Gender and Society Notes PDF

GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E GENDER AND SOCIETY equally respected. Women who desire Learning Outcomes an active role in society may participate in activities of their own Understand QCU Vision, Mission, Goals choosing, while men could enjoy a and Program goals in the context of GVMèMMJOHIPNFBOEDPNNVOJUZMJGF national development goals, and the United Nations’ Millennium A gender-equal society is a society Development goals, and Sustainable built by men and women as equal Development Goals. partners. Appreciate the importance of these 5IFSFBMJ[BUJPOPGBUSVMZBëVFOU development goals in the context of society is dependent on the their status as 21st Century learners. establishment of a social framework that allows individuals to choose Appraise the relevance of studying various lifestyles regardless of their Gender in the context of these goals. gender, and without being bound by such rigid, stereotyped gender roles 5IFDPVSTFDPWFSTEJçFSFOUFNQJSJDBM that assume that child rearing and and theoretical perspectives in gender nursing are exclusively women's duties, studies in relation to how Gender, while men are the workers, tax-payers Ethnicity, Class, Religion, Ability, and and pension renderers who support the Sexuality interplay with societal nation. institutions and the development of society, with a focus on how this In reality, however, although gender interplay creates and shapes gendered equality has more or less been bodies and subjects for the achieved in Japan as far as laws and CFɆFSNFOUPGBMM(FOEFSTBOE4PDJFUZ legislations are concerned, women's in general. participation in the policy- and decision-making processes SFNBJOTJOTVêDJFOU BOEXPNFOTUJMM Introduction have few opportunities to realize A "gender-equal society" is a "society their full potential. in which both men and women, as equal members, have the opportunity The traditional tendency to view men's to participate in all kinds of social participation in housework and child- activities at will, equally rearing as unmanly and the heavy enjoy political, economical and cultural burden of housework, child care and CFOFèUT BOE share responsibilities." nursing that is still placed on women testify to the fact that Japan is In such a society, the human rights of lagging behind other countries in terms men and women are of gender equality. GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E We, each and every one of us, need to There is considerable diversity in how rethink our prejudiced notions of individuals and groups understand, gender-based roles, so that we may experience and express gender realize a society where men and women through the roles they take on, the can participate together in politics, at expectations placed on them, the workplace and at home, and lead relations with others and the complex FYDJUJOHBOEGVMèMMJOHMJWFT ways that gender is institutionalized in society. PSA Tracks the Philippine Sustainable Development What is Society? Goals Is a grouping of individuals, which is (SDG) Progress characterized by common interest and may have distinctive culture and institutions. A "society" may refer to a particular ethnic group, such as the Nuer, to a nation state, such as Switzerland, or to a broader cultural group, such as Western society. An organized group of people associated together for religious, What is Gender? CFOFWPMFOU DVMUVSBM TDJFOUJèD QPMJUJDBM A socially constructed characters patriotic, or other purposes may also such as norms, roles, behaviors, be considered a society. expressions, relationships, and - NUER – A PASTORAL PEOPLE identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse people. It JOéVFODFTIPXQFPQMFQFSDFJWF What is Sex? themselves and each other, how Usually categorized as female or male they act and interact, and the but there is variation in the distribution of power and resources in CJPMPHJDBMBɆSJCVUFTUIBUDPNQSJTFTFY society. BOEIPXUIPTFBɆSJCVUFTBSF expressed. /05&(FOEFSJEFOUJUZJTOPUDPOèOFE to a binary (girl/woman, boy/man) nor Refers to a set of biological is it static; it exists along a continuum BɆSJCVUFTJOIVNBOTBOEBOJNBMT and can be changed over the time. It is primarily associated with physical Gender roles in some societies are and physiological features more rigid than in others. Including chromosomes, gene GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E expression, hormone levels and John Locke, Father of Liberalism, function, and reproductive /sexual (1632–1704), Greatest Philosopher anatomy. in Europe (1690), Fundamental Natural Rights