Fundamentals-of-Nursing-midterm-topics (1).pdf

ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing Nursing is a caring profession Nursing is wholistic because it does not view a person as merely a person; it the profession of nursing entails caring views a person a ssa whole for, and (physiology, psychology etc.) taking care of other people especially th ose who are sick or are in need of Nursing assistance in terms of health -what it is today is the result of changes the origin of nursing is based on how a in the mother “nurses” her child scientific, technological, political, social genuine showing of caring and economic climate if you are nurse, you need to exemplify -nursing then is different from nursing the aforementioned now Nursing is both an art and a science -through the years, the concept of nursing has been expanded and nursing is a science in a way that it is subsequently, the role procedural of the nurse has become broader to me (it has steps that needs the assistance et the changes of science (e.g., taking of vital signs) and since it is related to health, we Chapter 1: History of Nursing need to have basis from science to Introduction apply into process. Nurses have responded and always will nursing is also an art because nurses respond to the needs of their patients. have the Knowledge of the history of the nursing capacity to approach patients differentl profession increases the nurse's ability to y according to their own sense of understand the social and intellectual "touch", like not physically but origins of the discipline. It may not be emotionally. possible to describe all the historical aspects of professional nursing, but some of science is related to the the more significant nursing leaders and preparation of the medication or milestones are described in the following procedure discussions. art is the application of your nursing History of Nursing: skills in terms of comforting your patient I. In the Philippines I. In Other Lands science is a process; art is the way of doing things History of Nursing in the Philippines As a unique profession, it is practiced with a Early beliefs and Practices nearnest concern for the art of care and Diseases and their causes and treatment the science of health were shrouded with mysticism and The profession of nursing involves a superstitions. 1. Beliefs about causation of disease: humanistic a. Another person (an enemy or a witch) blend of science knowledge and a holist b. Evil spirits ic nursing practice ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2. People believed that evil spirits could be 5. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596). Founded by the driven away by persons with powers to Brotherhood of Misericordia and administered by expel demons. the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; support was 3. People believed in special gods of derived from alms and rents; rendered general healing, with the priest-physician (called health service to the public. "word doctors") as intermediary. If they used leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors ("Herbolarios"). Nursing During the Philippine Revolution Early Care of the Sick 1. Josephine Bracken, wife of Jose Rizal. Installed a field hospital in an estate house in The early Filipinos subscribed to molteninsa."fejeros: provided nursing care to the superstitious beliefs and practices in wounded night and day. relation to health and sickness. Herbmen were called "Herbicheros," meaning one 2. Rosa Sevilla de Alvero. Converted their house into who practiced witchcraft. Persons suffering quarters for the Filipino soldiers, during the from diseases without any identified cause Philippine-American War that broke out in 1899. were believed to be bewitched by the "mangkukulam" or "mangagaway". Difficult 3. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo. Wife of Emilio childbirth and some diseases (called Aguinaldo; organized the Filipino Red Cross "pamao") were attributed to "nonos". dainmen9t. b under the inspiration of Apolinario Midwife assisted in childbirth. During labor, Mabini. the "mabuting hilot" (good midwife) was 4. Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo. Wife of called in. If the birth became difficult, Emilio Aguinaldo; provided nursing care to lainsb bris witches were supposed to be the cause. 1o Filipino soldiers during the revolution. President of disperse their influence, gunpowder was the Filipino Red Cross branch in 25 sinstoM exploded from a bamboo cane close to the Batangas. 75я miw. head of the sufferer. 5. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora). Nursed the Health Care During the Spanish Regime wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and The religious orders exerted their efforts to food. care for the sick by building hospitals in ins 6. Capitan Salome. A revolutionary leader in Nueva different parts of the Philippines. Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat. The Earliest Hospitals Established were the 7. Agueda Kahabagan. Revolutionary leader in following: Laguna, also provided nursing services to her dimini 1. Hospital Real de Manila (1577). It was established lo s troops. mainly to care for the Spanish King s soldiers, but 8. Trinidad Tecson. "Ina ng Biac na Bato", stayed in also admitted Spanish civilians; founded by Gov, the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded Francisco de Sande. soldiers. 