GART-Modified-MODULE-2 PDF

1 COURSE INTRODUCTION Art appreciation is a three-unit course which introduces and exposes the students to the creative output of humanity both in theory and practice. It aims to enhance the students’ awareness and sensitivity to the state of arts and culture in general and Philippine arts in parti...

1 COURSE INTRODUCTION Art appreciation is a three-unit course which introduces and exposes the students to the creative output of humanity both in theory and practice. It aims to enhance the students’ awareness and sensitivity to the state of arts and culture in general and Philippine arts in particular. The course also develops students’ competency in researching about and analyzing various art works in different modalities. The course is a study of the general art forms which may include but not limited to visual, literary and performing arts. **All images and compiled notes belong to their rightful owners. 2  MODULE CONTENTS I. Cover Page II. Cover Letter to the Student Introduction of the course and the course learning outcomes introduced in a letter version. III. Table of Contents MODULE INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF ART 1 Unit 1: Definition of Art Appreciation and Key Concepts on Art 4 Unit 2: Functions of Art and Soul and Space 16 Unit 3: Subject and Content in Art 30 MODULE MEDIUMS, ART MOVEMENTS, AND NARRATION, APPRORPIATION AND BORROWING 2 48 MODULE THE MIND AND WORK OF AN ARTIST 81 3 MODULE TEXTILE ART AND IMBEDDED CULTURE 99 4 MODULE VARIOUS ART EXPRESSIONS 123 5 3 4  MODULE 2: MEDIUMS, ART MOVEMENTS, AND NARRATION, APPROPRIATION, AND BORROWING Each Art Movement is fashioned out of an impetus. Art movements refer to shared artistic style, approach, ideals or milieu. The commonality in artistic ideology or objective of several artists encouraged the establishment of various Art Movements. This convenient classification has assisted art aficionados, critics, and students in the comprehension of art within a context. There is certainly a variation in terms of penchant in art across time frames. In addition, the styles over time is vast and continuous to expand to this day. These styles and movements have undergone several phases greatly influenced by the artist and the circumstances that surround the artist. Some movements are short-lived, while others remain rich and alive to this day. Are you Abstract Expression? Symbolism? Classical? Write 3-5 sentences about the art movement you are familiar with. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________ Find out more about Art Movements in the next section of this module. 5 School? Style or Movement? Many encounter these terms when studying art. These terms are often interchanged and may stir confusion. By definition, style is a fairly encompassing term which can refer to several aspects of art such as techniques employed by the artist to produce an artwork. On the other hand, a school refers to a group of artists who share the same style, teacher, goals, manifestoes, or belief. They are typically linked to a single location. Finally, a movement is a group of artists who share a common style, theme, or ideology towards their art. Unlike a school, these artists need not be in the same location, or even in communication with each other. Though these terms may appear similar, the subtle differences make each term unique. In your reading of the different movements, you will encounter the terms oil, acrylic, watercolor, limestone, marble, and others. These are called medium in art. Some of the common mediums in painting are oil, acrylic, watercolor, fresco, crayon, pastel, and pencil. On the other hand, bronze, marble, basalt, ivory, animal bones, copper, wood, and others. Performance art uses the artist’s own body as the material or medium. The expansion and overlapping of these media are also evident in some forms of art. The Art Movements A-Z present not only the terms but also names of artists and the factors that shaped each movement. 