Fuel Presentation PDF

ICHEM C/E MARVIN M. ABU MARINE FUEL OIL  MARINE ENGINEERING CADETS WILL BE ABLE TO: Explain fuel oil system and its operating function to main engine and auxiliary LEARNING engine. Explain fuel oil produ...

ICHEM C/E MARVIN M. ABU MARINE FUEL OIL  MARINE ENGINEERING CADETS WILL BE ABLE TO: Explain fuel oil system and its operating function to main engine and auxiliary LEARNING engine. Explain fuel oil production OBJECTIVES process. Explain the types of marine fuels used onboard.  Explain alternative fuels and their respective properties. Explain the effects and carbon emission of conventional fuels onboard vessels Explain the significance of maintaining fuel oil parameter during operation.  Explain the common impurities, source of impurities in fuel oil system and its effect in the main and auxiliary engine. Explain the properties of fuel to be checked if mixing fuel occurs. Explain fuel oil physical and chemical properties.  Fuel Oil Systems Compose of 3 Sub systems that is related to each other have their respective role and function. Fuel Transfer System. Fuel oil treatment system Fuel oil supply system  This system receives and stores fuel and delivers it to settling tanks. Fuel oils are loaded through deck fill Fuel oil connections that have sample connections transfer provided to permit the fuel system to be sampled as it is taken aboard. HFO is loaded in storage tanks fitted with heating coils. In preparation for use, HFO is transferred to the fuel oil settling tanks via FO transfer pumps which are equipped with a suction strainer. Piping is so arranged that the pumps can transfer fuel between storage tanks and then to the deck connections for offloading. Settling tanks are used to permit gross water and solids to settle on the bottom.  Fuel oil treatment system From the settling tanks ,fuel oil is transferred to the service tanks via FO treatment system. For cleaning of heavy fuel oils (HFO) the two stage process is commonly used. The fuel is heated in a settling tank to about 50-60°C and then is drawn out by the purifier inlet pump. The inlet pump delivers the fuel to a thermostatically controlled heater which raises the fuel temperature to about 80°C, and thence to the centrifugal purifier. The dry purified fuel is then transferred to a centrifugal clarifier by the purifier discharge pump. After clarification, the clarifier discharge pump delivers the fuel to the service tank for the engine use.  Fuel oil supply system /Service system This system supplies the fuel from the service tank to the diesel engine. The system consists of: supply pumps preheaters, supply flow meter the final filter, auto circulating pumps backflush filter. viscosity controller, FO venting box The pressurized system is preferable while operating the diesel engine on high viscosity fuels. It can be delivered as a modular unit (fuel oil supply module), tested and ready for service supply connections. Fuel Oil System Line Diagram Fuel Oil Production Process Hydrocarbon Exploration (or oil and gas exploration) is the search by petroleum geologist and geophysicist for deposits of hydrocarbons particularly petroleum and natural gas , in the Earth’s crust using petroleum geology.  Extraction Upon confirmation of oil reservoir location using different method such as seismic survey and other methodologies. Normally Extraction is being done by drilling on the location where the reservoirs of natural gas or fossil fuel(crude). Refining Process Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquified petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuels, diesel oil and fuel oils.  Refineries and petroleum industries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units and auxiliary facilities such as utility units and storage tanks. Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired products and economic considerations Distillation process Distillation, process involving the coercion of a liquid into vapour that is subsequently condensed back to liquid form. It is exemplified at its simplest when steam from a kettle becomes deposited as drops of distilled water on a cold surface. Distillation is used to separate liquids from nonvolatile solids, as in the separation of alcoholic liquors from fermented materials, or in the separation of two or more liquids having different boiling points, as in the separation of gasoline, kerosene, and lubricating oil from crude oil.  Other industrial applications include the processing of such chemical products as formaldehyde and phenol and the desalination of seawater. The distillation process appears to have been utilized by the earliest experimentalists. Aristotle (384–322 BCE) mentioned that pure water is made by the evaporator of seawater Fuel oil production process videos  Marine fuel oil use onboard ship Heavy fuel oil (HFO) is a category of fuel oils of a tar- like consistency. Also known as bunker fuel, or residual fuel oil, HFO is the result or remnant from the distillation and cracking process of petroleum. For this reason, HFO is contaminated with several different compounds including aromatics, sulfur, and nitrogen, making emissions upon combustion more polluting compared to other fuel oils.  VLSFO is a type of fuel oil with a sulfur content of 0.5% or less by weight. The Low creation of VLSFO was primarily driven by the Sulfur Fuel International Maritime oil /Very Organization’s (IMO) low sulfur regulation, known as IMO 2020, which mandated a hefty fuel oil reduction in the sulfur content of ship fuels from 3.5% to 0.5% starting January 1, 2020.  