2. San lazaro Hospital (1578). Founded by Brother Filipino Red Cross Juan Clemente and was administered for leprosy. many years by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; Malolos, Bulacan was the location of the national built exclusively for patients with headquarters. 3. Hospital de Indio (1586). Established by the Established branches in the provinces. Franciscan Order, service was in general supported by alms and contributions from charitable persons. 4. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590). Established in Laguna; near a medical spring, founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order. ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing The First Hospitals and Schools of Nursing Leneial Sospital was established. The school became known as the Philippine General Hospital School of 1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (loilo Nursing. City, 1906). It was run by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America. Miss Rose Nicolet, a graduate of When she became chief nurse, Elsie MoCloskey- New England Hospital for Women and Children in Gaches introduced several improvements in the Boston, Massachusetts, was the first superintendent school. The Course Was made attractive and more for nurses. It moved to its present location in Jaro practical. Anastachd Giron-t upas, the first Filipino Road, Iloilo City in 1929. hi gatOR 3 Miss Flora Ernst, nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse and an American nurse, took charge of the school in superintendent in the Philippines, succeeded her. 1942. In March, 1944, 22 nurses graduated; in April, 1944 graduate nurses took the first Nurses Board 4. St. Luke's Hospital of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907) Examination gurub eis at the Iloilo Mission Hospital. ,.The hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903. In 190%. the school 2. St. Paul's Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, opened with three Filipino girls admitted. These girls 1907) had their first year in combined classes with the Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing and St. The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Paul's Hospital School of Nursing. Miss Helen Hicks Manila, the Most Reverend Jeremiah O1 oins gma was the first principal. Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran was the Harty under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul first Filipino superintendent of nurses. Dr. Jose Fores de Chartres. It was located in mi fiongid Intramuros was the first Filipino medical director of the hospital. and it provided general hospital services. It had a Note: In the period of organization between 1907 free dispensary and dental clinic. It opened its and 1910, the first year nursing students of the training school for nurses in 1908, with Rev. Mother Philippine General Hospital, St. Like's Hospital and St. Melanie as modi avag superintendent and Miss E. Paul's Hospital had a common first year course. This Chambers as Principal was known as the Central School Idea in nursing 3. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing education. (1907) The Philippine General Hospital began in The three schools selected their own students, 1901 as a small dispensary mainly for "Civil Officers based on the following requirements: and Employees" in the City of Manila. It later grew into Civil Hospital. 1. Educational preparation, at least completion of seventh grade. In 1906, Mrs. Mary Coleman Masters, an educator advocated for idea of training sill 101 916 Filipino 2. Sound physical and mental health. girls for the profession of nursing. With the approval of Government officials, she first opened a 3. Good moral character. dormitory for girls enrolled at the Philippine Normal 4. Good family and social standing. Hall and the University of the Philippines. 5. Recommendations from three different persons In 1907, with the support of Governor General well known in the community. Forbes and the Director of Health among others, she opened classes in nursing under the auspices of the The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines Bureau of Education. Admission into the school was based on an entrance examination. The applicant 1. University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing must have completed elementary education to the (1946) The college began as the UST School of seventh grade. Julia Nichols and Charlotte Clayton Nursing Education on February 11, 1941. The school taught the students nursing subjects. American was unique since it operated as a separate entity physicians also served as lecturers. from the Santo Tomas University Hospital. The courses of instruction were designed to conform to In 1910, Act No. 1976 modified the organization of the latest and most modern advances in nursing the school, placing it under the supervision of the science and education. At the same time, the ideals Director of Health. The Civil Hospital was abolished; of Christian Charity permeated this course. In its first the Philippine year of existence, its enrollees consisted of students from different schools of nursing whose studies ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing were interrupted by war. In 1947, the Bureau of instinctive. It was performed out of compassion for Private Schools permitted UST to grant the title of others, out of the wish to help others. Graduate Nurse to the 21 students who were at the advanced standing. From 1948 to the present, the Beliefs and Practices of Prehistoric Man college has offered excellent education leading to 1. He was nomad. His philosophy of life was "the the baccalaureate degree (BS). Sor Taciana Trinanes best for the most" and he was ruled by the law of was its first directress. self-preservation. 