6 1. Abstract Expressionism The term Abstract Expression was coined to describe works by expressionists in Germany specifically the work of Vasily Kadinsky or otherwise spelled as Wassily Kadinsky. It was in 1946 that the term was later applied to Hudson River Landscape American art by Robert Coates, an art David Smith 1951 critic. Abstract Expressionists in New York conveyed their art in varying degrees of abstraction like the use of broken lines, strong colors and from emotional to expressive content. Abstract expressionist qualities are also evident in other forms of art such as in sculpture and photography. Rome 62 Artists: Jackson Pollock,Willem de Kooning, Aaron Siskind Mark Rothko, Barnet Newman 1967 , Clyfford Still, Aaron Siskind, David Smith, Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art Ibram Lassaw 2. Aestheticism This movement developed in the late th 19 century Europe and focused on the idea that art exists for solely its beauty sans any political or didactic intent. The doctrine is most succinctly expressed in the phrase ‘l'art pour l'art’ (art for art's sake) attributed to the French philosopher Victor Cousin (1792–1867) in his lectures on Le Vrai, le beau et le bien (1818, published 1836) 7  The movement started as a reaction to utilitarian and social ideologies to what was deemed ugly and barbaric in the age of industrialization. Artists: James McNeill Whistler, Simeon Solomon, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Thomas Dewing, Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde Proserpine Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1874 Photo credit: Tate. Org.Uk 3. Art Nouveau This movement first appeared in a Belgian art journal in 1884 to describe the work of twenty progressive artists called Les Vingt. These artists responded to the theories of architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc and British critic John Ruskin, who advocated for the unity of all arts, as well as a reaction to historicism. This movement is characterized by the use of winding lines, organic forms, and asymmetrical lines. The arrangement The Strawberry Thief (Flower and Bird Pattern) of elements particularly patterns and William Morris rhythms depict a highly decorative 1884 outcome. Regardless of art form, there are wide variations in the style according to 8 where it appeared and the materials that Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art were employed. Artists: William Morris, Aubrey Beardsley, Gustav Klimt, Antoni Gaudí, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Alphonse Mucha, Henry van de Velde Snowball Table Lamp Tiffany Studio 1904 Photo credit: Visual Arts Encyclopedia 4. Aschan School The Aschan School was a group of American urban realists. Holger Cahill and Alfred Barr first used the term in 1934. Artists of Aschan School portrayed in their varied works the vitality and seamy side of New York. Politics, current events, and social temperament were the content of their work. Through the artists’ works, unsettling, transitional time in American culture were 9  Shop Girls documented. Their works were marked by 1900 polarity of confidence and doubt, William James Glackens Photo Credit: Met Museum excitement and trepidation. Artists: Robert Henri, George Luks , William Glackens , John Sloan , Everett Shinn 5. Baroque The term Baroque, derived from the Portugese ‘barocco’ meaning ‘irregular pearl or stone’, is a movement in art and architecture developed in Europe from the early seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century. Baroque emphasizes dramatic, exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted, detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur. Artists:, Michelangelo, Caravaggio, Peter Bacchus Caravaggio Paul Rubens, Rembrandt van Rijn, Diego 1595 Velázquez, Nicolas Poussin Photo Credit: Met Museum 6. Biomorphism This movement focused on the power of natural life thus creating works that depict celebration of organic shapes. It was in 1936 when Alfred H. Barr used the term to describe biomorphic figures. Reclining Figure To create biomorphic images and Henry Moore textures, artists employed a slew of 1939 innovative painting techniques including decalcomania, where a piece of glass or paper was placed over a painted surface then removed; grattage in which an object 10 11 12 13 14  was placed beneath paper and then painted over; and frottage, laying paper over an object and then rubbing with charcoal to create an imprint. Sculpture de Silence, Corneille Hans Arp 1942 Artists: Henry Van de Velde, Victor Horta , Hector Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art Guimard, Henry Moore 7. Classicism Classicism was first used in the 17th century Europe to describe arts of Greece and Rome. This movement manifested in architecture, literature, and painting. Classicism practiced harmony and restraint, and fidelity to recognized standards of form and craftsmanship established by the Greeks and Romans. In its painting and sculpture, it employs idealized figures and shapes, and treats its subjects in a non-anecdotal and Saint Peter’s Basilica emotionally neutral manner. Color is Donato Bramante 1506-1626 always subordinated to line and Photo credit: Tate. Org.Uk composition. Artists: Donato Bramante, Andrea Palladio, Raphael, Jacques-Louis David, J.A.D. Ingres, Michelangelo, Antonio Canova 8. Classical Abstraction In contrast with Abstract Expression where free movement or style is used, Classical Abstraction practices rigorous intellectual discipline and technical control. 