maritime sector, powering large vessels across the globe. Before the IMO 2020 (Sulfur Cap 2020) regulation, most ships used High Sulfur Fuel Oil (HSFO) due to its lower cost. With the new regulation in effect, ships now have to switch to VLSFO, Marine Gas Oil (MGO), or install scrubbers to continue using HSFO while complying with the sulfur emission standards. VLSFO has become the preferred choice for many due to its lower cost compared to MGO and less complex implementation compared to fitting scrubbers.  Marine gasoil (MGO) describes as marine fuels that consist exclusively of distillates. Distillates are all those components of crude oil that evaporate in fractional Marine distillation and are then condensed from the gas phase into liquid Gas Oil fractions. Marine gasoil (MGO) usually consists of a blend of various distillates. Marine gasoil is similar to diesel fuel, but has a higher density. Unlike heavy fuel oil , marine gasoil does not have to be heated during storage.  Marine diesel oil (MDO) is a type of distillate diesel oil. Marine diesel oil is Marine also called distillate marine diesel. MDO is widely used by medium speed Diesel and medium/high speed marine diesel Oil engines. It is also used in the larger low speed and medium speed propulsion engine which normally burn residual fuel. Alternative fuel and their properties Liquified Natural Gas  Liquified natural gas-LNG is natural gas that has been cooled to -162°C (-260°F), turning it into a clear, odourless liquid that is easy to ship and store. LNG is typically 85–95% methane, which contains less carbon than other forms of fossil fuels. It is a compact, efficient form of energy that is ideal for ship propulsion.  In the shipping industry, LNG as fuel is used for ship propulsion, auxiliary power generation and other onboard energy needs. LNG as an alternative fuel for shipping has gained wide popularity due to its clean-burning properties and potential to help meet stricter emissions regulations. Methanol  Methanol-(methyl alcohol, CH3OH or MeOH) is a biodegradable wood alcohol used to make everything from plastics to paints and pharmaceuticals. Although it is toxic and highly flammable, it dissolves in water and biodegrades quickly. Methanol has been used in industrial applications for over 100 years, but it’s now also showing great promise as a clean and sustainable future fuel for maritime applications. Types of methanol Fossil-based methanol- is produced from coal or natural gas. Renewable methanol –can be made from things like biomass or captured CO2 combined with green hydrogen. What colour is methanol Methanol is a colourless liquid, but colour names are used to show what it’s made from: Green methanol is made from biomass or captured CO2 and green hydrogen Blue methanol is made using blue hydrogen in combination with carbon capture technology Grey methanol is produced using natural gas Brown methanol is produced using coal.  Green methanol is the most environmentally sustainable. Blue methanol still significantly reduces well-to-tank CO2 emissions compared to fossil fuels like diesel. One of the biggest challenges for maritime decarbonisation is that most methanol today is either grey or brown.  All types of methanol could lead to a tank-to-wake CO2 reduction of about 7% compared to diesel. However, if we take the well-to-wake approach (from production to utilisation), the CO2 impact of grey and brown methanol is worse than that of diesel. This is why green and blue methanol are the only real alternatives when targeting well-to-tank GHG reduction.  Methanol is a liquid at atmospheric pressure. If you’re wondering where methanol fuel comes from, it has traditionally been produced and consumed as a chemical feedstock and is relatively new as a marine fuel. Production is expected to increase as demand from the shipping industry grows, and a growing proportion of that supply will be renewable green methanol.  Grey and brown methanol are made with fossil-fuel feedstocks, either natural gas or coal. Low-carbon or blue methanol is produced using captured carbon and renewable electricity or green hydrogen in place of natural gas. Methanol made from renewable sources using renewable energy is known as green methanol Amonnia  Ammonia is a colourless gas with a powerful odour. It is commonly used in cleaning products, refrigeration systems and fertilisers. It has emerged as a promising alternative fuel for the maritime industry because it has significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Although ammonia has many benefits, it also has some drawbacks, such as its toxicity and flammability. Nitrogen and hydrogen gases NH3are combined under high pressure at a high temperature in the presence of a catalyst. This reaction produces ammonia gas. HYDROGEN  Hydrogen is typically found naturally as a compound of either water or methane. To acquire pure hydrogen, the element must be separated from these compounds. At standard conditions, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non- toxic, relatively nonreactive and highly combustible gas with a wide flammability range.  Hydrogen is commonly produced by converting natural gas or coal into hydrogen gas and CO2, although for the long-term sustainability goals, renewable energy can be used to generate hydrogen through electrolysis. In manufacturing, hydrogen is typically used for chemical production or as an industrial feedstock.  In recent years, industry has recognized hydrogen’s potential to generate electricity through fuel cells and combustion technologies. While in many cases hydrogen may be derived locally from fuel reforming of a hydrogen carrier (and hence may have direct GHG emissions), in a hydrogen fuel cell consuming a pure hydrogen fuel supply, greenhouse gases are not emitted.  