Functional Groups - SDO Calamba City PDF

FUNCTIONAL Department of Education Division of Calamba GROUPSCity Division Learning Continuity Plan May 28, 2020 LEMUEL D. DOMINO JR: November 30, 2023 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containi...

FUNCTIONAL Department of Education Division of Calamba GROUPSCity Division Learning Continuity Plan May 28, 2020 LEMUEL D. DOMINO JR: November 30, 2023 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds The field of organic chemistry is very important for a wide variety of reasons. A huge number of carbon-containing compounds are known. Most of the advances in the pharmaceutical industry are based on a knowledge of organic chemistry. Life as we know it is based on“Una organic chemistry. sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Introduction Most organic compounds have a “skeleton” that is composed of C-C bonds. The C-C bonds may be single bonds, double bonds, or triple bonds. Carbon forms a total of 4 bonds. The “skeleton” of an organic compound has H’s attached to it. other “heteroatoms” like O, halogens, N, S, and P may be present as well “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com ntroduction “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com ntroduction “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Organic compounds are commonly classified and named based on the type of functional group present. An atom or group of atoms that influence the way the molecule functions, reacts, or behaves. The center of reactivity in an organic compound “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com unctional Groups “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com unctional Groups “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com unctional Groups “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbons composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms and is considered as one of the major groups of organic compounds. “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Alkanes - are aliphatic, saturated hydrocarbons and has only single carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule. -are referred to as saturated hydrocarbons because they hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond to the carbon atoms present. They have a general formula of CnH2n+2. Its name ends with - ane. “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Alkenes -also called as olefins. These are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. -have a general formula of CnH2n. Its name ends with -ene. “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com  Alkynes - contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, hence unsaturated. They have physical properties similar to alkanes and alkenes. - are more reactive and have slightly higher boiling points compared to alkanes and alkenes. -have a general formula of CnH2n-2. Its name ends with -yne. “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com  Cycloalkanes -are single-bonded, cyclic hydrocarbons. They have a general formula of CnH2n. Its name starts with cyclo- and ends with ane. “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Organic Compounds: Functional Groups Haloalkanes These (symbolized as RX (R-alkyl groups and X-any halogen eg. F, Cl, Br, I) are organic compounds that contain Group VIIA nonmetal elements The halogens substitute the place of the hydrogens. As substituents, they are named as Fluoro- + -alkanes, Chloro- + - alkanes, Bromo- + -alkanes, and Iodo- + -alkanes. Ex. (C3H7Br) Bromopropane (C4H7F) Fluorocyclobutane “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Organic Compounds: Functional Groups Alcohols- (R-OH; R=hydrocarbon) All alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group, -OH. Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, which is produced biologically by the fermentation of sugar or starch, is by far the best known. “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Ether These (symbolized as ROR’) composed or alkoxy group (RO-) attached to the main alkyl chain. Its name starts with alkoxy- and ends with parent alkyl chain name. In naming ethers, make the shorter alkyl chain as the substituent and make the longer alkyl chain as the parent chain. Ex. Methoxymethane or dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), ethoxybutane or butyl ethyl ether (CH3CH2O(CH2)3CH3), propoxypentane or pentyl propyl ether (CH3(CH2)2O(CH2)4CH3) “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Esters -have the general formula R’-COOR, where R’ can be a hydrocarbon group or Hydrogen and R is a hydrocarbon group. ) -derived when a carboxylic acid and alcohol reacts with one another, leaving H2O as the other product. -their names end with -oate. Ex. ethyl propanoate (CH3CH2COOCH3), methyl butanoate CH3(CH2)2COOCH3), hexyl ethanoate (CH3COO(CH2)5CH3) “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Ketone -are (symbolized as RCOR’) composed of a carbonyl group (carbon - oxygen double bond) attached to 2 alkyl groups (R andR’). Its name ends with -one. Ex. Butanone (CH3CH2COCH3), pentanone (CH3CH2COCH2CH3), propanone/acetone (CH3COCH3) “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Aldehyde Symbolized as RCHO, aldehydes are composed of a carbonyl group attached to alkyl group (R) and H. Its name ends with -al. Ex. Hexanal (CH3(CH2)4CHO), pentanal (CH3(CH2)3CHO), ethanal (CH3CHO), propanal (CH3CH2CHO)) “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Carboxylic acid (symbolized as RCOOH) are composed of carboxylic acid group (-COOH) attached to the main alkyl chain. Its name ends with oic acid. Ex. butanoic acid (CH3(CH2)2COOH), benzoic acid (C6H5COOH), ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), methanoic acid (HCOOH) “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Amines - are organic bases having the general formula R3N, where R may be Hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group. -where an alkyl group/s is/are attached to nitrogen atom Primary amine Symbolized as RNH2, primary Amine has only 1 alkyl group and the two (2) hydrogen atoms are attached to nitrogen. Its name ends with -amine. Ex. Methanamine (CH3NH2) , ethanamine (CH3CH2NH2), hexanamine (CH3(CH2)5NH2) “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com Secondary amine Written generally as R2NH, it has 2 alkyl groups and the 1 hydrogen atom is attached to nitrogen. Its name is N-alkyl-Nalkylamine. Ex. N-ethyl-N-methylamine (CH3CH2NHCH3) Tertiary Amine It is symbolized as R3N where 3 alkyl groups are attached to a nitrogen. Its name N-alkyl-N-alkyl-N-alkylamine. Name the alkyl substituent in alphabetical order. Ex. N-ethyl-N-methyl-N-propylamine [(CH3CH2)(CH3)(CH3CH2CH2)N] “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com “Una sa lahat, Serbisyong Tapat at Karapat-dapat, SDO Calamba City” www.depedcalambacity.com