housing estates. from the right wing. They said cultural changes August 1923: Cultural This period encouraged literature from both right were immoral. Control of the currency was Dawes Plan. This Changes Stresemann appointed November 1923: restructure payments, with and left in politics. given to the new, Economic recovery after 1924, created finance to Chancellor. Called of passive Introduced a new currency – independent national smaller payments first until resistance in the Ruhr and Germany’s economy finance the arts. the Rentenmark. Reichsbank. When the said Germany would make economy stabilized was recovered. reparations payments. replaced by Reichsmark. Total amount Evi dence for recovery: Evi dence against recovery: not reduced. ❑ Little support for extremist parties: 1924 Nazi had ❑ Problems remained with the constitution – 32 seats in Reichstag → 1928 only got 12 proportional representation ❑ New factories built ❑ Nationalists opposed the Dawes and Young Plans 1925: 1929: ❑ Fall in unemployment, wages and working ❑ Hindenburg disliked the new republic 1926: 1928: conditions improved, average working hours Locarno Treaty. The Young Plan. ❑ Germany too dependent on US loans reduced Guaranteed the frontiers Germany joined the League Kellogg-Briand Pact. Reparations revised again. ❑ Unemployment remained a serious problem of Nations. Stresemann Germany one of 62 countries ❑ Unemployment and sickness benefits with France and Italy. This The total was reduced and ❑ Growth in industry slowed down after 1927 meant Germany was saying received the Nobel Peace that signed this. Agreed to yearly reparations payments ❑ Pensions paid to war veterans and widows ❑ Fall in food prices, farmers’ income reduced she would not attack these Prize. avoid war to solve disputes. of 2,000 million marks were ❑ Foreign banks lent 25,000 billion marks to German countries to get land back. to be paid over 58 years. between 1925-29 borrowers ❑ Stresemann aware that Germany’s recovery was ❑ 1928- Industrial production recovered to pre-war ‘dancing on a volcano’ Allied troops withdrew from levels Improved relations with countries, boosted ❑ Wall Street Crash devastated the world economy Rhineland. ❑ Number of people in higher education increased German pride as being treated equally.  Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919-1933: Early Nazi Party: The Munich Putsch: Early Nazi Party 1920-22 Hitler was determined to ❑ Judge at his trial was overthrow the Weimar sympathetic and gave Government by Munich Putsch: the lightest possible organising a successful sentence – 5 years in The Swastika Hitler The SA Party Programme revolution. 8th November 1923, Hitler prison. attempted to seize power in ❑ Hitler was released after ❑ Hitler designed the Nazi ❑ Hitler’s personal ❑ 1923, Hitler set up the ❑ Nazi Party Programme Timing seemed ideal for Munich. 9 months. flag with the swastika qualities, e.g. his ability Sturm Abteilung (SA). (Twenty Five Point an armed uprising due to Hitler expected von Kahr and ❑ He used his trial to gain symbol. to be an orator, ❑ Attracted many ex- Programme) was kept discontent in Germany the Bavarian government nationwide attention for ❑ The three colours, red, encouraged many to soldiers, especially from vague and deliberately due to the effects of would support his attempt to his cause and, while in white and black, had join the Nazi Party. the Freikorps. designed to appeal to as hyperinflation. destroy Weimar; Hitler also prison, he wrote his been the colours of the ❑ Put great faith in the ❑ The SA disrupted the many groups as had support from General book Mein Kampf German flag. spoken word and stage meetings of Hitler’s possible. Ludendorff. ❑ Red represented managed and rehearsed opponents, especially ❑ Nationalism appealed Italian leader, Mussolini Hitler and some SA men socialist, white the his speeches carefully. Communists. with the promise to had successfully marched interrupted a public meeting nationalist and the ❑ He practiced his ❑ Also often beat up destroy the treaty. on Rome and inspired Hitler. led by the head of the Bavarian ❑ The putsch collapsed as swastika was Hitler’s gestures and studied opposition supporters. ❑ Socialism appealed to government, von Kahr. Hitler Hitler did not receive racial views. photographs of himself ❑ Were also known as the the workers. declared he was taking over support from other in action. ‘brown shirts’ because ❑ Anti-Semitism or hatred Nazi party appeared ready to the local government and right-wing groups, ❑ The SA dealt with any of their uniform. of the Jews appealed to seize power. They had there would be a march on including the Bavarian hecklers. ❑ Rohm was the leader of those Germans who 50,000 supporters and its needed a scapegoat. Berlin. government, von Kahr. the SA. own private army. ❑ Promised to remove the 9th November – Hitler and ❑ Nazi party was banned. threat of Communism. 3,000 supporters marched ❑ Hitler was only allowed The Bavarian government through Munich but were to re-found it in 1925 if Re-organisation of the Nazi Party 1924-28: was right wing and had confronted by 100 policemen. he promised to avoid the been plotting against the use of violence. February 1925, the ban on the Nazi party was lifted. Hitler relaunched the Party but it was recognised into a party that Weimar Republic. could appeal to electors. Bamberg Conference: P arty Organisation: P ropaganda: ▪ Hitler survived threats to his ▪ Hitler reorganised the Party to ▪ Goebbels organised Party leadership of the Party from make it more efficient and to propaganda and used posters Nazi Organisation: Strasser and Goebbels. The SA: ensure it was prepared, even skilfully. ▪ Set up to appeal to certain ▪ They wanted the party to be ▪ Was strengthened with more at street level, to fight future ▪ Also used Nazi newspapers and P arty Rallies: interest groups, including the more socialist to appeal to the young men encouraged to join. elections. meetings to put across Nazi ▪ 1926, a Nazi Party rally was Nazi Students’ League, the working classes. Hitler was ▪ The image of the organisation ▪ Created a national ideals. held at Weimar. Teachers’ League, and the opposed and called a Party was changed – placing the headquarters in Munich and ▪ He discovered their anti-Jewish Women's’ League. ▪ Began the pattern of military Conference in Bamberg in emphasis on discipline and insisted on the central control message had the most appeal style parades. ▪ Nazi youth movement was 1926. order rather than violence and of finance and membership. among the working classes and organised to appeal to the ▪ His leadership became intimidation. ▪ Branches of the Party, were set increased anti-Semitic young. confirmed, and Goebbels up all over Germany and were propaganda. became one of his closest placed under control of a Party ▪ Nazis trained their members in supporters. Official. public-speaking.  Hitler’s Rise to Power 1919-1933: The Wall Street Crash: Growth in support for the Nazis: Nazi Support Un employed: R ise in support for KPD and ❑ By January 1933 – 6 million workers were unemployed. NSDAP: ❑ Taxes were raised and unemployment benefits cut. ❑ Moderate parties Big Businesses W orking-Class Middle-Class Yo ung People W omen Farmers failed to solve Savers: Germany’s economic ❑ Leaders of ❑ The name ❑ Contained ❑ For young ❑ At first, ❑ 1928 – Nazi ❑ Value of savings crashed. This meant, if people became unemployed problems. big businesses National professional people the Nazi many women policy of O c tober 1929, they had no savings to fall back on. ❑ Stresemann had died targeted by the Socialist people such as Party was did not support confiscating all share prices began and the Weimar Nazis German teachers and exciting. the Nazis. private land W orkers: Republic lacked a ❑ Hitler Workers’ Party lawyers. ❑ Rallies were ❑ Nazi Party was changed. to fall on the Wall ❑ Employers cut wages and taxes increased. strong leader. persuaded was an obvious ❑ Great colourful and argued that ❑ New policy Street Stock ❑ C h ancellor Bruning wealthy sign of the Depression full of women should said that Exchange in New H omeless: raised taxes to pay for businessmen appeal to the hurt the middle atmosphere. play a private land York. The value of ❑ Many people could no longer afford rent and people became homeless. ❑ Hitler’s traditional role unemployment that the Nazi working class. classes – saw would only be shares collapse and benefits, but then Party was their ❑ Policies Hitler as a speeches were in society as confiscated if it many US business Bu sinessmen: reduced the benefits. best hope from appealed to strong leader stirring and wives and was owned by were ruined. The ❑ Businesses closed, and if they did survive their income fell. ❑ Germans turned to the rise of the workers. to help the promised more mothers. Jews. ❑ Business owners not hit as badly as workers or farmers. extremist parties like Communists. ❑ Nazis country than the ❑ Nazi ❑ Farmers USA had no option the Nazis and ❑ Wealthy supported recover. traditional propaganda hoped Hitler but to end their Communists: businessmen traditional ❑ Afraid of parties. made special would protect loans to Germany Yo ung People: ❑ Hitler ❑ 1933, over half of all Germans between 16-30 were unemployed. ❑ 1928 Election – Nazis poured money German values Communism, appeals to them from the and demand the into the NSDAP and aimed to saw the Nazis attracted many women. Communists. ❑ 60% of new graduates could not get a job. 12 seats, Communists repayment of 54 ❑ Alfred create a strong as protection young people ❑ Claimed that ❑ Farmers existing loans. ❑ 1932 – Nazis 230 seats Hugenberg Germany. against this. to become voting for the were a strong Farmers: and Communists 89 allowed ❑ Promised ❑ Liked the members. NSDAP was section of ❑ In the 1930s, farmers started slipping into further debt. Goebbels to use ‘work and return to best for the support for the his newspapers bread’ on their traditional country and Nazis. for Nazi posters. values their families. ❑1930 Election Hitler becoming Chancellor: propaganda. ❑ More promoted by ❑ Women did – Nazis gained workers did the Nazis. come to see 60% of their prefer the this as vote from rural 1 9 32: Bruning banned the SA In the first round, Hindenburg gained Hindenburg appointed Communists. attractive. areas. P residential Elections. and SS for fear of Hitler used a plane to visit Hindenburg gained 18 19.4million so violence. He also von Papen as 20 cities in 5 days, this million votes and remained as President, Chancellor. He hoped raised taxes and cut The SA: Appeal of Hitler: Party Policy: Propaganda: personal element was Hitler 11 million. but Hitler was now a to have the support of unemployment important and created an Neither gained the major politician on a benefits. Became the Nazis and lifted ▪ Held marches and rallies that ▪ Impressive ▪ Included the need ▪ Included promises of image of Hitler as a majority so a second national scale who had the ban on the SA and orator and for a strong ‘Work and Bread’ politician with new ideas round was needed. gained popularity.. unpopular and had to SS. built up the importance of the to deal with problems. resign in May 1932. party. regularly held government. which were targeted ▪ Uniformed appearance of the public speeches ▪ Emphasised at the working class SA suggested it was organised ▪ Portrayed nationalism and ▪ Promised jobs and and disciplined. himself as provided a blamed Weimar J u l y: N o v ember 1932 Elections: ▪ SA attacked rival groups and Germany’s last scapegoat in the Government for Elections held for the Nazi vote decreased to Rumours that von Von Papen depended January 1933: disrupted political meetings. hope and form of the Jews. problems. Reichstag. Campaigns 196 seats, but were still Schleicher was were violent, especially upon ruling by decree the largest party. Von planning a military Hitler made ▪ SA ran soup kitchens to provide attacked the ▪ Party had training ▪ Nazi Party not between the Nazis and so he called another Schleicher, persuaded take over and von Chancellor. It was support for the poor. Treaty of for its speakers and involved in Communists. The NSDAP election in November Hindenburg to make him P apen persuaded believed he could be ▪ By 1932, the SA had 600,000 Versailles, lots of government so not won 230 seats and were to try and improve his Chancellor (but he had H indenburg to make the largest party. support. little support in the controlled. members, attracting the young reviving the organisations for seen as responsible. Hindenburg refused to government or with the H itler Chancellor. appoint Hitler Chancellor. public). and unemployed. Stab in the Back different groups in Theory society.  