are "life, liberty, and property", argued that all human beings What is the Role of Gender have the same natural right to both in the Society (self- ownership and freedom). Gender roles in society means how we're expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based WHAT ARE THE upon our assigned sex. For example, INEQUALITIES IN SOCIETY? girls and women are generally expected Social inequality is an area within to dress in typically feminine ways and sociology that focuses on the be polite, accommodating, and distribution of goods and burdens in nurturing. They can also change in the society. The goods can be, for example, same society over time. income, education, employment or parental leave, while examples of burdens are substance abuse, WHY IS GENDER AWARENESS criminality, unemployment IMPORTANT IN OUR and marginalization. SOCIETY TODAY? Gender awareness raising plays an important role in informing women and WHAT IS ANOTHER WORD men about gender equality, UIFCFOFèUT FOR GENDER INEQUALITY? of a more gender-equal a. Gender Bias Society and the consequences of C(FOEFS%JçFSFODFT gender inequality. Gender awareness c. Gender Discrimination SBJTJOHJOUFOETUPDIBOHFBɆJUVEFT d. Gender Disparity. behaviors and beliefs that reinforce e. Gender Imbalance inequalities between women and men. f. Ender Inequity WHO GAVE THE CONCEPT OF Conclusion EQUALITY? ‘NO, WOMAN is not our brother; Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), Moral through indolence and deceit we have and Political Philosopher (1651 made of her a being apart, unknown, Leviathan Book), postulated that in having no weapon their natural condition, individuals Other than her sex, which not only possess equal rights, because means constant warfare but unfair over time they have the same capacity warfare – adoring or hating, but never a to do each other harm. straight friend,– UIFEFèBOUHFTUVSFT PGUIFFUFSOBMMJɆMFTMBWF GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E Many men would still subscribe to abilities to be in politics and most these words, many think that there will other occupations at the time. always be ‘strife and dispute’, As Montaigne put it, and that fraternity Men's roles included that of kings, will never be possible. The fact is that fathers, warriors, farmers, and today neither men nor women are political rule-makers giving them TBUJTèFEXJUIFBDIPUIFS#VUUIF the highest sense of authority in the question is to know whether there is an civilization. original curse that condemns them to rend each other or whether the ANCIENT EGYPT- c. 3100-2686 B.C. DPOéJDUTJOXIJDIUIFZBSFPQQPTFE Women in ancient Egypt were the merely mark a transitional moment in equals of men in every area except human history. occupations. Historians Bob Brier and Hoyt Hobbs CHANGING NORMS of Gender note how women were equal to men in Role in History almost every area except for jobs: MESOPOTAMIA- Around 4,000 BCE— "Men fought, ran the government, and or 6,000 years ago Sumerian women managed the farm; Women cooked, had roles in society that were not equal sewed, and managed the house". to their male counterparts, but were BSHVBCMZCFɆFSUIBONBOZPUIFS Men held positions of authority such as civilizations at the time. Their roles king, governor, general, and a man was consisted of being - wives, mothers, considered the head of the household priestesses, housekeepers, etc. but, within that patriarchy, Women exercised considerable power and This sense of equality changes independence. however, under the rule of the Babylonians and their leader at ANCIENT CHINA- the time, Hammurabi. YANGSHAO CIVILIZATION, 5000 B.C. to 3000 B.C. Under the strict rule of the LONGSHAN CIVILIZATION. Babylonians, social statuses of 2900 BC to 2100 B.C. women quickly changed from that of fellow citizen to property Many archaeologists have been led to of their male counterpart, and believe that women were held in high the freedoms they once knew SFHBSETCBTFEPçPGCVSJBMHSPVOET*U were now gone. has been shown that many men were buried near the sites of their mothers Men on the other side, were always in this culture, inferring woman that looked at in high regards. They had the gave birth were held to higher rights and statuses. GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E The classic teachings of Confucius ROMAN EMPIRE- (27 BC – 476 AD) reinforced the dominant patriarchal culture in East Asia making women The Roman empire, famously known for involuntarily cast aside in the family UIFJSHMBEJBUPSJBMCBɆMFTBUUIF3PNBO and society as a whole. Coliseum, were quite the male dominated