In combustion engines or gas turbines, hydrogen can be used to significantly reduce GHG emissions. Note that gas turbines consuming hydrogen (or hydrogen blends with natural gas) are used primarily for land-based power production and are not considered in this document for power generation on marine vessels.  While hydrogen appears to be an ideal fuel for power generation, it carries various challenges of advanced storage requirements and fire hazard mitigation. To become a competitive alternative marine fuel, hydrogen may also face the challenges of availability and high costs to scale production and transportation infrastructure.  BIO-FUEL  Biofuel, any fuel that is derived from biomass—that is, plant or algae material or animal waste. Since such feedstock material can be replenished readily, biofuel is considered to be a source of renewable energy , unlike fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Biofuel is commonly advocated as a cost-effective and environmentally benign alternative to petroleum and other fossil fuels, particularly within the context of rising petroleum prices and increased concern over the contributions made by fossil fuels to global warming.  Liquid biofuels are of particular interest because of the vast infrastructure already in place to use them, especially for transportation. The liquid biofuel in greatest production is ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is made by fermenting starch or sugar. B razil and the United States are among the leading producers of ethanol. In the United States ethanol biofuel is made primarily from corn (maize) grain, and it is typically blended  In Brazil, ethanol biofuel is made primarily from sugarcane, and it is commonly used as a 100- percent-ethanol fuel or in gasoline blends containing 85 percent ethanol. Unlike the “first-generation” ethanol biofuel produced from food crops, “second- generation” cellulosic ethanol is derived from low-value biomass that possesses a high cellulose content, including wood chips, crop residues, and municipal waste.  Cellulosic ethanol is commonly made from sugarcane bagasse, a waste product from sugar processing, or from various grasses that can be cultivated on low-quality land. Given that the conversion rate is lower than with first- generation biofuels, cellulosic ethanol is dominantly used as a gasoline additive.  The effect and carbon emission of conventional fuels onboard vessel. The emission of green house gases w/c contribute mainly in climate changes. The effects of emission is that these gasses traps the heat in the atmosphere. Carbon emission plays a major part w/c contributed overtime. Fossil fuels such HSFO, LSFO MGO is a carbon rich substance. Flooding Strong typhoons  The role of non fossil fuels in carbon emission reduction in the environment. Non fossil fuel- Non-fossil fuel sources play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change. Here’s how they contribute: Renewable Energy Sources: They generate electricity without burning fossil fuels, thus emitting little to no carbon dioxide (CO₂). For instance:  1.Solar Energy: Converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells. 2.Wind Energy: Uses wind turbines to generate electricity. 3.Hydro Energy: Generates power through the flow of water, usually via dams. 4.Geothermal Energy: Utilizes heat from the Earth’s interior to generate power. Nuclear Power: While it is not a renewable source, nuclear power generates large amounts of electricity with minimal CO₂ emissions. It relies on nuclear reactions rather than burning fossil fuels, although it does present other challenges such as waste management and safety concerns.  Bioenergy: Derived from organic materials such as plant and animal waste. It can include biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, and biogas from anaerobic digestion. While it does release CO₂ when burned, it’s generally considered carbon- neutral because the plants used for bioenergy absorb CO₂ during their growth, offsetting the emissions produced. Hydrogen: When produced using renewable energy (green hydrogen), it can serve as a clean fuel for various applications, including transportation and industrial processes. It releases only  Energy Efficiency and Conservation: Non-fossil fuel technologies often come with enhanced energy efficiency. For example, modern electric appliances and vehicles are typically more efficient than their fossil-fuel counterparts, leading to reduced overall energy consumption and lower emissions. In summary, non-fossil fuel sources help reduce carbon emissions by providing alternatives to fossil fuels, which are the primary contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. Transitioning to these cleaner energy sources is essential for meeting climate goals and reducing the impact of global warming.  Viscosity and Temperature Viscosity is the ability of a liquid to resist flow Viscosity is inversely proportional to the temperature Maintaining correct density and temperature keep fuel flowing in the system avoiding the cause of blockage due to cold temperature. Maintaining viscosity to a proper range helps to atomize fuel in the injection process.  