Nazi Control and Dictatorship 1933-39: Consolidation of power 1933-34: F ebruary 1933: The Reichstag building was set March 1933: on fire. A Dutch Communist Hitler called another election. March 1933 Election: During the campaign he used Hitler used the SA and SS to Hitler took measures to was caught and confessed. surround the Reichstag prevent potential January 1933: powers to ban communist Nazi seats in the Reichstag Goering (chief of Police) Hitler was Chancellor but meetings and imprison increased to 288 but this was meeting and intimidate the opponents. claimed it was a communist there was only 2 other Nazis political opponents. The SA not the majority. Hitler members. The Enabling Act plot against the government needed 2/3rds majority to was passed, giving Hitler the April – took over regional in the government. and 4,000 Communists were also used violence against change the constitution so he power to make laws without parliaments and civil arrested. Hitler persuaded their opponents without banned the 81 Communists. consulting the Reichstag for 4 service. Hindenburg to pass an police intervention. years. ‘Emergency Decree for the Protection of the People’ giving Hitler greater powers. June 1934 : Rohm, leader of the SA August 1934: May – June 1933: wanted to take over the army Hindenburg died. Hitler and was a rival to Hitler. In declared himself as Fuhrer, May 1933: Rival political groups were June, Rohm and 150 other SA uniting the role of President banned or closed leaders were arrested and and Chancellor. Plebiscite Trade Unions were themselves down so that murdered by the SS in the held to confirm this – Hitler banned. Night of the Long Knives. (SA by July 1933, Germany gain 90% of vote. was a one-party state. continued as a movement but was no longer politically The army swore an Oath of important. Activities involved Loyalty to him marches and rallies.) The Police State: The Police State The SS The SD Gestapo Concentration Camp Judges ❑ Controlled by Himmler ❑ Security service ❑ Set up in 1933 ❑ Labour/prison camps ❑ Trial by jury was abolished and trials were ❑ Range of roles e.g. ❑ Created by Himmler ❑ Did not wear uniforms and followed up ❑ First opened in Dachau in March 1933 decided by single judges Hitler’s bodyguard in 1931 reports and information about the general ❑ Usually in remote areas, away from ❑ These were all members of the Nazi Party ❑ Nazi Party police force – ❑ Spied on known public making critical comments/ actions public attention ❑ New People’s Court was created to hear involved in rallies, opponents ❑ Spied on people, tapped phones, used torture ❑ Contained political prisoners, cases of treason against the state running concentration ❑ Kept records with the when questioning people ‘undesirables’ such as homosexuals ❑ Trials held in secret camps. details ❑ Only about 30,000 people out of 80 million and minority groups ❑ No right of appeal  Nazi Control and Dictatorship 1933-39: Opposition, resistance and conformity: Controlling and influencing attitudes: O pposition Censored any articles or photographs they Li mited Opposition? Church Y outh didn’t want printed ❑ Police state meant there was ❑ 1933 – Protestant Pastors ❑ Number of young people did not little significant opposition set up the Pastor’s want to join the Hitler Youth ❑ Many people grateful to have Emergency League (PEL) ❑ Groups developed in working class a job and better standard of to oppose the Reich areas of big cities e.g. Roving living so put up with Nazi Church Dudes in Essen Goebbels became The R eich Chamber control ❑ They set up the ❑ Each group identified themselves Min ister for o f Culture was set ❑ Hitler had created his Confessing Church in by wearing the white edelweiss P ropaganda and up in 1933 with flower and were known as the En lightenment in separate dictatorship legally 1934 - 6,000/8,000 1933. departments ❑ Many policies were popular pastors joined this Edelweiss Pirates covering art, e.g. restoring Germany’s ❑ Individual pastors such ❑ Edelweiss Pirates were mainly literature, music (all