society. THE CIVILIZATION OF SPARTA- c. 900 BCE. The roles of men and women in a family SPARTA WAS A WARRIOR SOCIETY IN household were fairly typical for earlier ANCIENT GREECE. civilizations. Women in Spartan society were Males were typically the leaders of the treated as near equals to men, as they household with the eldest male being were the only people that could produce the head of the family. the powerful warriors of Sparta. Roman male citizens usually had three Although women in Sparta were not names, similar to a èSTU middle, and necessarily free to do as they pleased, last name that people have in today’s they were still on equal terms to their societies, while Roman women only had male counterparts, whom also followed one name and were typically referred to a strict rule set. using their husband’s name. Spartan men were bred and raised Babaylan refers to the pre-colonial solely for war. Philippine tradition of female mystical healers whose spiritual connectedness Women of Sparta enjoyed more rights was a source of political and social and autonomy in comparison to other power. Greek women, their fundamental role Babaylan women serve as were to bear and raise healthy children intermediaries between spiritual as imbued in the Spartan ideology. and material worlds in their communities. Women could inherit property, own land, make business transactions, and were Their leadership roles are multi-fold: CFɆFSFEVDBUFEUIBOXPNFOJOBODJFOU warrior, healer, priestess and Greece in general. sage. Unlike Athens, where women were considered second-class citizens, Spartan women were said to rule their men. GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E Changes that Unbearable to remember, women then Revolutionized were not allowed to cast their votes the Norms for nor express their voices on social JTTVFTXIJDIBMTPBçFDUFEUIFN5IFJS Gender Roles potentialities to demonstrate COLONIALISM- Prior to the arrival of leadership role at any given call were colonizers, women in Africa were said to immediately undermined mainly on the have enjoyed much autonomy in the account of their gender identity. community and performed complementary roles to that of men. FEMINISM- is interdisciplinary approach to issues of equality and Unfortunately, that equation suddenly equity based on gender, gender changed as colonial institutions gave expression, gender identity, sex, and more recognition to men than were sexuality as understood through social given to women. theories and political activism. On the other hand, the implantation of Historically, feminism has evolved from Christian faith in many colonized the critical examination of inequality territories abolished and prohibited between the sexes to a more nuanced the widespread practices of cultural focus on the social and performative taboos that violate the dignity of constructions of gender and sexuality. women such as genital mutilation. THE SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898)- *OIJTMFɆFSGPSUIFXPNFOPG.BMPMPT Jose Rizal extolled them for being bold, industrious and determined to become learned individual’s contrary to the prescribed role performed by Filipino women during his time which were made to stay in the household and merely asked to reproduce children. *OEFFE XPNFOVOEFSUPPLWFSZEJêDVMU journey before society came to realize their priceless and monumental value to the well-being of the community. GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E Feminist theory Aims to interrogate Political modernization is often inequalities and inequities along the equated to the installation of intersectional lines of ability, class, democratic and liberal political gender, race, sex, and sexuality, and system. GFNJOJTUTTFFLUPFçFDUDIBOHFJO areas where these inter-sectionalities In a liberal political regime, the create power inequity. observance for the respect of human rights and dignities is more of a norm. Intellectual and academic discussion of these inequities allows our students to ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION- go into the world aware of injustices Underlying this phenomenon of growth and to work toward changing unhealthy are certain core components of the dynamics in any scenario. industrial system. These include technological change, whereby work is Feminist political activists campaign increasingly done by machines rather in areas such as reproductive rights, than by hand; the supplementing or domestic violence, fairness, social replacement of human and animal power justice, and workplace issues such as by inanimate