FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING (2).pptx

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING History of Computers Earliest computer  Originally calculations were computed by humans whose job title was a computer.  These human computers were typically engaged in the calculations of a mathematical expression.  The calculations of this period...

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING History of Computers Earliest computer  Originally calculations were computed by humans whose job title was a computer.  These human computers were typically engaged in the calculations of a mathematical expression.  The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics  The first use of the word “computer” was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century Tally Sticks A Tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities or even messages Abacus  An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations  The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.  The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China around 500 B.C.  It is used to perform basic arithmetic operations Napier’s Bones  Invented by John Napier in 1614  Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. Slide Rule  Invented by William Oughtred in 1622  Is based on Napier’s ideas  Used primarily for: o Multiplication o Division o Roots o Logarithms o Trigonometry  Not normally used for addition and subtraction Pascaline  Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642  It was limited to addition and subtraction  It is too expensive Stepped Reckoner  Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672  The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically Jacquard Loom  The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881  It’s an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. Arithmometer  A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820  The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine  The machine could perform the four basic mathematical functions  The first mass-produced calculator Difference Engine  Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822  It is an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions  It is the first mechanical computer First Computer Programmer  In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system  She writes programs for Analytical Engine.  Scheutzian Calculation Engine  Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843  Based on Charles Babbage’s difference engine  The first printing calculator Tabulating Calculator  Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890  To assist in summarizing information and accounting. Havard Mark 1  Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)  Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943  The first electro-mechanical computer Z1  The first programmable computer  Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938  To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)  It was the first electronic digital computing device  Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942 ENIAC  Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer  It was the first electronic general purpose computer  Completed in 1946  Developed by John Presper Eckret and John Mauchly UNIVAC 1  The UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer  Designed by John Presper Eckret and John Mauchly EDVAC  EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer  The first Stored Program Computer  Designed by Von Neumann in 1952  It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data OSBORNE 1  First portable computer  Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corp. Let’s think about … 1) Make a reflection about the evolution of history of computers 2) Why did they invented these tool/device/machine? 3) Which of the early tool/device/machine was the most crucial in the development of computer. Why? 4. How can computer affect your life? What are the beneficials and non beneficials? Why? 5. Does the world need computer? Why? Let’s think about … Give details for the history of computers, inventor, year invented, and uses. 1) Slide Rule 2) Pascaline 3) Stepped Reckoner 4) Jacquard Loom 5) Arithmometer 6) Difference Engine Write in 1 whole paper and send your work next week Computer Generations  There are five generations of computer  First generation - 1946-1958  Second generation – 1959-1964  Third generation – 1965-1970  Fourth generation – 1971 – today  Fifth generation – today to future First generation  The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it.  In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language. Characteristics Vacuum tube technology Unreliable Supported machine language only Very costly Generated a lot of heat Slow input and output devices Huge size Need of AC Non-portable Consumed a lot of electricity Second Generation The timeline for the second generation computers was 1956 to 1963. Transistors were used to develop. Characteristics In comparison to the first generation, second generation computers were small in size. Punched cards and magnetic tape were used for input /output. Electricity consumption was low and produces less heat. Magnetic core memory was used. Fast computing and were used in business, scientific research, and government applications. Examples − UNIVAC, IBM 1401, IBM 7090. Third Generation The timeline for the third generation computers was 1963 to 1971. Integrated Circuit (IC) was used to develop. In comparison to the second generation, third generation computers were small in size. Magnetic tape, keyboard, monitor, printer devices were used as input and output. Characteristics Computation power was higher as compare to second generation computers. The third generation computer consumed less power and also generated less heat. The maintenance cost of the computers in the third generation was also low as these were consuming less power and generated less heat. These were most widely used in commercial purposes. Fourth Generation The timeline for the fourth generation computers was 1972 to 2010. Microprocessor technology was used to develop. These were surprising in terms of size and computing power. Characteristics Portable computers. Very less power consuming and affordable. Semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM were used which makes computation faster. Keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer devices were used for input and output. It became available for the common people as well. Fifth Generation The timeline for the fifth generation computers is form 2010 to till date. These computers are based on artificial intelligence, Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI), Quantum computation, Nanotechnology, Parallel processing technology. Characteristics Very fast and multiple tasks could be performed simultaneously. These are smaller in size as compare to fourth generation computers. Consumes very low power. Keyboard, monitor, mouse, touchscreen, scanner, printer are used as an input output devices. Write an essay…  What are the future of computer? Give 3 positive and 3 negative outcomes for future generation computers.