economy, emphasising the as, Martin Niemoller teenagers, especially young males run by Goebbels). family, focus on the youth openly criticised Hitler who resented the military ❑ Repressive policies i.e. but 800 ended up in discipline of Hitler Youth, also concentration camps, were concentration camps wore hair long and copied Censorship Disapproved of not obvious to ordinary ❑ Individual Catholic priests American style modern art, people (censorship and camps spoke out, especially ❑ Activities similar to Hitler Youth – preferred were isolated) Cardinal Galen singing, hiking, camping but also romanticised views Propaganda reinforced Hitler’s The 1936 Berlin ❑ Propaganda was effective ❑ Galen was not punished told anti-Nazi jokes and painted of Germany’s past image as the ‘saviour’ of Germany Olympics - and a focus on ❑ Occasionally, the Nazis but 2 priests who printed graffiti – strong ruler with a clear vision opportunity to families, country life, dropped unpopular policies his sermons were ❑ Swing Youth movement was display Aryan loyalty and self- ❑ Opposition was disorganised arrested and sent to middle-class youth who admired superiority. Germany sacrifice and groups did not work concentration camp American and British culture won 33 medals. ❑ Met and played jazz, smoked and Stadium held Also reinforced together ❑ 400 Catholic priests were 110,000 people Nazi ideas ❑ Features of the police state imprisoned at Dachau drunk alcohol (largest in the world.) about gender made people afraid to express ❑ Confessing Church and ❑ Youth opposition was limited, only In 1936 over 12,000 roles, Aryan paintings and sculptures criticism Catholic Church had lots about 2,000 Edelweiss Pirates supremacy and had been removed from ❑ Even your own children might of popular support, but ❑ Tended to focus on resisting ideas lebensraum. galleries inform on you was not organised than organising opposition opposition Jazz music was Vocabulary banned because it had originated Keyword Definition among black musicians, and the Banning of parts of books, films, news etc., that are considered politically works of Censorship Mendelssohn were unacceptable or a threat to security. also banned because he was Resistance Refusal to accept or comply with something. partly Jewish Opposition Disagreeing with and actively working to remove something.  Life in Nazi Germany Nazi policies towards women: Employment and living standards: In Weimar Germany there was a number of educated and professional women - lawyers, doctors, teachers, By 1936 only 1 million unemployed RAD was unpopular because they Women’s role judges etc. were pushed out of many jobs, especially professions like Law, Medicine, Education. Were and by 1939, 300,000 received small pay and had to live was important in discouraged from higher education because was not necessary to their role in society. in camps in poor conditions. society but was Conscription reduced based on the Jews and women were dismissed Law for the Encouragement of Marriage, 1933, said that when a couple got married they could receive a loan unemployment and made sure home and family from jobs and did not count as of 1,000 marks in the woman gave up work and the amount they had to repay was reduced by one-quarter men were ready when war broke ( Kinder, Kuche, National Labour Service (RAD) was unemployed for each child they had. out Ki rche) - set up in 1933. Provided work for Children, unemployed males ages 18-25 Kitchen, Church. After 1935 - pure Aryan women were encouraged to visit Lebensborn clinics in order to become pregnant by doing jobs such as, repairing roads, pure SS men and they could receive financial aid. plantings trees, buildings hospitals. Women were Was voluntary at first but in 1935 expected to have Some women disliked Nazi policies. The first women’s concentration camp was opened in 1933, another in became compulsory for 6 months. a traditional 1938 and a third in 1939. Autobahns Unemployment was 1935 - Hitler appearance. (motorway) project a priority as Nazis reintroduced Were not The Mother’s Cross was awarded to women, bronze for 4 children, silver for 6 and 8 for gold. conscription into the created jobs for could lose support if supposed to army. unemployed. One they did not deal wear trousers, By 1937 due to preparations for war, there was a demand for workers. A compulsory year of labour was Also meant more jobs began in 1933 to build with the problem of make up or introduced, where women were expected to work on farms or in factories. In 1933 there were 5 million creating weapons, 7,000 km. Improved 6 million smoke. This was women working in Germany, by 1939 there were 7 million. transport would help unemployed. uniforms, building reinforced aircraft etc. the economy too. through propaganda. 