sources of energy, such as family medical leave, equal pay, and coal and oil; the freeing of the laborer sexual harassment and from feudal and customary ties and discrimination. obligations and the consequent creation of a free market in labor; the "OZUJNFTUFSFPUZQJOH PCKFDUJèDBUJPO concentration of workers in single, infringements of human rights, or comprehensive enterprises (the intersectional oppression occurs, it's factory system); and a pivotal role for a a feminist issue. TQFDJèDTPDJBM type, the entrepreneur. POLITICAL MODERNIZATION- The political aspects of modernization PERPETRATORS of Gender refer to the ensemble of structural and Inequality cultural changes in the political system RELIGION- What is the true gender of of modernizing societies. God? If God is man by his gender, then this fact itself might exploit by a The political system comprises of all religious cult leader toying the idea those activities, processes, that man TIPVMEBMXBZTCFèWFTUFQT institutions and beliefs concerned with ahead of women and would perceive her the making and execution of female followers as mere object of authoritative policy and the pursuit lust. BOEBɆBJONFOUPGDPMMFDUJWFHPBMT The classic phrase derived form the Bible, “ang babae ay hinugot lamang sa GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E UBEZBOHOHMBMBLFw BSPVTFEEJçFSFOU schools of interpretations regarding the controversial wordings from religious leaders, gender activists, and academicians up to date. The Divine Right Theory which states that God bestows immense and infallible power to kings and emperors in SVMJOHFBSUIMZNBɆFSTJOIJTOBNF perpetuates the notion that leadership is indeed an exclusive league for men. CULTURE- Until recently, certain Women in the Arab World have less Eskimo groups were reported to mobility compared to its counterpart practice female infanticide in the in Europe. belief that the time spent suckling a girl would delay the mother's next It is no secret that woman of opportunity to bear a son, males being independent thinking in Middle East is preferred to females because of JNNFEJBUFMZDVUPçGSPNUIFQVCMJD their future role as providers in a space if her assertiveness found to be hunting economy. very infectious to others. While crime has been soaring, Professing homosexuality in the one-child policy, along with a strong The region is punishable by death. preference of Chinese parents for sons over daughters, has resulted in there In the same vein, several feminist being approximately 120 boys for activists resented the fact that every 100 girls in China, or 30 million woman who is guilty of matrimonial “surplus” boys. crime (bigamy) typically receives a very burdensome punishment as opposed to LAWS- *TMBNJDMBXJTEFèOJUFMZVOJRVFJO her counterpart. its own sense as the science of jurisprudence and the eternal wordings of Koran are fused into one. So when CONCLUSION the state urges its women to inhibit The history of struggle over humane from performing roles exclusively BOEEJHOJèFETPDJBMDIBOHFJTUIF assigned to men as inspired by the history of women’s struggle. The annual Islamic scripture, it shall become part celebration of International of the law of the land. Women’s Day, March 8, in the calendar is the penultimate commemoration of that struggle. GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E But prior to this gender coup d’etat, women endured untold stories of IVNJMJBUJPO TVçFSJOH BOEJOEJHOJUJFT to which their heroic and noble exploits are worth telling today and re-telling in the coming future. Truly the history of changing norms regarding the Gender Role emanated from the very culture way back 4,000 BCE to our Modern Day Era, and from that point, there were so many outstanding events that accurately contributed for the understanding of what we have right now, And likewise catapulted us for the development of our behavior regarding the Gender Role, and that is what we are trying to emulate. Ergo, the events and some circumstances truly contributed to the creation of mindsets that we have today for our women. Likewise, the perpetrators have something to do with what we have as the responses on Gender issues. GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E MODULE 3 PURPOSES. Moreover, these institutionalized changes are made possible by enacting REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9710 series of meaningful legislative AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE MAGNA measures, landmark judicial decisions, CARTA OF WOMEN. decisive administrative policies, and strengthening the accepted