2. Manila Central University College of Nursing 2. Nursing was a function that belonged to women. (1947) The MC Hospital first offered the BSN course They took good care of the children, the sick and the in 1947. It served as the clinical field for practice. aged. Miss Consuelo Gimeno was its first principal. 3. He belleved that illness was caused by the 3. University of the Philippines College of Nursing invasion of the victim's body by evil spirit through (1948) The idea of opening the college began in the use of black magie or voodoo. conference between Miss Julita Sotejo and then U.P. President Gonzales. Nurses, who attended the 4. He believed that the medicine man called biennial convention in May, 1946 endorsed the idea. «shaman" or witch doctor had the power to heal by In April, 1948, the University Council approved the using white magic. Among others, the shaman used curriculum, and the Board of Regents recognized the hypnosis, charms, dances, incantations, purgatives, profession massage, fire, water and herbs as means of driving illness from the victim. He also practiced Nursing Leaders in the Philippines "trephining" (drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or 1. Anastacia Giron-Tupas. First Filipino nurse to hold stone without the benefit of anesthesia) as a last the position of Chief Nurse Superintendent; founder resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the of the Philippine Nurses Association. afflicted. 2. Cesaria Tan. First Filipino to receive a Masters Nursing in the Near East degree in Nursing abroad. Beliefs and Practices 3. Socorro Sirilan. Pioneered in Hospital Social 1. Man's mode of living changed from nomadic style Service in San Lazaro Hospital where she was the to an agrarian society to an urban community life. Chic Nurse. 2. Man developed a means of communication and 4. Rosa Militar. A pioneer in school health the beginnings of a body of scientific knowledge. education. J. 3. Nursing remained the duty of slaves, wives, sisters 5. Sor Ricarda Mendoza. A pioneer in nursing or mothers. education. 4. The care of the sick was still closely related to 6. Socorro Diaz. First editor of the PNA magazine religion, superstition and magic. Astrology and called "The Message" numerology were also used in medical practice. 7. Conchita Ruiz. First full-time editor of the newly 5. The period saw the birth of three great religious named PNA magazine *The Filipino Nurse ideologies: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. 8. Loreto Tupaz, "Dean of the Philippine Nursing"; Contributions to Medicine and Nursing Florence Nightingale of lloilo. a. Babylonia Code of Hammurabi. Provided laws that covered every facet of Babylonian life including Period of Intuitive Nursing medical practice. The medical regulations established fees, discouraged experimentation, the early ursine was practiced since prehistoric recommended specific doctors for each disease and times among primitive tribes and dat of througas ion gave each patient the right to choose between the for oftchristian era. Nursing was untaught and use of charms, medications, or surgical procedures ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing to cure the disease. There was no mention of nurses Sushurutu made a list of function and or nursing. qualifications of nurses. For the first time in recorded history, there was a reference to the nurse's taking care of patients. these nurses were b. Egypt described as combination of physical therapist and cook. The Egyptians introduced the art of embalming which enhanced their knowledge o human anatomy. Nursing in Ancient Greece They developed the ability to make keen Nursing was the task of untrained love observation and left a record of 250 recogntag The Greeks introduced the caducus, the insignia of There was no mention of nurses, hospitals or the medical profession today hospital personnel, Slaves and patien, families Hippoerates, born in Greece, was given the title nursed the sick. «father of Scientific Medicine." He made a mared c. Israel Moses is recognized as the "Father of advance in medicine by rejecting the belief that Sanitation". He wrote the five books of the of diseases had supernatural causes. He also developed Testament which: assessment standards for clients, established overall medical standards, recognized a need for nurses. 1. Emphasized the practice of hospitality to strangers and acts of charity (Book of Genesis 29810 10 Old Nursing in Rome Testament). The transtion from pagan to Christian philosophy 2. Promulgated laws of control on the spread of took place. There was a contrast between the communicable disease and the ritual o circumcision materialism of pagan society and the spirituality of of the male child (Book of Leviticus). the converted Christians. 3. Referred to nurses as midwives, wet nurses or The Romans attempted to maintain vigorous child's nurses whose acts were compassionate and health, because illness was a sign of weakness, Care tender (outpouring of maternal instincts) of the ill was left to the slaves or Greek physicians. Nursing in the Far East Both groups were looked upon as inferior by Roman society. a. China Fabiola was a worldly, beautiful Roman matron The people strongly believed in spirits and demons who was converted to Christian by her friends as seen in the practices such as using girls clothes for Marcella and Paula. With their help, she made her male babies keep evils away from them. home the first hospital in the Christian world. oramD eriT. lo boito'l or grinnd boommos They practiced ancestor worship which prohibited the dissection of dead human body. Period of Apprentice Nursing They gave the world knowledge of materia medica This period extends from the founding of religious (pharmacology) which prescribed methods of nursing orders in the Crusades, which began in the treating wounds, infections and muscular afflictions. 11 century and ended in 1836, when Pastor Theodor Fliedner and his wife established the Kaiserswerth There was no mention of nursing in their records. Institute for the Training of Deaconesses (a training It is assumed that the care of the sick was done by school for nurses) in Germany. female members of the household. It is called the period of "on the job" training. b. India Nursing care was performed without any formal Men of medicine built hospitals, practiced an education and by people who were directed by more intuitive form of asepsis and were proficient in the experienced nurses. Religious orders of the Christian practice of medicine and surgery. Church were responsible for the development of this kind of nursing. ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing The Crusades Secular Orders Founded During the Period of The Crusades: crusades were Holy Wars waged in an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turks who denied 1. Order of St. Francis of Assisi (1200-present). Christian pilgrims permission to visit the Holy Believed in devoting their lives to povety and service Sepulcher. Military religious orders established to the poor. mi neged fort hospitals staffed with men. a. First Order. Founded by St. Francis himself. onwot Military Religious Orders and Their Works. oth mort abnsixs boiisg zirt DE8, 1. Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, (Italian). Devoted b.Second Order (Poor Clares). Founded by St. Clare to religious life and nursing. Discipline was strict. It of Assisi. established an organization of ranks and advocated principles of complete and unquestioned devotion to c. Third Order (Tertiary Order). Composed of duty and traditional obedience to superiors. members who devoted their time to lemmit vna liod periormance of acts of mercy in their communities, 2. Teutonic Knights (German). Established tent most provided nursing care in homes Don9q 901 Dol hospitals for the wounded. out to arob and hospitals. 음 3. Knights of St. Lazarus. Was founded primarily for 2. The Beguines. Composed of lay nurses who the nursing care of lepers in Jerusalem after the devoted their lives to the service of suffering Christians had conquered the city. humanity. It was founded in 1170 by a priest, The Alexian Brothers were members of a monastic Lambert Le Begue. 291 от9W потипО пвіаіти order founded in 1348. They established the Alexian 3. The Oblates (12'' century) Brothers Hospital School of Nursing, the largest School of Nursing under religious order. It operated 4. Benedictines 2908201 2 941 exclusively for men in the United States. The school closed in 1969. 5. Ursulines 6.Augustinians The Rise of Secular Orders Important Nursing Personages During the Period of Apprentice Nursing During this period, there was also the rise of Religious Nursing Orders for women. Although 1. St. Clare. Founder of the Second Order of St. Christianity promoted equality to all men, women Francis of Assisi; took vows of poverty, obedience, were still concentrated in their toes as wives and service, and chastity; gave nursing care to the sick mothers. Only by entering a convent that she could and the afflicted. follow a career, obtain an education and perform 2. St. Flizabeth of Hungary. Known as the "Patroness acts of charity that her faith taught would help her of Nurses,> she was the daughter of the Hungarian gain grace in meaven. Queens I of nagsg mort king. She lived her life frugally despite her wealth. notianant g princesses and other ladies of royalty She used all her wealth to make the lives of the poor founded many religious orders. happy and useful. She built hospitals for the sick and Religious taboos and social restrictions influenced the needy. She fed the sick oril 19110 with her own nursing at the time of the religious Nursing Orders. hands and made their beds. She provided for Hospitals were poorly ventilated and the beds, were orphans and fed 300-900 persons daily at her gate. filthy. There was overcrowding of patients: three or To avoid idleness, she employed those who were four patients, regardless of diagnosis or whether able to work continually in her hospital and in the they are alive or dead, may have shared one bed homes of the poor and to go fishing in streams to Practice of environmental sanitation and asepsis help provide for the many sufferers. were non-existent. Older nuns prayed with and took 3. St. Catherine of Siena. The first "Lady with a good care of the sick; while the younger nuns Lamp": She was 25% child of humble la Sie parents. washed soiled linens, usually in the nyerse4 ban she pledged her life to service at the age of seven allonel and was referred to as little saint. she at tol was a ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing hospital nurse, prophetess, researchér and a Catholicism in schools, orphanages and hospitals reformer of society and the church. were swept away. Properties of hospitals and schools were confiscated. Nurses fled for their lives. the world of nursing, despite wars and plagues made In England, hundreds of hospitals were closed. There considerable progress under tof intluence of were no provisions for the sick, no one to care for Christianity. It may be said that nursing owes its the sick. Nursing became the work of the least foundation to the work of benevolent men and desirable of women- -women who took bribes from women, the crusades and the guilds. But this patients, who stole the patient's food and who used progress in nursing was brougat to a hail by alcohol as a tranquilizer. They worked seven days a industrial and political revolution and the week, slept in cubbyhole near the hospital ward or Reformation in the 164 century. These left the world patient and ate scraps of food when they could find in the following situations: them. These women were personified in a Charles 1. - the masses of people huddled in slums as a Dickens novel as Sairey Gamp and Betsy Preg. result of famine, wars and the introduction of Ins ei Several leaders sought to bring about reforms. machinery (industrial revolution) timos disrinA droll Among them were: odi di sittee on has 1. John Howard. A prison reformer, helped improve 2. Living in blighted slum areas, the people sank into the living conditions in prisons and gave prisoners brutal and immoral way of life." ahi won renewed hope. 3. Ambition for power and the antagonism resulting 2. Mother Mary Ainkenhand. Established the Irish from the attempts to achieve this power aule no Sisters of Charity to bring back into nursing the replaced human empathy. 9 how onw asmowesl in dedication of the early Christian era. onlt zaw songid ongest armbit 3. Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Frederika Munster 4. Class lines could be bypassed in some parts of the Fliedner established the Institute for the Training of world, and people struggled against one another for Deaconesses at Kaiserswerth, Germany (1836), the power, wealth and leisure. S. first organized training school for nurses. skepticism was the result of political, intellectual, Requirements for entering the school were and ideological revolutions; everything in life had to a. Character reference from clergyman. be based upon scientific fact. Nothing else was true. b. A certificate of health from a physician. In the 16 century, hospitals were established for the care of the sick. The hospitals were gloomy, c. Permission from their nearest relative. cheerless and airless. They were unsanitary. People entered hospitals only under compulsion or as last Nursing in America resort. There was little employment and education People began to settle in the North American was only for the rich and the titled. St. Vincent de continent, to seek for adventure, new quests and Paul seeing pervading poverty and the generally new trade routes. poor health conditions organized the group called "Le Charite" and the community of the Sisters of Mame. Jeanne Mance was the first laywoman who Charity. The latter was composed of women who worked as a nurse in North America. She founded lived uncloistered and were dedicated to doing the Hotel Dieu of Montreal, a log cabin hospital God's work through caring for the sick, the poor, the orphaned, and the widowed. Louise de Gras (nee 1. Pre-Civil War Nursing In the USA and Canada, Marillac) was the first superior and co-founder of religious nursing orders, both Catholic and this order. Protestant carried out um nursing. Augustinian nuns, Ursuline sisters, Deaconesses of Kaiserswerth, The Dark Period of Nursing Protestant sisters of 1l Charity and many others helped found and staff hospitals. This extends from the 17 to the 19 century from the period of reformation until the U.S. Civil War. The Mrs. Elizabeth Seton, an American, founded the religious upheaval destroyed the unity of the Sisters of Charity 9.I Lelle. Emmitsberg,Maryland in Christian faith. Everything connected with Roman 1809. ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2. American Reforms in Nursing no self- appointed goal; "To change the profile of nursing". asslio) a. The Nurse's Society of Philadelpia organized a school of nursing under the direction of Dr. Joseph Complied notes of her visits to hospitals, her Warrington in 1839. Nurses were trained on the job observation of the sanitary facilities, and social and attended some preparatory courses. problems of the places she visited. b. Women's Hospital In Philadelphia established a Noted the need for preventive medicine and good six-month course in nursing to increase the livo.2, nursing. momsushe gnucut nurse's knowledge while they worked. They were taught a minimum amount of medical and surgical Advocated for care of those afflicted with diseases nursing, materia medica and diatetics. caused by lack of hygienic practices. 