1938 - divorce laws were changed to encourage men to separate from wives who could not have children Nazis did not actually reduce unemployment but Nazi policies towards the young: made groups unemployed, part-time workers and people in concentration camps did not count Yo uth: Strengthen Germany for the future and prepare for a Thousand Year Reich. Policies were affected by ideas about ‘invisible unemployment’ gender. Education Hi tler Youth G erman League of Maidens ❑ Weimar Germany, education was compulsory until 14. ❑ The Hitler Youth began in 1926, however Hitler banned almost all other youth movements in 1933 ❑ Girls joined the Young Maidens Standard of Labour Front (DAF) Volkswagen: Strength through Beauty of Labour: There were separate schools for boys and girls. ❑ Hitler wanted to bring the education system under ❑ Baldur von Schirach was appointed Minister for Youth (Jungmadel) aged 10 - 14, and then the Living: ❑ Nazis worried about ❑ Designed as an Joy: ❑ Scheme to control - Bernard Rust became Minister for Education ❑ 1936, the movement took over all sports facilities so League of German Maidens (BDM) aged ❑ More people trade union strikes. affordable family ❑ Intended to keep encourage in 1934. there was pressure on young people to join, 14-21. employed so These were banned car and savings workers happy. workers to ❑ All teachers had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler nevertheless there was still over 1 million young ❑ Would have political lectures, physical had money to and replaced with scheme was ❑ Provided improve their and join the Na z i Teachers’ League people who did not join activities e.g. camping, marching, spend. Some DAF. introduced. subsidized leisure working ❑ Lessons included the Hitler Salute and posters and ❑ 1939, membership was made compulsory physical training to prepare for prices rose but ❑ Supposed to protect In 1938 activities e.g. conditions flags were in classrooms ❑ Hitler Youth groups for boys were arranged by age. 6 - motherhood, training in cooking, sewing wages workers’ rights but Volkswagen care ❑ Company agreed sports activities, ❑ Nazis controlled the curriculum - History was about 10 (Pimpfe - Little Fellows), 10 - 14 (German Young and running a horse. increased. workers lost the factories were cheap cinema or to provide better Germany’s great past, Geography was about land People), 14 - 18 (Hitler Jugend) ❑ Girls were also taught about ‘racial However, right to negotiate switched to theatre tickets, toilets, canteens, taken away in the Treaty of Versailles, PE was doubled, ❑ Members swore an oath of loyalty to Hitler, went hygiene’ - only marrying Aryan men. workers had to wages or strike and weapons cheap holidays or showers etc. but Maths was adapted so problems included references hiking, camping, had political lectures, physical training ❑ Like the boys, the girls were also taught and military exercises. work longer DAF could punish production - no- even cruises. the workers were to war to place loyalty to Hitler above their own ❑ Stressed obedience, comradeship and loyalty but also families and be prepared to inform on hours (about 6 workers who one got a car or ❑ By 1936 there expected to build ❑ Girls had lessons in bed making and cookery, while competitiveness and ruthlessness. Punishments were their parents or teachers extra hours a disrupted their money were 35 million these in their free boys learned Science hard. week) production. back. members. time. ❑ From 1935, textbooks had to be approved by the Nazis  Life in Nazi Germany Beliefs and treatments of minorities Why were Jews persecuted? Vocabulary Nazi Beliefs