and agreed It enumerates the comprehensive principles principally anchored in the human rights of women which aims to Universal Declaration of Human Rights eliminate unlawful discrimination all courtesy of local, national, and BHBJOTUXPNFONPTUTQFDJèDBMMZUIPTF international initiatives. in the marginalized sectors. NATIONAL INITIATIVES REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7877 AN ACT DECLARING SEXUAL HARASSMENT UNLAWFUL IN THE EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION OR TRAINING ENVIRONMENT, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10354 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A This Act shall be known as the NATIONAL POLICY ON RESPONSIBLE "Anti-Sexual Harassment Act PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE of 1995." HEALTH. It ensures the citizens which include REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8353 those who are living in the AN ACT EXPANDING THE DEFINITION impoverished areas to universally OF THE CRIME OF RAPE, access nearly all modern RECLASSIFYING THE contraceptives at government health SAME AS A CRIME AGAINST center incurring no cost at all. PERSONS, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE ACT NO. 3815, AS LOCAL INITIATIVES AMENDED, OTHERWISE KNOWN SP-2357, S-2014 GENDER FAIR AS THE REVISED PENAL CODE, AND ORDINANCE FOR OTHER PURPOSES. It prohibits unwanted discrimination against LGBT+ members in the REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9262 workplace, educational institution and AN ACT DEFINING VIOLENCE in the delivery of goods and services AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR and accommodation. CHILDREN, PROVIDING FOR PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR VICTIMS, PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFORE, AND FOR OTHER GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E (SP 2501, S-2016) GENDER The Beijing Platform for Action in DEVELOPMENT CODE 1995 Comprised of 8 ambitious goals of It shall be the policy of the city which its gains exceeded the government to ensure both expected targets after 15 years in women/girls and men/boys CFOFèU waiting (2000-2015). The aura of equally and participate directly in the optimism blanketing the MDG government programs and projects of drove the successful launching of its various departments. Sustainable Development Goals with a similar timeline. It shall also uphold the rights of It was in Beijing where feminist women/girls and the belief in their movements and activists worth and dignity as human beings. demonstrated their collective will in creating a world where women can International Initiatives live up to her freedoms and choices, and realize all her rights and potentialities. UN Convention on the Elimination of all In an unprecedented show of forms of Discrimination Against determination, around 47,000 Women (CEDAW) participants from diverse background across the world converged to Beijing December 18, 1979, was recorded as BOEBêSNFEUIFVOJWFSTBMQSJODJQMF BSFEMFɆFSEBZGPSGFNJOJTUBEWPDBUFT of gender equality and empowerment in which the United Nations adopted for all women, everywhere. the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Women. Afterwards, 12 countries put Sustainable Development Goals it into force as an international (SDG) agreement in 1981. By a leap of bound, On 1 January 2016, the 17 nearly one hundred states pledged Sustainable Development Goals commitment to observe and (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for follow the provisions of CEDAW in Sustainable Development — adopted 1989, ten year after the UN’s historic by world leaders in September 2015 adoption. Discrimination against BUBOIJTUPSJD6/4VNNJUPêDJBMMZ women takes place in a variety of came into force. context such as gender stereotype, gender toxicity, sexist jokes, unequal CHED MEMO NO. 1, S2015 pay and the likes. WHAT IS CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER NO 01 SERIES OF 2015? The schools that pioneered in gender mainstreaming saw the fruit of their labors in the Commission on Higher Education's (CHED) GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 01, s. initially gained notice for her youth and 2015 to mainstream gender in her straightforward speaking manner, all higher education institutions, both in public and to political leaders private and public, nationwide. and assemblies, in which she criticizes world leaders for their failure to take WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA OF CMO NO 1 XIBUTIFDPOTJEFSTTVêDJFOUBDUJPOUP