Fundamentals of Blood Biochemistry (BCH 220) Lecture Notes PDF

Fundamentals of Blood Biochemistry (BCH 220) DR. MANSOUR GATASHEH Biochemistry Department, Science College King Saud University  Course information Course code: BCH 220 Course title: Fundamentals of Blood Biochemistry Credit hours:...

Fundamentals of Blood Biochemistry (BCH 220) DR. MANSOUR GATASHEH Biochemistry Department, Science College King Saud University  Course information Course code: BCH 220 Course title: Fundamentals of Blood Biochemistry Credit hours: 3(2+1) Prerequisites Class schedule: Every Sunday – Tuesday 10:00 to 10:50 am Class location: Building 5, Second floor, Class No. 2B19 Mark First CAT (15 marks), distribution: Second CAT (15 marks), Practical (30 marks) Final Exam (40 marks) CAT refers to Continuous Assessment Tests  No of Contact Topics to be Covered weeks hours Physical properties, function and composition of blood. 0.5 1 Blood formation: erythropoiesis and erythropoietin regulation. 1 2 Erythrocytes: structure and composition. erythrocyte membrane and 1 2 cytoskeleton; advantage and disadvantage of a nucleated cells Hemoglobin (structure and function), hematocrit, red cell indices, 1 2 erythrocyte sedimentation rate and its significance Red blood cell metabolism: glycolysis and pentose phosphate 1 2 pathway, glutathione and G6PDH affecting red cell metabolism. Erythrocyte hemolysis, heme degradation and bilirubin formation. 1.5 3 Anemias: definition and types. Acquired and genetic anemias; iron deficiency anemia; aplastic anemia; sickle cell anemia; 1 2 thalassemia; G-6-PD deficiency; polycythemia White blood cells: types, structure, function and abnormalities 1.5 3 (leukemia and other neoplasia). Platelets and blood coagulation pathways. 1.5 3 Blood groups: ABO and Rh. 1 2 Blood plasma: properties and composition. 1 2 Plasma proteins: types, functions and variation in different diseases. 1.5 3 (Liver diseases and kidney diseases). Plasma lipoproteins and enzymes 1.5 3  The practical part No of Topics to be Covered weeks Lab preparation and Safety 1 Separation of plasma and serum from whole blood 2 Haemolysing agents and detection of blood 3 Separation of main protein in plasma and serum 4 ABO blood grouping and Rh groups 5 Red & White blood cells count 6 Hemoglobin and Anemia & haematocrit and erythrocyte sedimentation rate 7 Introduction to liver function tests (ALT, AST, ALP) 8 Estimation of Serum Bilirubin 9 Estimation of Serum Heamoglobin 10 Determination of plasma enzymes using the clinical analyzer (LDH) 11 Class 1: Blood Physiology Objectives for this lecture By the end of this chapter, we expect that the students will be able to:  Discuss the physical properties and functions of blood.  Identify the different types of the blood components and their functions. Introduction  The body contains many fluids which are different in composition, so the it can carry out its functions – Blood – Urine – Milk – CSF – Sweat – Semen Blood  The red fluid which fills the heart and blood vessels  Circulation of blood occurs in a closed system of vessels  System consist of arteries, veins, and capillaries that carries blood through the body (is called Vascular system)  If the heart is including the system is called Cardiovascular system The Cardiovascular System  It is a circulating transport system composed of: – a pump (heart) – a conducting system (blood vessels) – a fluid medium (blood) Blood  Fluid of life – carries oxygen (O2) from lungs to all parts of body and carbon dioxide (CO2) from all parts of the body to the lungs  Fluid of growth – carries nutritive substances from the digestive system and the hormones from endocrine gland to all the tissues.  Fluid of health – protects the body against diseases and get rid of unwanted substances by transporting them into excretory organs like kidney. Functions of Blood General Characteristics of Blood  The normal temperature of blood is 38°C (100.4°F)  High viscosity  Slightly alkaline pH (7.35–7.45)  Blood Volume + anti- coagulant  Blood makes up 6– 8% of our total body weight.  Normal adult volume is 5 L.  