Practical Physiology - Hematology PDF

## Practical Physiology - Hematology ### Lab 1 **Hematology** is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. **Blood** is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells. These formed elements of the bloo...

## Practical Physiology - Hematology ### Lab 1 **Hematology** is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. **Blood** is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells. These formed elements of the blood constitute about 45% of whole blood. The other 55% is blood plasma. Blood is about 7% of the human body weight. **The Advantages of Blood** 1. Transporting and Carrying (gases, enzymes, hormones) 2. Balancing (water, pH, temperature) 3. Immunity (cellular, humoral) 4. Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues 5. Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss 6. Carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection 7. Bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood 8. Regulating body temperature. Body has ­­­­­­­­­­­­­4­- 5 L. of blood. **Formed Elements** The formed elements of the blood are broadly classified as **red blood cells** (erythrocytes), **white blood cells** (leucocytes) and **platelets** (thrombocytes) and their numbers remain remarkably constant for each individual in health. **Blood is Consist of:** - **Plasma** - Proteins (has many specific functions) - Salt - Metabolic substance - **Cells** - Erythrocytes (R.B.C.) - Leukocytes (W.B.C.) - Thrombocytes (palates) **Plasma** The liquid component of blood is called plasma, a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, and salts. The main job of the plasma is to transport blood cells throughout your body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers such as hormones, and proteins that help maintain the body's fluid balance. **Erythrocytes: R.B.C. (Red Blood Cells)** 1. R.B.C. were consist 45% of the total volume of the blood. 2. They contain a high concentration of hemoglobin (Hb). 3. The Oxygen (O2) carrying pigments which give the blood it's red color. 4. Non­- nucleated, pale greenish­- yellow. 5. Biconcave discs. 6. There are approximately 5 million cells/cu.mm, the normal range depending on the age and sex.           Male (men) 4.5­-6.5 million cells/cu.mm, Female (women) ­­­­­3.9­-5.6 million cells/cu.mm. 7. They survive 120 days. The essential function of the blood erythrocytes: are to take up O2 from the lungs via the heart and transport it to the all tissues, and to bring and transport CO2 in the opposite direction. **Leukocytes W.B.C. (White Blood Cells)** 1. Much fewer in number and larger in size than RBC. 2. Nucleated cells. 3. Some capable of amoeboid movement. 4. The normal range is 4000­-11000 cells/cu.mm. 5. The function of leukocytes is act as one of body defenses as they are capable of phagocytosis (ingestion of bacteria and other harmful particles). Some of the white cells are also connected with antibody formation. So some of them can: - **Producing antibodies** **Secretion an allergic substance.** These functions is to defense against the (bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal). In bacterial infection or other infection they are produced in a large number called Leukocytosis that is mean the count is above 11000 cells/cu.mm, while Leucopenia means decrease in WBC the count bellow 4000cells/cu.mm – WBC in stand blood film by the Romanowsky method can be seen as white cells of three types and can classify to: 1. **Granulocytes** (Polymorphonuclear cells (Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil) 2. **A granulocytes** (Lymphocyte, Monocytes) **Types of White Blood Cells** | | Granulocytes | Agranulocytes | |---|---|---| | 1. | Neutrophil | Lymphocyte | | 2. | Eosinophil | Monocyte | | 3. | Basophil | | **Thrombocytes (Platelets)** 1. They are small particles 2­-3 micron in diameter. 2. Non nucleated oval or round cells. 3. Arise in the bone marrow by (budding off) the cytoplasm of megakaryocytic. **Function of Platelets** They are important in the coagulation of the blood. They are intimately concerned with the blood clotting process. Platelets are capable of sticking together when touching a rough surface such as a cut blood vessel, there by forming a physical barrier, preventing bleeding and subsequently releasing substances which hasten blood coagulation. 1. A decrease in platelets is called thrombocytopenia and may cause a hemorrhage. 2. An increase in platelets is called thrombocytothaemia. **Difference between Serum and Plasma** | Characteristics | Serum | Plasma | |---|---|---| | Definition | Serum is the liquid part of the blood *after* the coagulation. | Plasma is a clear and yellowish fluid part of the blood. | | Composition | Serum is the water fluid from blood *without* the clotting factors | Plasma is the blood fluid that contains blood clotting agents. | | Volume | Serum is less in comparison to plasma. | Plasma is a clear yellow liquid which is 55% of total volume of blood. | | Isolation | Serum is acquired from the process of spinning *after* clotting. | Plasma is acquired from the process of spinning *before* clotting. | | Use of Anticoagulants | Serum does not need anticoagulants for separation. | Anticoagulants are necessary to separate plasma. | | Storage | Serum can be stored at 2­-6 degrees centigrade for several days. | Frozen plasma can be stored for up to a year. | | Fibrinogen | Absent | Present |