SERIES OF 2015? address the climate crisis. “Establishing The Policies and Greta Thunberg — Sweden Guidelines on Gender and Development in the Commission on The youth activist India Logan-Riley is Higher Education and Higher working to center Indigenous rights in Educational Institutions (HEIs)” which the movement for climate justice by “seeks to introduce and ensuring that Indigenous people gain institutionalize gender equality, gender rights over their land. She’s taken her responsiveness and sensitivity in the message to the United Nations in talks various aspects of Philippine higher that resulted in the Paris climate educational institutions. agreement, and she works as both an activist and conservationist in her Women are mothers too and they OBUJWF"PUFBSPB XIJDIJTUIF.ƉPSJ DBOEFèOJUFMZSFMBUFWFSZXFMMUPUIF name for New Zealand. India Logan- depressive feeling of our Mother Earth. Riley — Aotearoa / New Zealand Women’s participation in formulating climate policies will lend nurturing care Born 15 April 1997, is a Ugandan of a mother to an ailing Mother Earth climate and environmental rights itself. Women are not for only change activist who founded Uganda's Fridays but they are also for conservation and for Future movement. Activist preservation of all the things in this Nakabuye Hilda F. has zealously planet that breathes and sustain life. campaigned to raise awareness of the hazards of climate change and (note) plastic pollution. She’s become a Greek Goddess “Gaia” or Mother Earth MFBEJOHèHVSFJO6HBOEBT'SJEBZGPS who created herself out of primordial Future climate marches. She also chaos, bringing out her feminine PSHBOJ[FTQMBTUJDDMFBOVQFçPSUTBOE elements of fertility, wholeness, urges her government to take action to balance and continuity of life. reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Nakabuye Hilda F. — Uganda Born 3 January 2003, is a Swedish environmental activist who is known Often referred to as the “German for challenging world leaders to take Greta Thunberg,” Luisa Neubauer is no immediate action for climate change less determined in her activism. The mitigation. Thunberg 22-year-old has helped organize the GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E country’s massive Fridays for Future The tragic event prompted Ubaldo to climate marches, works with climate EFEJDBUFIFSMJGFUPèHIUJOHGPSDMJNBUF organizations such as 350.org, and justice. The Philippines is extremely regularly advocates for climate action vulnerable to cyclones supercharged by at major global diplomatic events. warming oceans and rising sea levels. Luisa Neubauer — Germany "TBèTIFSNBO 6CBMEPTGBUIFSBOE his livelihood are endangered by climate Most young children spend their time change — so the issue is one that is playing outside, but at 9 years old, very personal to her. Ridhima Pandey was busy suing the Indian government over In 2018, she traveled to New York to its failure to address climate change in speak in front of thousands of people 2017. gathered to protest environmental injustice. Her ongoing lawsuit is part of a growing legal movement to hold governments “I’m here in front of you, not just as a that have failed to act on climate climate statistic you see in the news, change accountable. The movement is but I’m here as a human being — hoping driven by young people who see to climate change as threatening their remind you that we need to value lives ability to access their basic human again,” she said at the event. “My story rights to things like food, is only one of many, and I’m here to water, and a safe place to live. speak on behalf of the vulnerable and the marginalized communities — may In her lawsuit, Pandey called on the our voices be heard.” Marinel Ubaldo — government to reduce greenhouse gas Philippines emissions, develop a carbon budget strategy, and create plans for Hirsi was one of the lead organizers of SFDPWFSJOHGSPNUIFFçFDUTPGDMJNBUF UIFèSTU-ever Youth Climate Strike in change. Ridhima Pandey — India the US, which took place on March 15 as part of the global Fridays In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan hurtled for Future protests. toward the Philippines, ultimately killing more than 6,329 people and The budding activist is pursuing climate causing more than $4.5 billion in justice by raising awareness about damages. environmental racism. She wants to ensure that any climate action Some of Marinel Ubaldo’s friends and prioritizes communities of color and family were killed and her home was those likely to be marginalized, who are destroyed by the powerful cyclone. often