Functional Groups_Notes PDF

Introduction to Biochemistry  Biochemistry The application of chemistry concepts to the study of biological processes. How does biochemistry describe life processes? Living organisms, such as humans, and even the individual cells of which they are compos...

Introduction to Biochemistry  Biochemistry The application of chemistry concepts to the study of biological processes. How does biochemistry describe life processes? Living organisms, such as humans, and even the individual cells of which they are composed, are enormously complex and diverse. However, as diverse as they are, underlying common features are present among them. They all use the same types of biomolecules, and they all use energy What is energy? Give examples where energy is used for biological processes.  What is the difference between organic and inorganic? Organic Chemistry the chemistry of the compounds of carbon A structural formula shows all the atoms present in a molecule as well as the bonds that connect the atoms to each other The structural formula for ethanol, whose molecular formula is C2H6O, for example, shows all nine atoms and the eight bonds that connect them: Structural Formula COVALENT BOND UNSHARED PAIR ELEMENT FORMED OF ELECTRON Carbon 4 0 Nitrogen 3 1 Oxygen 2 2 Halogen (F, B, Cl, I) 1 3 Structural Formula C2H6 - ethane C2H4 - ethylene Structural Formula CH4O - methanol CH3N - methanol Types of Formula Functional Groups Alcohol Ethers Amines Functional Groups atoms or groups of atoms of an organic molecule that undergo predictable chemical reactions Six most common functional groups. Functional Groups Determine in large measure the physical properties of a compound Serve as the units by which we classify organic compounds into families. Serve as a basis for naming organic compounds Functional Group: Alcohol -OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom (a carbon having bonds to four atoms) Polar, soluble in water Functional Group: Alcohol Alcohols are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°), depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the -OH group. Functional Group: Alcohol Alcohols are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°), depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the -OH group.  Classify each alcohol as primary, secondary, or tertiary Secondary alcohol Tertiary alcohol Primary alcohol Primary alcohol Functional Group: Alcohol Activity: Draw the condensed and structural formulas for the two alcohols with molecular formula C3H8O. Classify each as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Mini- Activity: Alcohol Functional Groups: Ethers atom of oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms. Dimethyl Ether Diisopropyl Ether Tetrahydrofuran Identify if the compound is a (A) alcohol or an (E) ether Diphenyl Ether Anisole Erythritol Propylene Glycol Functional Groups: Amines The functional group of an amine is an amino group—a nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms. Functional Groups: Amines The functional group of an amine is an amino group—a nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms. primary (1°) amine, nitrogen is bonded to two hydrogens and one carbon group Functional Groups: Amines The functional group of an amine is an amino group—a nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms. secondary (2°) amine, it is bonded to one hydrogen and two carbon groups Functional Groups: Amines The functional group of an amine is an amino group—a nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms. tertiary (3°) amine, it is bonded to three carbon groups  Classify each alcohol as primary, secondary, or tertiary amines Triethylamine N(CH₃CH₂)₃ Tertiary amine Ethylamine CH3CH2NH2 Primary amine Dipropylamine (CH₃CH₂CH₂)₂NH Secondary amine Butylamine CH3​(CH2​)3​NH2 Primary amine Tripropylamine (CH₃CH₂CH₂)₃N Tertiary amine Benzylmethylamine Secondary amine Functional Groups: Amines Activity: Draw condensed structural and skeletal formulas for the two primary amines with the molecular formula C3H9N. Mini- Activity: Amines Summary Alcohol – has a hydroxyl group (- OH) Primary - (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to only one other carbon atom Secondary - (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to only two carbon atom Tertiary - (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to only two carbon atom Summary Ethers – oxygen atom connected to two carbon atoms. Summary Amines – has an amino group (nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms) primary (1°) amine, nitrogen is bonded to two hydrogens and one carbon group secondary (2°) amine, it is bonded to one hydrogen and two carbon groups tertiary (3°) amine, it is bonded to three carbon groups Summary Amines – has an amino group (nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms) Functional