15  In other words, the outcome is planned and expected. Artists: Piet Mondrian, Casimir Malevich, Ben Nicholson, Barbara Hepworth Pelagos Barbaara Hepworth 1946 Photo Credit: Met Museum 9. Conceptual Art Conceptual art was formed as a reaction to traditional subjects in art. Despite the lack of intrinsic financial value, conceptual art may deliver powerful socio-political messages. Conceptual art centers on ideas Anthropometry of the Blue Period Yves Klein and imbedded meanings rather than the 1960 work itself. Thus, it is not the physical art Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art that must be given attention to but the meaning expressed. This art movement is characterized by its use of text, imagery, common and typical found objects and materials. Artists: Robert Rauschenberg, Yves Klein, Stanley Brouwn, Yoko Ono, Judy Chicago 10. Cubism Cubism is a brief artistic movement that was popular between 1907- 1912. It was 16  a movement fashioned out of varied artistic influences and disciplines. Though inspired by other movements, Cubism abandoned several Renaissance art principles such as perspective. Also, cubist artists celebrated the use of non-realistic forms and figures. Artists: Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris, Three Musicians Albert Gleizes, Henri Laurens Pablo Picasso 1921 Photo Credit: Met Museum 11. Dada Dada, a French term for hobby horse, was formed as an art movement in the mid-1910s in Switzerland. This movement that was influenced by Cubism, Futurism and Expressionism was a reaction to the unjust and senseless World War I. The characteristics of this movement includes, but not limited to, the use and reinterpretation of available materials or existing artwork. L.H.O.O.Q. Marcel Duchamp Artists: Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp, 1919 Photo credit: Tate. Org.Uk Salvador Dali, Joan Miro, Man Ray, Francis Picabia, Max Ernst, Hans Arp 17  12. De Stijl This movement that originated in Holland in1917 sought laws of balance and harmony to art and life through abstract style. The intention of this movement was to have a Utopian concept of harmony and order through simplicity and abstraction. Broadway Boogie Woogie Artists: Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Huszár, Bart van der Piet Mondrian Leck, Theo van Doesburg, Gerrit Rietveld, Robert 1942-43 Photo Credit: Museum of Modern Art van 't Hoff 13. Early Christian Also known as Paleochristian art, this movement was formed under Christian patronage. Only a few Early Christian art survived due to war, volcanic eruption, and several other reasons. Other critics use Byzantine for Christian art. Though some subjects of these works were borrowed from pagan religions, many Early Christian art Noah Praying in the Ark Roman Catacombs centered on biblical events and biblical Photo credit: Visual Arts Encyclopedia symbols such as the lamb, lion, bread, fish, and others. Sadly, almost all Early Christian artists were not named. 14. Expressionism 18  Expressionism began as a response to increasingly conflicted world views and loss of spirituality. Distortion and exaggeration of lines and colors were used in the art produced apparently to create an emotional effect. This art movement depicted the subjective emotions of artists rather than objectifying reality. Expressionist art sought to draw from within the artist, using a distortion of form and strong colors to display anxieties and raw emotions. Artists: Vincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch, James Ensor The Scream Edvard Munch 1893 Photo credit: Tate. Org.Uk 15. Fauvism Fauvism which is French for “wild beasts, is a style of painting that became popular in France and was formed around friendships between artists around the turn of the 20th century Fauve artists painted directly from nature with works invested. With a strong expressive reaction to the subjects portrayed. The term was coined by the critic Louis Vauxcelles. Though this art movement 19 was highly fashionable, it was short-lived for it lasted only a few years, 1905-1908. Artists: Henri Matisse , André Derain Woman with a Hat Henri Matisse 1905 Photo credit: Visual Arts Encyclopedia 16. Folk Art Folk Art was a term used to describe works that were perceived to be outside a standard or established taste by society or a certain canon. These form of art are usually geographical or regional in nature that it highlights the kind of art of the minority. Tradition usually provides some component, not only in terms of content, subject-matter or use but also in structure, craft techniques, tools and materials. Folk art is as inseparable from folk building as it was inseparable from daily life. Artists: Ammi Phillips, Anna Mary Robertson Moses, Painting of Dancing Gopi Jamini Roy Jamini Roy, William Johnson, Howard Finster 20  1950 Photo credit: Visual Arts Encyclopedia 17. Futurism Futurism which was derived from the Italian Futurismo, was an artistic and social movement that started in the early 20th century. The new ideology of Futurism set itself with violent enthusiasm against the weighty inheritance of an art tied to the Italian cultural tradition and exalted the idea of an aesthetic generated by the modern myth of the machine and of speed. It focused on progress and modernity, sought to sweep away traditional artistic notions, and replaced with an energetic celebration of the machine age. Unique Forms of Continuity in Space Umberto Boccioni Artists: Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carra, 1913 Giacomo Balla, Giorgio Morandi, Primo Conti Sculpture Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art 18. Geometric Abstraction Geometric Abstract relies heavily on the use of geometric forms and uniformed colors arranged in two-dimension to reduce reality to its purest and most basic structure. Geometric abstraction stood as part of a greater camp of expression, which aimed to depict the non-representational and the non-objective through the means of painting, but also drawing, sculpture and architecture, among others. Unitled Nicolas Dubreuille 2015 21  Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art Artists: François Morellet, Carloz Cruz Diez, Vera Molnar, Gottfried Honneger, Paul Klee, Nicolas Dubreuille 19. Gothic Art The term "Gothic style" refers to the style of European architecture, sculpture (and minor arts) which linked medieval Romanesque art with the Early Renaissance. Its main form of expression was architecture - exemplified by the great Gothic cathedrals of Northern France. Artists: Giotto, Donatello, Albrecht Dürer, Duccio, Ognissanti Madonna Giotto 1310 Photo credit: Visual Arts Encyclopedia 20. High Renaissance High Renaissance is the peak of Renaissance art. It is characterized above all by the qualities of harmony and balance. Although movement is both necessary and important, it is always dignified and calm, and the viewer's eye is always provided with a point of focus. Artists during this period were believed to be those who have perfected the depiction of human proportion and emotion in their art. High Renaissance celebrated man’s ability to create works that were deemed perfect. 22  Artist: Titian, Michelangelo, Raphael, Da Vinci Mona Lisa Da Vinci 1503 Photo Credit: Tate.Org. UK 21. Hyperrealism Photorealism and Realism in general paved the way to the formation of Hyperrealism. Hyperrealists used advancements in high-definition photography as a jumping-off point into expressions of false realities that continue to astonish and amaze art lovers all over the world. Hyperrealist works such as painting are often mistaken as enlarged photographs due to the defined and clear details. Seductive Portraits Mike Dargas 23 Artists: Monica Castillo, Hwan Kwon Yi, Jong Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art Gu Lee, Jenaro Mejia Kintana, Mike Dargas 22. Impressionism This movement that started in France in the late 19th century used to refer to a group of artists who made use of light brush strokes and less vibrant colors in their work. Eventually, this movement influenced several American artists between 1860 and 1900 to use daily scenes as subject in their art. Artists: Frédéric Bazille, Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro, Auguste Renoir, Mary Cassatt Woman in Parasol Claude Monet 1875 Photo credit: Visual Arts Encyclopedia 23. Japonisme The term Japonisme was first coined by French critic Philippe Burty in the early 1870s to refer to the Japanese art craze that took place in Europe because of trade. 24  As Japan began trade with Europe, the aesthetic and philosophies of Japanese design quickly became fashionable. European collectors amassed both high-end objets d'art and inexpensive prints (which were actually originally included as packing material for fragile luxury goods). Artists: Édouard Manet, Edward William Godwin, James Whistler The Princess from the Land of Porcelain James Abbott McNeill Whistler 1865 Photo Credit: Tate.Org. UK 24. Kinetic Art This kind of art refers to works that are mobile. Artists making kinetic art may use motors to produce motion or may structure the work so that it is responsive to the natural movement of air currents. Artists: Alexander Calder, Gego (Gertrud Goldschmidt), Edoardo Landi Lobster Trap and Fish Tail Alexander Calder Roxbury, Connecticut, 1939 25. Les Nabis 25  This movement emerged as an innovative response to the traditional norms of art. The Hebrew term Les Nabis, which meant prophets were French artists who met at the Académie Julian in Paris. They were not cultural rebels; rather, they were innovators who picked up and developed themes of the moment in often original ways. Nude in the Bath (Nu dans le bain) Artists: Pierre Bonnard, Maurice Denis, Paul Pierre Bonnard Ranson , Paul Sérusier, Félix Vallotton 1963 Photo Credit: Tate.Org. UK 26. Land Art Land art, which is also known as earth art, was usually documented in artworks using photographs and maps which the artist could exhibit in a gallery. Land artists also made land art in the gallery by South Bank Circle bringing in material from the landscape and Richard Long using it to create installations. 1991 Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art Artists: Richard Long, Robert Smithson, Dennis Oppenheim 27. Mannerism Mannerism is an artistic style that predominated in Italy from the end of the High Renaissance in the 1520s to the beginnings of the Baroque style around 1590. The term Mannerism was derived from the Italian word Manierismo, from maniera which means “manner,” or “style.” The Mannerist style originated in Florence and Rome between 1510 and 26 1520 and spread to Northern Italy and, ultimately, too much of Central and Northern Europe. Mannerist artists began to reject the harmony and ideal proportions of the Renaissance in favor of irrational settings, artificial colors, unclear subject matters, and elongated forms. Artists: Jacopo da Pontormo, Parmigianino, Bronzino, Jacopo Bassano, Benvenuto, Cellini, Giambologna Rape of the Sabine Women Giambologna 1581-83 Photo Credit: Visual Art Encyclopedia 28. Minimalism Minimalists distanced themselves from the Abstract Expressionists by removing suggestions of biography from their art or, indeed, metaphors of any kind. This denial of expression coupled with an interest in making objects that avoided the appearance of fine art led to the creation of sleek, geometric works that purposefully and radically eschew conventional aesthetic appeal. Minimalists sought to break down traditional notions of sculpture and to erase The X distinctions between painting and sculpture. Ronald Bladen 1965 Artists: Frank Stella,Tony Smith, Carl Andre, Ronald Bladen 27  Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art 29. Magic Realism This movement that began in Germany in the 1920s focused less on biting social critique and more on discovery of the bizarre, eccentric and seemingly polar existence of man. Magic Realism occupies a position between Photorealism and Surrealism in that subjects are realistic but placed in an unusual and surreal setting or environment. Flat tones, ambiguous perspectives, and strange juxtapositions suggest an imagined or dreamed reality and are characteristics of this movement. Artists: Franz Radziwill, Albert Carel Willink, Ivan Albright, Frida Kahlo, Pedro Meyer Tree of Hope Frida Kahlo 1946 Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art 30. Naturalism Naturalism combines realism in subject where man’s daily toil is depicted and impressionism in terms of brush strokes. This movement is associated with plein air practice due to the portrayal of rustic and out-of-doors scenarios. 