disproportionately impacted by climate change. GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E i$MJNBUFDIBOHFNPTUMZBçFDUT Amazon. Rayanne Cristine Maximo communities of color and low-income Franca —Brazil communities, and these people live in these areas under these conditions, and we don’t really do anything about CONCLUSION it,” she told the Cut. Isra Hirsi — USA The origins of gender inequality are valuable GPSUIFTDJFOUJèDEFCBUFBOE Brianna Fruean, a 20-year-old Samoan important for raising the awareness of activist, has been involved in the subtle processes enlarging the DPNNVOJUJFTèHIUJOHGPSDMJNBUF gender gap. justice for most of her life. When Fruean was a child, a powerful While important, it is only the beginning cyclone struck Samoa, damaging its of closing the gender gap. infrastructure and agriculture. The extreme weather event was her In order to reach sustainable solutions èSTUJOUSPEVDUJPOUPUIFDPOTFRVFODFT to enhance gender equality in the many of climate change and from facets of life and society, strategies that point on, she dedicated her life to should be multi-faceted. advocating for environmental causes. At 11, she became a founding member Sustainable solutions to reduce the of the Samoan chapter of the climate gender gap should stimulate full organization 350.org, and at 16 she autonomy and independence became the youngest winner of the for women and men, by stimulating prestigious Commonwealth Youth education and lifelong learning, equal Award for her environmental activism. rights to participate in society, equal Brianna Fruean —Samoa sharing of family care and not in the least a paradigm shift in the Rayanna Cristine Maximo Franca’s stereotypical private and public images activism centers primarily on women’s on the role of gender. indigenous rights, but empowering women is also critical to protecting the Finally, for a more sustainable shift environment. Women are most likely to towards gender equality, policies be negatively impacted by climate should be gender-proof, i.e. checked for change, and educating women is one of any potential gender discriminatory the best ways to mitigate FçFDUUIBUDPVMEBSJTFCZUIF environmental consequences. In Brazil, regulation. indigenous activism is tightly entwined with environmental causes, where indigenous groups have long struggled SEX and SEXUALITY for access to land and resources and 8IFOèMMJOHPVUPêDJBMdocuments, you advocate for the protection of the are often asked to provide your name, Birth date, and sex or gender. GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E But have you ever been asked to provide Primary sexual characteristics are your sex and your gender? It may not present at birth and comprise have occurred to you that sex and the external and internal genitalia gender are not the same. e.g. a) the penis and testes in male b) the vagina and ovaries in female However, sociologists and most other social scientists view sex and gender Secondary sexual characteristics are BTDPODFQUVBMMZEJçFSFOU those that emerge during the prepubescent through postpubescent Sex denotes biological characteristics phases. and exists along a spectrum from male e.g. a) facial and chest hair, ability to to female. build muscle mass at a faster rate than female, etc. Gender, on the other hand, denotes b) breasts in female, ability to nurse social and cultural characteristics that children, menstrual cycle, etc. BSFBTTJHOFEUPEJçFSFOUTFYFT SEX Sex and gender are not always 3FGFSTUPUIFQIZTJDBMEJçFSFODFT synchronous, meaning they do not between people who are male, female, or always line up in an easy-to-categorize intersex bodies. way. A person typically has their sex assigned at birth based on physiological characteristics, including their genitalia and chromosome composition. This assigned sex is called a person’s “natal(biological) sex.” Biological dimension of your gender and sexuality Biological sex or Physical sex Pertains to identity depending on sexual anatomy and physiology (reproduction and function) GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E SEXUAL ORIENTATION HETEROSEXUAL STRAIGHT "ɆSBDUFEUPPQQPTJUFTFY8IBUNBLFT BXPNBONBOBɆSBDUFEUPPQQPTJUF sex? HOMOSEXUAL GAY LESBIAN QUEER "ɆSBDUFEUPTBNFTFY4FYVBMJEFOUJUZ gender expressions, and habits not typical to heterosexual community HERMAPHRODITISM conglomerate of male ASEXUAL QUESTIONING and female organs /PBɆSBDUJPOUPBOZPOF6OTVSFPG someone’s sexual identity INTERSEXUALITY OTHER BIOLOGICAL MARKERS BISEXUAL PANSEXUAL/FLUID CHROMOSOMES "ɆSBDUFEUPTBNFBOEPQQPTJUFTFYBU UIFTBNFUJNF"ɆSBDUFEUPTPNFPOF