Groups Aldehydes Ketones Functional Groups: Aldehydes Both aldehydes and ketones contain a C=O (carbonyl) group. Aldehyde - contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen. Formaldehyde, CH2O, the simplest aldehyde, has two hydrogens bonded to its carbonyl carbon Functional Groups: Ketones Both aldehydes and ketones contain a C=O (carbonyl) group. The functional group of a ketone is a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms Aldehyde VS. Ketone Identify if the compound is a (K) ketone or an (A) aldehyde 4-methyl-2-pentanone Cinnamaldehyde Hexanal 3-pentanone Benzophenone Salicylaldehyde What is an isomer? Isomer - compound that has the same molecular formula as another compound but has a different arrangement of atoms, which leads to different properties C₄H₁₀ Isomers C₂H₆O Summary Both aldehydes and ketones contain a C=O (carbonyl) group Aldehyde - contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen Ketone is a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms  What is the difference between ketones and aldehydes? E 1˚Alcohol 3˚ Amine Ketones 1˚Alcohol; 1˚Amine 2˚Alcohol Aldehydes 3˚ Alcohol Aldehyde 3-pentanone Ether 2˚Amine Aldehydes Functional Groups Carboxylic Acids Esters Carboxylic Acids Another class of organic compounds containing the carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group. Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids Hydroxy- – with –OH group Amino- - with amino group Carboxylic Acids dicarboxylic acids Fatty Acids Long, unbranched-chain carboxylic acids, most commonly consisting of 12 to 20 carbons. Fatty acids can be divided into two groups: saturated and unsaturated Saturated fatty acids have only carbon–carbon single bonds in their hydrocarbon chains. Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one C=C double bond in the chain  Saturated or Unsaturated? Saturated Fatty Acid Unsaturated Fatty Acid Unsaturated Fatty Acid Saturated Fatty Acid Unsaturated Fatty Acid Fatty Acids: Cis and Trans Cis and trans fatty acids are two types of unsaturated fatty acids that differ in the arrangement of hydrogen atoms around double bonds in their carbon chains. Cis unsaturated fatty acids are liquids at room temperature Trans fatty acids tend to be solid or semi-solid at room temperature Cis Fatty Acid In cis fatty acids, the hydrogen atoms adjacent to the double bond are on the same side of the carbon chain. This configuration creates a bend or kink in the fatty acid, preventing the molecules from packing closely together. Trans Fatty Acid In trans fatty acids, the hydrogen atoms adjacent to the double bond are on opposite sides of the carbon chain. This linear structure allows trans fats to pack more tightly, resembling saturated fats. Cis or Trans Fatty Acid Cis Fatty Acid Cis Fatty Acid Trans Fatty Acid Esters A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the H of the hydroxyl group is replaced by a carbon group Name ends in -ate  Ester or Carboxylic Acid Pentanedioic Carboxylic acid Acid Ester Carboxylic Acid Carboxylic Acid Ester Ester How Do We Prepare Esters? Fischer esterification Chemical reaction that forms an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. This process involves the removal of water (a dehydration reaction) and is typically catalyzed by an acid. Fischer Esterification Carboxylic acid (like acetic acid) and an alcohol (like ethanol). An acid catalyst (such as sulfuric acid) is added to speed up the reaction The hydroxyl group (-OH) from the carboxylic acid combines with a hydrogen atom from the alcohol to form water (H₂O). The remaining parts of the reactants bond together to form an ester. Fischer Esterification Fischer Esterification Anhydrides Consists of two carbonyl groups bonded to an oxygen atom Acrylic Anhydride Maleic Anhydride Amides Carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom Name ends in - amide Formamide Lauramide Summary! Carboxylic Acid - class of organic compounds containing the carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group Fatty acids can be divided into two groups: saturated and unsaturated Saturated fatty acids have only carbon–carbon single bonds in their hydrocarbon chains. Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one C=C double bond in the chain Summary! Cis-fatty acid - the hydrogen atoms adjacent to the double bond are on the same side of the carbon chain. This configuration creates a bend. Fatty acids - hydrogen atoms adjacent to the double bond are on opposite sides of the carbon chain. This configuration is linear. Summary! Esters - A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the H of the carboxyl group is replaced by a carbon group. Anhydrides - Consists of two carbonyl groups bonded to an oxygen atom Amide - carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom