Computing History PDF

The History and Architecture of Computers A potted history from early beginnings to modern PC architecture M. Shukla  Early Beginnings  The Abacus (c. 500 BCE)  The Antikythera mechanism (c. 100 BCE)  video briefi...

The History and Architecture of Computers A potted history from early beginnings to modern PC architecture M. Shukla  Early Beginnings  The Abacus (c. 500 BCE)  The Antikythera mechanism (c. 100 BCE)  video briefing  Mechanical calculators (1600s)  Blaise Pascal's Pascaline (1642)  Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's Step Reckoner (1672) M. Shukla  1800s  Jacquard Loom uses punched paper to write a “program” (image)  Hollerith punch card system used to process census results. His company will eventually become IBM. Image from http://adventofcomputers.weebly.com/jacquard-joseph-marie-the-programmable-loom.html M. Shukla  Charles Babbage  Designed the Difference Engine (1822)  Conceptualized the Analytical Engine (1837)  Known as the 'father of the computer' M. Shukla https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage https://incois.gov.in/Tutor/science+society/lectures/illustrations/lecture32/diffengine.html  Ada Lovelace  Collaborated with Babbage on the Analytical Engine  Wrote the first algorithm intended for a machine  Regarded as the first computer programmer M. Shukla https://www.nicholawilkin.com/single-post/ada-lovelace  Hedy Lamarr  Pioneered frequency hopping 1941 patent initially for use on World War 2 Innovations torpedoes  Frequency hopping now used in GPS, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies  Lamarr’s contributions were not recognised or encouraged at the time M. Shukla https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr  World War 2 Innovations Alan Turing  Developed the concept of the Turing Machine (1936)  Key figure in breaking the Enigma code during WWII  Considered a pioneer in theoretical computer science The Enigma and the Bombe M. Shukla These 2 photos taken by Dr. Chamitha De Alwis recently(Sept ‘24) during our visit to Bletchley Park https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing  Colossus  Commonly regarded as the first programmable digital computer World War 2 Innovations  The first was demonstrated functional in 1943 with 10 built during World War 2  Used in Bletchley Park and designed to break the Lorenz cipher used by German High Command M. Shukla https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computer# https://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/lorenz/colossus.htm  Vannevar Bush  Headed up the Office of US Scientific Research and Development in World War 2 Innovations World War II. In charge of around 6,000 staff  Developed the hypothetical Memex (Memory Expansion) in 1945  The Memex concept led to the development of Hypertext and eventually Tim Berners Lee’s team of the World Wide Web M. Shukla https://mondediplo.com/outsidein/vannevar-bush-prophet-of-high-tech https://elearningindustry.com/memex-hypercard  World War 2 Innovations ENIAC  Stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer  First general-purpose electronic digital computer  Completed in 1945  Used for calculations in the US Army M. Shukla https://cacm.acm.org/news/eniac-turns-75/  World War 2 Innovations Von Neumann Architecture  Proposed by John von Neumann (1945)  Basis of most modern computers  Features a stored-program concept  Consists of a CPU, memory, and I/O devices M. Shukla https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture  UNIVAC  Stands for Universal Automatic Computer  First commercial computer  Delivered to the US Census Bureau in 1951  Could handle both numerical and textual data M. Shukla https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIVAC_I  IBM 701  IBM's first commercial scientific computer  Introduced in 1952  Known as the Defence Calculator  Helped establish IBM as a major player in computing Ronald Reagan! He was a commercial 1956, this is a 5 megabyte spokesman for hard drive that weighed General Electric in the 2000 pounds or 907 kg. ‘50s after his acting career was slowing M. Shukla https://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/701.html https://www.businessinsider.com/picture-of-ibm-hard-drive-on-airplane-2014-1  The 1960s  Mainframes became widespread  Development of minicomputers  Introduction of time-sharing systems  Rise of the software industry  Intel 1968  AMD founded in 1969 M. Shukla https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/mainframe-computers/7/166  The 1970s  Introduction of the microprocessor  Intel 4004 (1971), the first microprocessor  Development of early personal computers  Introduction of computer networking M. Shukla https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276199637_Testing_and_Deployment_of_Intelligent_Object_Framework/figures?lo=1  Development of Operating Systems  System software used to manage hardware and how other software interacts with it  Early operating systems were for mainframes  Introduction of UNIX (1969)  Development of CP/M for microcomputers (1974)  Emergence of MS-DOS (1981) – previously 86-DOS, previously QDOS (Quick & Dirty) Emergence of MS-DOS M. Shukla https://www.4cornerit.com/future-computing-started-1969-unix/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS#  Windows Operating System  Introduction of Windows 1.0 (1985)  Windows 95: GUI and Start menu (1995)  Windows XP: Stability and user-friendly (2001)  Windows 10: Unified platform (2015) M. Shukla https://www.cnet.com/pictures/microsoft-windows-1-0-where-it-all-began-pictures/  macOS  Apple introduces Macintosh (1984)  System 1 to Mac OS 9  macOS X: UNIX-based architecture (2001)  macOS Big Sur: Modern features (2020) M. Shukla https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur  Linux  Created by Linus Torvalds (1991)  Open source and community-driven  Widely used in servers and supercomputers  Popular distributions: Ubuntu, Red Hat, Debian https://www.zdnet.com/article/ubuntu-22-04-2-is-as-predictable-as-an-operating-system-can-be-and-thats-a-good-thing/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Linus-Torvalds M. Shukla  Apple I & II  Apple I introduced in 1976 by Steve Wozniak  Apple II released in 1977  Featured colour graphics and a basic programming language  Significant impact on the personal computer market M. Shukla https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jul/08/steve-wozniakr-steve-jobs-apple  IBM PC  Released in 1981  Became the standard for business computing  Open architecture encouraged third-party development  Paved the way for widespread PC adoption M. Shukla https://uk.pcmag.com/news/135020/project-chess-the-story-behind-the-original-ibm-pc  The 1980s  Rise of graphical user interfaces (GUIs)  Introduction of the Apple Macintosh (1984)  Expansion of computer networking  Development of desktop publishing  ARM/ QualComm M. Shukla https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240123-the-apple-macintosh-was-first-released-40-years-ago-these-people-are-still-using-the-aging-computers  The 1990s  Proliferation of the Internet  Introduction of the World Wide Web (1991)  Rise of laptops and portable computing  Growth of multimedia applications M. Shukla https://home.cern/science/computing/birth-web#:~:text=The%20first%20website%20at%20CERN,software%20in%20the%20public%20domain.  The 2000s  Emergence of mobile computing  Growth of the cloud computing industry  Expansion of wireless technologies  Development of social media platforms  Rise of Artificial Intelligence M. Shukla https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/iconic-cell-phone-designs-early-2000s https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12652-020-02521-x