28  Artists: Alfred Parsons, Benjamin Williams Leader, Sir George Clausen A Frosty March Morning Sir George Clausen 1904 Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art 31. Northern Renaissance The Northern European Renaissance began around 1430 when artist Jan van Eyck began to borrow the Italian Renaissance techniques of linear perspective, naturalistic observation, and a realistic figurative approach for his paintings. The extreme iconoclasm changed the face of Northern Renaissance art, leading to works that were decidedly humble, presenting a more toned down view of everyday reality. Art was taken off its glorified pedestal that had previously been Ghent Altarpiece Jan Van Eyck occupied by only the rich and powerful 1431 and made accessible to the new Photo credit: Visual Art Encyclopedia burgeoning merchant classes. Artists: Jan van Eyck, Roger van der Weyden, Hieronymus Bosch, Albrecht Dürer, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Hans Holbein the Younger 29  32. Op art Optical art, which is comprised of illusion and often appears to the human eye to be moving or breathing due to its precise, mathematically-based composition, emerged in the 1960s. Optical art, as official movement, has been given a lifespan of around three years. It is in print and television, in LP album art, and in fashion motif in clothing and interior design where optical art can be seen. Sin Hat 33 Victor Vasarely Artists: Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Peter 1972 Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art Sedgley, 33. Outsider Art The term was first coined in 1972 by art critic Roger Cardinal. It was synonymous to the term Art Brut coined by Jean Dubuffet in the 1940s to describe art formed beyond the boundaries of the mainstream art world. A characteristic of Outsider Art is the combination of mediums from varied forms or art or craft in one art piece. Artists: Henry Darger, Bill Traylor, William Hawkins, Thornton Dial and Ronald Lockett, Adolf Wölfli, Judith Scott Untitled 1989 30  Judith Scott ( Yarn over mixed media supports) Photo credit: Tate. Org.UK 34. Pop Art Pop art, which presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular mass culture, emerged in the mid-1950s, in Britain and in the late 1950s in the United States. This art comprise advertising, news, comic books, and mundane cultural objects. The art was a Whaam! Roy Lichtenstein reaction to the seriousness of Abstract 1963 Experiment Art. Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art Artists: Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, 35. Performance Art Performance art differs from traditional theater in its rejection of a Rhythm 0 (1974) was a six-hour work of clear narrative, use of random or performance art by Serbian artist Marina chance-based structures, and direct Abramović in Studio Morra, Naples. appeal to the audience. While Please watch the performance through this link: performance art is a relatively new area of art history, it has roots in experimental https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kn0-1d5rav0 art of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Echoing utopian ideas of the FOR CBL PLEASE CHECK YOUR OTG, MODULE 2 period’s avant-garde, these earliest FOLDER, PERFORMANCE FILENAME examples found influences in theatrical and music performance, art, poetry, burlesque and other popular entertainment. Modern artists used live events to promote extremist beliefs, often through deliberate provocation and attempts to offend bourgeois tastes or expectations. 31 Artists: Yoko Ono, Carolee Schneemann, Matthew Barney, Allan Kaprow, Marina Abramović 36. Post-Impressionism Post Impressionism as an art movement concentrated on the artists’ subjective visions, as artists opted to evolve emotions rather than realism in their work. Painting during this era transcended its traditional role as a window onto the world and instead became a window into the artists’ mind and soul. Groups which were influences by the far-reaching aesthetic impact of this movement arose during the turn of the 20th century. The Card Players Paul Cezanne Artists: Paul Cézanne (known as father of 1896 Photo credit: Visual Art Encyclopedia Post-impressionism), Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, and Georges Seurat. 37. Public Art Public art is a term that refers to any work perceived or appreciated by anyone in a public space or open community. These art may be funded, commissioned, donated or government-purchased. Artists: Louise Bourgeois, Jean Tinguely, Claes Oldenburg, Bruce Nauman, Richard Serra, Cloud Gate Mark Di Suvero, Antony Gormley, Anish Anish Kapoor Kapoor 2004 Photo credit: Museum of Modern Art 38. Realism Realism, which was an artistic movement that began in the 1850s, rejected the dominated French literature and art of 32  Romanticism. Realists believe that what is real are people and situations with truth and accuracy, including all the unpleasant or sordid aspects of life. People of all classes in ordinary life situations, which often reflected the changes brought about by the