HORMONES regardless of sexual identity GENDER Social interpretation of sex Social dimension of one’s sexuality GENDER MANIFESTATION HETERONORMATIVITY A phenomenon of determining the normality of a behavior based on REPRODUCTIVE whether it conforms or not to ROLES/RESPONSIBILITIES The expectations relative to one’s Reproductive role is a role that is biological sex associated with the responsibilities of child care and domestic tasks required Expressing our gender is largely based to ensure the maintenance and POPVSTPDJBMBOEDVMUVSBMTFɆJOH reproduction of labor regarding the continuity of the family. There are people who do not follow culturally accepted standards of masculinity and femininity GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E SEXUALITY The totality of our own experience of our sex and gender %JçFSFOUBOEEFFQMZQFSTPOBM 1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Male and Female Reproductive Organs Sexuality and Stages of Life Body Imaging 4FYVBM"ɆSBDUJPOT Gender Identity and Gender Roles 2. RELATIONSHIPS AND EMOTIONS -COURTSHIP AND INTIMACY Passionate Love -PWFMFɆFST Romantic Dating Shared emotions - FAMILY Compassionate Love Assumes legal and sacred personality that can only be dissolved by legal means: Legal Separation, Annulment, and Divorce -ATTRACTION, INFATUATION 8IBUBSFUIFTJHOTPG"ɆSBDUJPO How would you react if someone is "ɆSBDUFEUPZPV GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E -ENGAGEMENT AND MARRIAGE 5. SEXUAL VIOLENCE Commitment Bigger Plan SEXUAL ABUSE Stability 1 in 10 children experience child sexual Longevity abuse before their 18th birthday Procreation 30% of children are abused by family Members As many as 60% are abused 3. SEXUAL BEHAVIOR by people the family trust Fetishism INCEST Voyeurism Obsessive feelings for a family member Exhibitionism is a reality. These strange emotions are 'SPɆFVSJTN the result of the condition known as Pedophilia, Necrophilia, Bestiality HFOFUJDTFYVBMBɆSBDUJPO (4" Telephone Scatologia RAPE Transvestism Rape can happen to anyone from small Sadism children to grandparents, males and Masochism females. Many rapists target people they feel they will not tell. What is Normal Sexual Behavior? DOMESTIC VIOLENCE What is Abnormal Sexual Behavior? One in four Filipino women age What is Paraphilia? Examples of 15-49 has experienced physical, Paraphilia? emotional or sexual violence by their husband or partner. Physical, 4. SEXUAL HEALTH psychological, emotional and HEALTHY REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM economic violence. Free from STI, STD, Venereal Diseases GENDER DISCRIMINATION such as Herpes, Syphilis, and On average, women around the world Gonorrhea spend more than twice as many hours HIV-AIDS as men doing unpaid work. Millions of people had died due to HIV SEXUAL HARASSMENT Infection According to SWS survey, 58% of MAKE AWARE OF OTHER sexual harassment are experienced on ILLNESSES the streets, major roads, and eskinitas RELATEDTO with majority of physical harassment REPRODUCTIVE happening in public transport vehicles. AND SEXUAL ORGAN, MATERNAL SEXUAL DEATH HARASSMENT PREVENTIONS Condom, Medical Check Up Monogamous, Relationship GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E SEXUAL HARASSMENT GEE1 | MANALANG | BAENT1E Nature and nurture play a complex role Therefore, having that in our mind are in shaping sexual orientation so disgusting, but we can not denied (APA,2008) the fact that all of us can not escape because that is a part of our being as a We can only identify the sexuality of person. the person (gay, lesbian, bi, etc.) For us to be able to act correctly if she/he shares the experiences regarding that thing, we need to study BOEGFFMJOHTPGBɆSBDUJPO 1"1 and understand about our Sex and Sexuality. CONCLUSION Human sexuality is an intricate and integral component of adulthood. For most people it is essential for physical and mental well-being. The nature of sexuality has evolved to include the concept of mutual pleasure. Sexual practices are not limited to intercourse regardless of one's sexual orientation. Self-pleasure is also a component of human sexuality. Many people no longer consider masturbation deviant behavior. In fact It is suggested as a means to discover XIBUPOFèOETQMFBTVSBCMF Oral sex rand mutual stimulation are now more common sexual practices both within heterosexual and same-sex relationships. This coincides with the advent of viewing sex as something more than intercourse and something more than a means of reproduction.

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