Common impurities, source of impurities in fuel oil and its effect in the main and aux engine. Fuel oil, especially in maritime and industrial applications, can contain various impurities that affect the performance and longevity of engines. Here’s a breakdown of common impurities, their sources, and their effects on both main and auxiliary engines: Common Impurities Water Source: Condensation, leakage, or improper storage. Effects: Water can cause corrosion, affect combustion  Sulfur Compounds Source: The natural composition of crude oil or during the refining process. Effects: High sulfur content can lead to increased emissions of sulfur dioxide, causing environmental and health issues. It also contributes to the formation of sulfuric acid, which can cause corrosion in the engine and exhaust system. Particulate Matter (Sediment) Source: Contaminated storage tanks, poor fuel handling practices, or the breakdown of fuel additives. Effects: Sediments can clog fuel filters, causing reduced fuel flow and  Metals (e.g., Vanadium, Sodium) Source: Contaminants in crude oil or additives in fuel. Effects: Metals can cause abrasive wear on engine components and lead to the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber and on the valves. Ash Content Source: Fuel additives or impurities in the fuel. Effects: Ash can form deposits on engine components, such as pistons and injectors, leading to reduced efficiency and increased maintenance needs. Microbial Contamination (Bacteria and Fungi) Source: Presence of water and organic matter in the fuel. Effects: Microbial growth can produce sludge and acids, leading to clogged filters and corrosion in the fuel system. It can also affect fuel quality and stability.  Effects on Main and Auxiliary Engines 1.Main Engines: 1.Performance Degradation: Impurities can reduce combustion efficiency, leading to lower power output and increased fuel consumption. 2.Increased Wear and Tear: Contaminants can cause abrasive damage to engine components, reducing engine life and increasing maintenance requirements. 3.Corrosion: Water and sulfur compounds can accelerate corrosion in critical engine parts, such as the cylinders and turbochargers. 4.Operational Issues: Problems such as fuel filter clogging, injector fouling, and engine knocking can arise, leading to unexpected breakdowns and operational downtime. 1.Auxiliary Engines: 1.Fuel System Problems: Similar to main engines, impurities can lead to clogged filters and fuel system components. 2.Efficiency Loss: Reduced combustion efficiency due to impurities can result in higher operational costs. 3.Increased Maintenance: Auxiliary engines might require more frequent maintenance to address issues caused by contaminants. 4.Reliability Issues: Impurities can cause operational problems, potentially affecting the auxiliary engine’s reliability and availability.  Mitigation Strategies 1.Proper Storage: Ensure that fuel is stored in clean, dry, and properly sealed containers to prevent contamination. 2.Regular Filtration: Use high-quality fuel filters and change them regularly to remove particulates and water. 3.Water Separation: Implement water separators to remove any water present in the fuel. 4.Chemical Additives: Use appropriate additives to neutralize sulfuric acid and inhibit microbial growth. 5.Regular Monitoring: Conduct regular fuel quality tests and engine inspections to detect and address contamination early. Properties of fuel oil to be checked if mixing fuel occurs during bunkering Read Marine fuel oil stability and compability by Exxonmobil.  Properties of fuel oil physical and chemical properties. Density/ Specific gravity-The mass (w/c is weight in vacuum) of a liquid per unit volume at specified temperature. The standard temperature is 15 º C. Density is used to calculate the weight of the fuel(MT). Take note that the fuel is sold by weight by deliver in volume. Knowledge of the fuel density is uded to position the oil and water interface in high speed separators that operate with a water seal (purifier). Density is the most significant parameter used to calculate the fuel calorific value. It is not an  Catalytic Fines( Aluminum + Silicon)- From catalytic cracking in refineries, small amount of catalyst are carried over to the residuals and end up in the heavy fuel oil. The catalyst consist of oxides from aluminum+silicon, both excellent in grinding materials. Catalyst fine can cause catastrophic wear of injection pump, nozzle cylinder liner and piston rings. Effective separation through purifier is the best way way to remove cat fines.  Kinematic Viscosity- a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow under gravitational forces. Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index(CCAI)- Indicates how willing or difficult the fuel to burn. Pourpoint- the lowest temperature at which oil is capable of flowing under gravity. Viscosity- The viscosity of fuel will decrease when heated. Threfore, knowledge of fuels viscosity is uded for heating the fuel oil to enable it to be pumped and for atomizing the fuel for combustion.  Flash point- lowest temp for the fuel to release vapor at atmospheric pressure. Calorific value-the amount of heat energy present in food or fuel and which is determined by the complete combustion of specified quantity at constant pressure and in normal conditions. MJ/kg Sulfur content- The presence of of sulfur in the fuel leads to formation of sulfuric and sulphurous acid, which in turn to lead to low temperature corrosion of the cylinder liners, exhaust system and exhaust boiler.  Water content- the most common impurities of Fuel oil. It is can contaminate the fuel oil by condensation of moisture. It can also be contaminated by leakages in the pipes heating etc. What is the impact of the water contaminating the fuel? Microbial growth and bio-degradation of diesel fuel can cause filter plugging and more serious damages within the engine’s fuel system. Problems like holes in the fuel tanks and fuel injector failures are observed if water removal is inadequate over long periods of time.  Micro carbon residue- Deposit (tendency of incomplete burning that may lead to the forming of carbonaceous deposit) The End