Biodiversity - Measuring Species Diversity PDF

How to measure species diversity 1:25 pm  Let’s ask Google… 1:25 pm 1:25 pm  Let’s ask ChatGPT… 1:25 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm  ? 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 12 1:26 pm 100 100 10 0 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 p...

How to measure species diversity 1:25 pm  Let’s ask Google… 1:25 pm 1:25 pm  Let’s ask ChatGPT… 1:25 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm  ? 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 12 1:26 pm 100 100 10 0 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm  Where is the diversity? 1:26 pm 1:26 pm https://www.flickr.com/photos/nhm_beetle_id/15930177695 1:26 pm GBIF.org 500+ million records  GBIF.org 1:26 pm  Facebook 2013 1:26 pm  441,023 data points in Kenya… 1:26 pm  None of the data about Kenya comes from Kenya 1:26 pm  How can you help? 1:26 pm  iNaturalist 1:26 pm 25  iNaturalist Take a picture (phone knows where and when) Upload it, if you don’t know what it is other people can help Artificial intelligence can make a guess (it learns and so gets better the more photos people add) 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm  iNaturalist at Glasgow Uni 1:26 pm 1:26 pm https://www.inaturalist.org/pages/seek_app  EOL photos in Flickr http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.92668 1:26 pm  Facebook 2013 1:26 pm  “Locals” and “Tourists” on iNaturalist https://subject.space/projects-static/inaturalist 1:26 pm  Bias and biodiversity 1:26 pm 1:26 pm  Zoology Museum Graham Kerr Building 1:26 pm  Species Scape 1:26 pm Organisms drawn proportional to number of species in each group 1:26 pm  Let’s do some science using Google Uria aalge Ornithoptera urvilleanus Terebratula vitrea 1:26 pm  Species Scape 1:26 pm Organisms drawn proportional to number of species in each group  Whittaker’s Five Kingdom Classification (1969) photosynthesis absorption ingestion Classification based on cell structure and methods of nutrition 1:26 pm 42  Evolutionary tree for all of life Constructed from ribosomal RNA sequences 1:26 pm 43  Estimates by taxonomic group 1:26 pm  Bacteria & archaea don't get no respect from interesting but flawed #PLoSBio paper on # of species on the planet – Jonathan Eisen “Uggh. Double uggh. No no. My first blog quadruple uggh.” “I think without a doubt the number of bacterial and archaeal species on the planet is in the range of millions upon millions upon millions.” 1:26 pm https://phylogenomics.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/bacteria-archaea-dont-get-no-respect.html  … we have only sequenced 1 × 10−22% of the total DNA on Earth … This means that the fraction of microbial diversity that we have sampled to date is effectively zero 1:26 pm  A Mission for Planetary Biodiversity 1:26 pm  I.9M Known Species; 10M Estimated Arachnids Crustaceans Insects Molluscs Other Animals Vertebrates Flowering Other 1:26 pm Plants Plants  Indexing Animal Life Through Morphology 1:26 pm  Not So Charismatic Life 1:26 pm Harpactic Nemato Acari  Barcodes Only a few numbers needed to generate unique identifiers e.g., 10 x 10 x10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 1,000,000 1:26 pm  COI divergence in birds 1:26 pm  Australian Rays Resolution – 100% Within Species = 0.35% Between Congeners = 9.93% 1:26 pm  Automating Species Registration 1 2 Sequence Clusters 3 4 versus Species 5 6 7 8 9 A DNA-based registry for all animal species: The Barcode Index Number (BIN) System. Ratnasingham & Hebert. PLOS ONE (2013) 1:26 pm Biodiversity Automation  Automating Species Registration BOLD:AAF3452 BOLD:AAC9004 Sequence Clusters BOLD:AAB4123 versus Species BOLD:AAA3260 BOLD:AAA7781 BOLD:AAF3512 BOLD:AAF3297 BOLD:AAF3129 BOLD:AAE3351 A DNA-based registry for all animal species: The Barcode Index Number (BIN) System. Ratnasingham & Hebert. PLOS ONE (2013) 1:26 pm Biodiversity Automation  Carolus Linnaeus (left), the initiator of the ‘Linnean age of taxonomy’, with the morphological-descriptive assessment of some 23 000 geometrid species, achieved in 257 years. It took just 12 years to barcodes from 20,000 of these species. Scott E. Miller et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2016;371:20150339 1:26 pm © 2016 The Authors.  lifescanner.net 1:26 pm 1:26 pm 1:26 pm  Things to know/think about How many species (Google says 8.7 million give or take 1-3 million) Where is biodiversity? What are the biases in our knowledge of biodiversity? (David Attenborough) Impact of citizen science (iNaturalist, LifeScanner) Huge, mostly undiscovered biodiversity of both microbes and bigger organisms (DNA barcoding) 1:26 pm