Industrial and Commercial Revolutions, were depicted in Realist art. Artists: Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet, Édouard Manet, James Whistler, Ilya Repin, The Gleaners Jean-François Millet Thomas Eakins, Jules Breton 1857 Photo Credit: Met Museum 39. Renaissance( Early) The origins of Renaissance art can be traced totally in the late 13th and 14th centuries. Under the combined influences of an increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a more individualistic view of man, different artworks were produced in Europe. Some of these included literature, architecture, music, sculpture, and painting. Dome of Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence Cathedral) Artists: Masaccio, Filippo Brunelleschi, Fra Filippo Brunelleschi Angelico, Andrea Mantegna, Andrea 1420-36 Mantegna, Sandro Botticelli Photo Credit: Visual Art Encyclopedia 40. Rococo Rococo is a style in interior design. This art includes the decorative arts, painting, architecture, and sculpture which began in Paris in the early 18th century but was soon adopted throughout France and later in other countries, specifically Germany and Austria. The word Rococo is derived from the 33  French rocaille, which denoted the shell-covered rock work that was used to decorate artificial grottoes. Artists: Jean-Antoine Watteau, François Boucher, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Maurice-Quentin de La Tour, Luis Paret y Alcázar, Giambattista Tiepolo, The Settlement (from “Marriage A-la-Mode”) Jean-François de Troy, Élisabeth Louise Vigée-Le William Hogarth Brun, William Hogarth 1744 Photo Credit: Met Museum 41. Romanticism Romanticism embraced individuality and subjectivity to counteract the excessive insistence on logical thought. Artists began exploring various emotional and psychological states as well as moods. The preoccupation with the hero and the genius translated to new views of the artist as a brilliant creator who was unburdened by academic dictate and tastes. The Third of May Francisco Goya Artists: Henry Fuseli, William Blake, Francisco 1808, 1814 Photo Credit: Met Museum Goya, Caspar David Friedrich, Eugène Delacroix, J.M.W. Turner 42. Surrealism Surrealism, which emphasis was on positive expression, was a movement formed as early as 1917 in Europe between World Wars I and II as a reaction against what its proponents saw as the destruction brought about by “rationalism.” 34 Have you seen any of the art samples above before? Were they used as an example for a lesson or were they appropriated? Art can inspire another art. This idea is evident in the works of Dadaists and Pop artists. Most of their works were inspired by an existing object or art. Do you consider this stealing? Well, in the artworld, there is such a thing called borrowing and appropriation. According to Oxford English Dictionary art appropriation is the making of a thing private property; taking as one's own or to one's own use”. In the visual arts, the term appropriation often refers to the use of borrowed elements in the creation of new work. images, forms or styles from art history or from popular culture, or materials and techniques from non-art contexts. Since the 1980s the term has also referred more specifically to quoting the work of another artist to create a new work. Types of Appropriation 1. Object appropriation 3. Style appropriation 2. Content appropriation 4. Motif appropriation 5. Subject appropriation 1. Object Appropriation It occurs when the possession of a tangible work of art is transferred from members of one culture to members of another culture. Examples: Ifugao huts transferred to manila or other places Cordillera antiques in the different museums across US The parthenon by Lord Elgin 35  An Ifugao Hut 2. Content Appropriation It could be a musical composition, a painting, a story, or a poem. An artist has made significant reuse of an idea first expressed in the work of an artist from another culture. Examples: Cordilleran country songs patterned from the west Starry Night by Don Mclean Other examples of content appropriation through photography: 36 37 3. Style Appropriation Style appropriation happens when artists produce works with stylistic elements in common with the works of another culture. Examples Musicians who are not part of African- American culture but who compose original jazz or blues Mainstream Australians who paint in the style of aboriginal peoples 4. Motif Appropriation Motif appropriation is related to style appropriation but only basic motifs are appropriated. When artists are influenced by the art of a culture other than their own without creating works in the same style Example: Picasso’s motif appropriation 5. Subject Appropriation Subject appropriation happens when artists appropriate a subject matter, namely another culture or some of its members. 38  Despite a clear boundary between stealing and appropriation, several issues regarding this method of art making yet arise. Reflect on the works of Dadaist and Pop Artists. What do you think are some issues that might arise because of borrowing and appropriating works of art? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Task 2: Artworks are steaming with inspiration. Use the artwork you have chosen in Unit 3 of Module 1 for you to appropriate. Follow the steps below to accomplish this task and be guided by the rubric. Guidelines: 1. Using any of the methods of presenting art subjects, recreate any artwork of your interest through a photograph. 2. Make yourself the subject or part of the subject in your photo appropriation. 3. Make sure to also recreate the background (not applicable if the original artwork is a sculpture) and the other objects/props (fixtures, clothes, accessories, etc.) in the original artwork. You may modernize or re-contextualize the background and the objects/props. DO NOT just edit or layer yourself on the background of the original artwork. 39 4. Create your own title for the photo appropriation. 5. Place the source/inspiration beside your photo appropriation. Encode the information (title, artist, year of creation, and online reference) of the original artwork below it. Place your appropriated title, your name as the artist, and year of creation below your photo appropriation. 6. Use the template below. 7. Submit the task as a PDF file to avoid shifting of objects or changes in your layout. Template: Art Subject: _______________________________ Representational Method: _______________________________ 40  Meanings: Factual Meaning: Conventional Meaning: Subjective Meaning: Rubric: 10 8 5 1 R The artwork has a The artwork has a The artwork has a The artwork has no e very close close resemblance slight resemblance resemblance at all s resemblance to the to the original. to the original. to the original. original. e m b l a n c e 41 C Student has taken Student has taken Artwork lacks Artwork lacks r the technique being the technique being creativity as only a creativity as most studied and applied studied and has few parts of the parts of the artwork is e it in a way that is used source material artwork are fairly not properly a totally his/her own. as a starting place. appropriated and appropriated and ti The artwork is Most of the artwork is re-contextualized. re-contextualized. vi properly properly t appropriated and appropriated and y re-contextualized. re-contextualized. Artwork is done with Artwork is done with Artwork is done with Work is done with exceptional care good care and basic care and minimal care and Ef and attention to attention to detail attention to detail attention to detail f detail and neatness. and neatness. It and neatness. It and neatness. o It shows student’s shows student’s fair shows a sense of rt concern for a high concern for a quality student’s concern quality output. output. for a quality output. D Information is Two to three pieces Four to five pieces of Six or more pieces of e complete. of information are information are information are p Explanations of missing. missing. missing. Explanations meanings are Explanations of Explanations of of meanings are t extensive stating the meanings are meanings are lacking. Explanations h visual cues where adequate. Some somewhat use very few to none o the meanings are visual cues are adequate. Few of the visual basis. f drawn. They reflect a present in the visual cues are C deep understanding explanations. They present in the o of the topic. reflect a fair explanations. n understanding of the t topic. e n t 42 References: Kleiner, F. (2012). Gardner's AH through the ages: A concise history of western ad. Belmont, CA, Wadsworth. Kleiner, F. (2016). Art through the ages: A global history (15th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. Ortiz, M. A., Teresita, E., Guillermo, A. Montano, M. and Pilar, S. (1976). Art: Perception and appreciation. Manila: University of the East. Medium – Art Term | Tate. Tate. Retrieved 13 August 2020, from https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/medium. Young, J. O. (2010). Cultural appropriation and the arts. 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