فيزياء الليزر PDF

 ‫فيزياء الليزر‬ ‫ا‪.‬د‪ /‬هند علي محمد‬ ‫فيزياء الليزر‬  What is laser? L Light Laser printer A Amplification by S Stimulated E Emission of R Radiation Laser pointer  What is lasers? Light Amplification by St...

 ‫فيزياء الليزر‬ ‫ا‪.‬د‪ /‬هند علي محمد‬ ‫فيزياء الليزر‬  What is laser? L Light Laser printer A Amplification by S Stimulated E Emission of R Radiation Laser pointer  What is lasers? Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation ‫تكبير الضوء بواسطة االنبعاث المستحث لإلشعاع الكهرومغناطيسي‬ ‫?‪ What is lasers‬‬ ‫‪Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation‬‬ ‫الطيف الكهرومغناطيسي والذي يبدأ من موجات الراديو الطويلة إلى الموجات القصيرة ألشعة جاما العالية الطاقة‬ ‫‪Historical review of laser‬‬ ‫ ظهرت في بدايات القرن الميالدي الماضي إسهامات آينشتاين العلمية‬ ‫ أول ليزر عام‪١٩٦٠‬م في معامل هيوز بالواليات المتحدة‬ ‫حيث تمكن العالم ميمان من تصميم اول جهاز ليزر باستخدام بلورة الياقوت والذي يعرف بليزر‬ ‫الياقوت‬ ‫‪Albert Einstein‬‬ Historical review of laser  Historical review of laser Townes thought of a way to generate stimulated emission at microwave frequencies. he demonstrated a working device that focused “excited” ammonia molecules in a resonant microwave cavity, where they emitted a pure microwave frequency. By 1953-1954,Townes and his graduate students James P. Gordon and Herbert J. Zeiger had produced the first operating MASER (Microwave Amplification stimulated Emission of Radiation), a device that could emit pulses of synchronous – usually referred to as “coherent” – microwave photons. Townes coined the acronym “maser,” from which of course the more familiar “laser” would eventually be derived.  Historical review of laser In 1956, Nikolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov in the Soviet Union were successfully developing their own version, which could put out a continuous beam of microwaves rather than a sequence of pulses  Historical review of laser In 1958, Townes and his colleague Arthur Leonard Schawlow (shown right) at Bell Labs, turned to making a device that could operate for visible light, which was first referred to as an “optical maser.” The challenge in making the new device would partly be one of size: microwaves have a wavelength of around 1 millimeter, whereas the wavelength of visible light is about 1000 times shorter; as the devices have to be designed with a precision comparable to a wavelength, this gives an idea of the relative difficulty in making the new device. Nevertheless Bell Labs filed the first patent for the optical maser in 1958. Arthur Schawlow Historical review of laser  Historical review of laser In 1960 But Theodore Maiman, working at Hughes Research Laboratories, managed to create the first working prototype ahead of the others. It used a synthetic ruby crystal as the medium for stimulated emission, and produced pulses of red light. After this achievement, the other research groups managed to produce similar devices, and the era of the laser was born. Historical review of laser