It contains cells suspended in liquid called plasma. BLOOD COMPOSITION 1. Cellular components  Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)  White Blood Cells (Leucocytes)  Platelets (Thrombocytes) 2. Plasma  98% water, electrolytes, plasma proteins (Albumin, globulin, Fibrinogen)  Ithas the same ionic composition as the interstitial fluid The Difference between Plasma and Serum Serum is the fluid left when blood clots Serum = plasma – clotting factors Serum Blood clot 1 2 Withdraw blood and Centrifuge place in tube without anticoagulant + anti- coagulant Notice: the difference in size, the shape and color of nucleus Red Blood Cells  It is called erythrocytes or RBCs.  It is the most abundant cells in the blood (4 million – 6 million per microliter of blood).  It is formed in the bone marrow.  Its life span is about 120 days.  It is composed of membrane surrounding a soultion having hemoglobin (95%). Bag filled with hemoglobin.  Mature cells do NOT have a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Red Blood Cells  RBCs contain no nucleus or nucleic acids, and thus, can not reproduce.  RBCs contain no cell organelles (as mitochondria, Golgi, ER or lysosomes) and thus possess no synthetic activites (no protein biosynthesis, no lipid synthesis and no carbohydrate synthesis) So, It has a short life (4 Months)  The RBCs are highly dependent upon glucose as energy source Red Blood Cells  Hemoglobin is an iron protein, found in the RBCs.  Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs to be exhaled.  Hemoglobin is made of 4 globular protein subunits: – each with 1 molecule of heme – each heme contains 1 iron ion Red Blood Cells  Hemoglobin complex quaternary structure Red Blood Cells  The oxygen easily: – associates with the iron of hemoglobin to form (oxyhemoglobin) – or dissociates from the iron of hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) Oxy & deoxyhaemoglobin Red Blood Cells  It is thin in the middle and thicker at edge to form disc shape.  The discs bend and flex entering small capillaries: – 7.8 µm RBC passes through 4 µm capillary White Blood Cells  It is called leukocytes or WBCs  It is the largest sized blood cells.  There are different forms of WBCs  It is the lowest numbers in the blood (4,500 – 11,000 per microliter of blood)  It is formed in bone marrow and some in lymph glands  Its life span is from 24 hours to several years  It is the primary cells of the immune system  Certain WBCs produce antibodies White Blood Cells  Most WBCs are found in: – connective tissue proper – lymphatic system organs  Small numbers are found in blood.  They migrate out of bloodstream  They have amoeboid movement  Some are phagocytic: – neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes  Nuclei shape depends on type of cell (5 types). White Blood Cells Platelets  It is called thrombocytes or PLTs  Its number is lower than RBCs and higher than the WBCs (150,000 – 400,000 / µl of blood)  It is formed in the bone marrow  Its life span is around 8-12 days  It is involved in the clotting process (haemostasis)  Its shape can be round, oval, or appear spiky Do you know the difference between homeostasis and haemostasis? Platelets Plasma proteins  There are three major groups, fibrinogen, albumin, and globulins, on the basis of solubility.  They are rich in disulfide bonds.  contain bound : - carbohydrate (glycoproteins) - or lipid (lipoproteins).  Synthesized in: - 70% in Liver (Albu. 12 g/day), - vascular endothelium, - lymphocytes. Plasma proteins participate in: 1. Blood coagulation 2. Maintenance of homeostasis (pH, osmotic pressure) 3. Defence against infection 4. Transport of – Nutrients - metabolites – metabolic waste - drugs - hormones Blood PLASMA proteins…… cont.  half-lives in healthy adults: - albumin 20 days - haptoglobin 5 days.  albumin transports many hydrophobic materials like fatty acids, certain steroid hormones, bilirubin, tryptophan, a variety of drugs and ions (like Ca++, Cu).  ferroportin plays role in iron absorption by the intestine and iron secretion from macrophages.  Plasma proteins play a role in the body’s response to inflammation. References  Victor A Hoffbrand, Paul Moss, J Pettit; Essential Haematology (Essentials Series Blackwell Science, New York; 2008).