3. Nursing During the Civil War bibaus wilient got At the age of 31, she overcame her family's boil 898111 10316581д00 2191 The American resistance to her ambitions. She entered the Medical Association during the Civil War created the Deaconess School at Kaisersworth. aroqmolno? to Committee on Training of Nurses. It was designated hoirs to study and make recommendations with regards to Worked as a superintendent for Gentlewomen the Is training of nurses. Doctors realized the need during illness. for qualified nurses. Disapproved of the restrictions on admission of Some of the Important Personages at this time were: patients and considered this unchristian and a. Dorothea Lynde Dix. She established the nurse incompatible with health care. Corps of the United State Army. She directed the Upgraded the practice of nursing and made nursing of the injured. nursing an honorable profession for gentlewomen. a b. Clara Barton. Founded the American Red Cross Led the nurses that took care of the wounded Period of Educated Nursing during the Crimean War. This period began on June 15, 1860 when the Put down her ideas in two published books: Notes Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened as St. on Nursing and Notes on Hospitals. Thomas dhospital in London (St. Thomas Hospital Other Important Persons/Groups/Events During School of Nursing). The development of nursing Period of Educated Nursing onsciousness, erod was strongly influenced by trends resulting from wars, from an arousal of 1. Linda Richards. First graduate nurse in the US; offered to women. social consciousness, from the graduated on September 1, 1872, from the New emancipation of women and from the increased England Hospital for Women in Boston. educational opportunities 2. Dr. William Halsted. Designed the first rubber Facts About Florence Nightingale gloves. Recognized as the "Mother of Modern Nursing", 3. Caroline Hampton Robb. The first nurse to wear she was also known as the "Lady with a rubber gloves while working as an operating room nurse. Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence Italy. 4. Establishment of nursing organizations; the Raised in England in an atmosphere of culture and American Nurse's Association (ANA) and the affluence; learned languages, literature, National League for Nursing Education (NLNE); mathematics and social graces. contributed to the uplift of the nursing profession. Her education was rounded out by a continental 5. Isabel Hampton Robb. The first principal of the tour. John Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing; the most Not contented with the social custom imposed influential in directing the development of nursing upon her as a Victorian Lady, she developed her ani during this period. ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing 6. Clara Louise Maas. Engaged in medical research 3. Utilization of computers for collecting data, on yellow fever during the Spanish-American War. teaching, establishing diagnosis maintaining She died of yellow fever. inventory, making payrolls, record keeping, and billing. 7. Development of private duty nursing, setilement house nursing (forerunner of PHN); schoo nursing, 4. Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and government service of nurses, and prenatal and therapy. maternal health nursing (1900-1912) 5. The advent of space medicine also brought about 8. Age of specialization began in the first decade of the development of aerospace nursing. Colonel 1) br the 20th century. at Cape Kennedy. Pearl Tucker developed a comprehensive one-year course to prepare nurses 9. Preparation of a standard curriculum based on for aerospace nursing educational objectives for schools of nursing 6. Health is perceived as a fundamental human right. 10. Edith Cavell. Known as "Mata Hart', served the Laws were legislated to provide such right. wounded soldiers during World War I. Got English and Russian soldiers) This was why she was 7. Nursing involvement in community health is suspected as a spy (Mata Hart. She was an English greatly intensified. nurse. She has a monument in Russia, as recognition to her services. 8. Technological advances, such as the development of disposable supplies and equipment have relieved Twentieth Century the nurse from numerous tedious tasks. In the early twentieth century a movement toward 9. Development of the expanded role of the nurse. developing a scientific, research-based defined body The nurse is constantly assuming responsibilities it of nursing knowledge and practice evolved. Nurses patientsion berich were formerly the sole began to assume expanded and advanced practice prerogative of the physician. Nursing became a roles. Mary Adelaide Nutting, who became the first dynaders profession because the scope of nursing nursing professor at Columbia Teacher's College in practice is expanding in the light of the modera 1906, was instrumental in moving nursing education developments in the constantly changing world. into universities (Donahue, 2011) Twenty-First Century As nursing education developed, nursing practice also expanded, and the Army and Navy Nurse Corps today the profession faces multiple challenges. were established. By the 1920s nursing specialization Nurses and nurse educators are revising nursing began. pracuce and school curricula to meet the ever- changing needs of society, including an aging Period of Contemporary Nursing population, bioterrorism, emerging infections, and disaster management. Advances in technology and This covers the period after World War I to the informatics, the high acuity level of care of present. Scientific and technological developments hospitalized patient, and early discharge from health as well as social changes mark this period. Care institutions require nurses in all settings to have 1. Establishment of the World Health Organization a strong and current knowledge base from which to by the United Nations to assist in fighting disease by practice. providing health information and improving Nursing organizations are currently involved in nutrition, living standards, and environmental programs to support nursing scholars, decrease the conditions of all people. nursing shortage, and improve the health of the 2. Use of atomic/nuclear energy for medical nation's population. Nursing is taking a leadership diagnosis and treatment. role in developing standards and policies to address the needs of the population now and in the future. ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing Medical Asepsis common ones include rubbing alcohol and iodine. Antiseptics can be used for hand microorganisms, medical asepsis follows the scrubbing; treating cuts, wounds, and burns; basic principles of infection prevention, which and preoperative skin cleaning. include sanitization, antisepsis, and disinfection. Medical asepsis utilizes hand washing, gloves, Disinfection gowns, face masks, and sterile equipment. Disinfection refers to the process of killing Objective microorganisms on objects that are commonly in contact with your clients, such as overbed Medical asepsis, also known as “clean tables, wheelchairs, stretchers, urinals, technique” is aimed at controlling the number bedpans, and blood pressure cuffs. It’s of microorganisms and is used for all clinical important to note that disinfection cannot patient care activities. Surgical asepsis, also destroy spores, which are highly resistant forms known as “sterile technique” is aimed at of microorganisms that develop in conditions removing all microorganisms and is used for all that are inconvenient for their growth. surgical/sterile procedures. Asepsis is defined as the absence of pathogens. SURGICAL ASEPSIS Now, there are two basic types of asepsis: medical asepsis and surgical asepsis. Examples of surgical asepsis include the use of disposable sterile supplies, such as syringes, needles, and surgical gloves; and the use of Medical asepsis (a.k.a. “clean technique”): reusable sterile equipment, such as surgical practices that kill some microorganisms to instruments prevent them from spreading. Surgical asepsis (a.k.a. “sterile technique”): practices that completely kill and eliminate 1. Social Handwashing microorganisms. Social handwashing is meant to clean MEDICAL ASEPSIS the hands of all physical dirt and debris and to fight bacterial growth and infectious diseases. It Medical asepsis includes sanitization, antisepsis, also removes transient microorganisms from and disinfection. the surface of the skin. This is an Sanitization important infection control procedure and is a social norm that is designed to reduce the Sanitization refers to cleaning practices and spread of harmful pathogens throughout techniques that physically remove society. This type of handwashing should be microorganisms. These include hand washing performed prior to eating, after using the and cleaning of clients’ personal equipment, bathroom, and whenever someone is going to clothing, and linens. come into physical contact with someone else. Antisepsis Social handwashing is performed using warm water and antibacterial soap. People should Antisepsis is the process of killing scrub their wet hands for thirty seconds in microorganisms or limiting their growth on the a circular motion as a proper hand skin and non-living objects. Chemicals used in washing method to clean thoroughly. People antisepsis are called antiseptics, and the most ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing should then dry hands with a paper towel or 3. Surgical Handwashing -is the most stringent a clean towel. The individual is then left type of handwashing procedure with significant with clean hands after a purposeful hand wash. differences. As the name suggests, this is a cleaning procedure that is used prior to sterile 2. Antiseptic Handwashing operations, including surgical procedures. This Antiseptic handwashing is a more stringent handwashing procedure removes resident procedure for washing hands when compared microorganisms that live on the surface of the to social handwashing. This procedure is used skin in addition to transient microorganisms. to destroy microorganisms on the surface of the Immediately after finishing this handwashing skin. It also reduces resident bacteria or viruses procedure, surgical gloves are usually donned to that typically live on the surface. This type of prevent microorganisms from returning to the handwashing procedure is usually performed surface of the skin. During surgical before coming into contact with someone in the handwashing, the hands and forearms are medical or healthcare setting. It is also scrubbed up to the elbow. Water is operated commonly used in the food service industry. In using sensors instead of physical contact. addition to hot water, antiseptic agents are Antiseptic detergent is used to wash the skin for used to clean the surface of the skin. Examples one full minute before rinsing thoroughly. Only include chlorhexidine and iodine. sterile towels are used to clean the skin. This ensures that medical procedures are conducted properly and that the patient and medical devices stay free of any cross contamination or cross infection. ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing ALDERSGATE COLLEGE INC. SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Bachelor of Science in Nursing

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