Consequences Keyword Definition ❑ Hitler was determined to create a racially pure To create a ‘volk’ There were about 26,000 gypsies who lived a nomadic lifestyle – they were banned state V olk The German People ( National community) from travelling in groups, rounded up and put on a register, tested to see if they ❑ Long standing of anti-Semitism within were fitted the racial characteristics of German citizens and often imprisoned in Germany A nti- Hostility or prejudice against the Create a m a ster race of camps. ❑ Hitler resented the wealth experienced by Semitism Jews Aryans, physically and Jews whilst in Vienna Hom osexuals were arrested and often sent to concentration camps; they were also A ryan ‘The Master Race’ mentally. ❑ In the 1920s Jews were used as scapegoats for encouraged to voluntarily be castrated. Believed Aryans were signing the Treaty of Versailles Persecution Hostility/ill-treatment due to superior due to their 1933 - Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring made it compulsory ❑ Hitler blamed Germany’s defeat in WWI upon race, political or religious beliefs strength, intelligence and Minorities for mentally ill, alcoholics, disabled, epileptics, deaf and blind people to be sterilised Jews capacity to work hard and (400,000 people). In 1939, the Nazis ordered babies with severe mental or physical ❑ Hitler blamed the hyperinflation of 1923 and Lebensraum ’Living Space’ – the basis of the sacrifice themselves disabilities to be killed (T4 programme). Over 5,000 young people were killed the depression of 1929 upon Jews policy for German expansion To achieve the master ❑ The Weimar Republic was seen as heavily Ideology A system of ideas and ideals race, there would need Were less than 500,000 Jews in Germany (about 1% of the population). Hitler composed of Jews relating to political theory to be s elective breeding encouraged the German people to blame their problems on Jews. and rounding up of Propaganda, education, media, and culture all spread anti-Semitic messages – describing Jews as vermin, evil, scheming and trying to weaken German nation. Key Developments undesirables/ subhumans The ideal German: Many Germans disliked what was happening, but much of this was happening out of sight. Others took no action because they were afraid or because the benefits of April 1933 1934 Socially useful and able May 1933 1935 to contribute to the Nazi rule outweighed the issue. Some were convinced by the propaganda and SA organized Jews banned Volk. supported the measures. boycott of Jewish books Nuremburg from public Jewish shops burnt Laws Key forms of persecution spaces e.g parks and businesses Persecution of Jews 1933 - Boycott 1935 Nuremburg Laws 1938 - Kristallnacht April 1936 July – August September July 1938 ❑ At the annual party rally held in ❑ Night of Crystal / Broken Glass 1936 1937 ❑ In A pril 1933, after the second set of Jews banned Jews had to N uremberg in 1935, the Nazis announced ❑ Pogrom - 9 t h November 1938 from carry elections, the Nazis set about terrorising Anti-Semitism Jewish new laws which institutionalized many of ❑ Instigated by Nazi party officials in which individual Jews, damaging synagogues professional eased during businesses identification the racial theories prevalent in Nazi synagogues were burnt, homes were and organising boycotts outside Jewish jobs Berlin Olympics taken over cards ideology. destroyed, businesses smashed businesses. ❑ The laws excluded German Jews from ❑ Announced that it was a public response ❑ Homes and shops had the Star of David Reich citizenship to the murder of a diplomat by a Polish displayed. ❑ Prohibited Jews from marrying or having Jew ❑ There was a nationwide boycott of Jewish businesses and professions. sexual relations with persons of "German ❑ 267 Synagogues were destroyed August 1938 1938 or related blood." ❑ 7,500 Jewish owned establishments Jewish men had November Reactions to the boycott were mixed. ❑ The laws took away their right to vote destroyed Jewish children 1939 ❑ Some cities saw violence, others to add the name 1938 and deprived them of most political ❑ 91 Jews killed excluded from nothing. rights. ❑ 30,000 Jewish males arrested Israel to their