French and Russian Revolutions PDF

Category Russian Revolution 1905 Russian Revolution 1917 French Revolution (1789 to 1799) Ideology - Anarchism: there should be no authority or hierarchy within society - The Enlightenment ideas that influenced the French...

Category Russian Revolution 1905 Russian Revolution 1917 French Revolution (1789 to 1799) Ideology - Anarchism: there should be no authority or hierarchy within society - The Enlightenment ideas that influenced the French because that is a form of dominance that is against the natural order of Revolution included individual liberty, equality, and things. popular sovereignty. Key thinkers like John Locke advocated for the right to overthrow corrupt - Nihilism: the rejection of all religious and moral principles, in the belief that governments, while Montesquieu introduced the life is meaningless. concept of separation of powers, and Rousseau emphasized the social contract, asserting that - Revolutionary socialism: social revolution is necessary to bring about legitimate authority arises from the consent of the structural changes in society. governed. These principles were foundational in challenging absolute monarchy and promoting a - Serfdom: The institution of having serfs. Oppressed class of society. republic based on natural rights and civil liberties. - Marxism: analyses the impact of the ruling class on the laborers, leading to uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in the society. It stimulates the workers to protest the injustice. (Overturn capitalism for to communism) Important 1. Narodnaya Volya (group): People will, part of revolutionary socialists Maximilien Robespierre: As a leading figure of the people 2. Alexander (Sasha) Ulyanov: Attempted to kill another tsar (Alexander III) Jacobins, he orchestrated the Reign of Terror, believing that but was caught. He stated that the only route is terror and violence to virtue could only be achieved by eliminating perceived enemies, resulting in thousands of executions. directly confront the state and that terror becomes a virtue to resist oppression. Baron de Montesquieu: His advocacy for the separation of 3. Vladimir Ulyanov (Sasha Ulyanov’s brother) (LENIN): the dictatorship of powers influenced revolutionary leaders, promoting a the proletariat, revolutionary tactics, and the vanguard party, imperialism framework for governance that aimed to prevent tyranny as the highest form of capitalism, believed in radical change. He was later and protect individual freedoms. forced to exile 4. Karl Marx: Same beliefs as LENIN. Formulated the Marxist theory Jean Jacques Rousseau: His concept of the social contract and emphasis on the general will inspired 5. Nicholas II (Tsar): Believed in the Moscow (muscovite) was of the ruling, revolutionary thought, advocating for direct democracy and believed in the principle of absolute rule, almost assassinated by Japan the sovereignty of the people. (hence the Japan-Russo war), people believe that he was controlled by his wife, was the last tsar. Voltaire: A fierce critic of the established church and 6. Alexandra: (Nicholas’s wife)(German): highly religious, became politically monarchy, his writings championed civil liberties and influenced by rasputin freedom of expression, significantly shaping Enlightenment 7. Rasputin: The holy man, used Alexandra as a source to control the ideals that fueled revolutionary sentiments. kingdom when Nicholas was gone. Mirabeau: A key orator and political leader, he worked to 8. Vanguard Party: Leading the army, later by the Bolsheviks bridge divides between various factions and advocated for 9. Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) (1898): advocate for a constitutional monarchy during the early Revolution. the rights of workers and to challenge the autocratic Russian monarchy. It aimed to unite various socialist groups in Russia and promote Marxist Abbé Sieyès: His influential pamphlet "What is the Third principles to achieve social and economic reforms, ultimately working Estate?" argued for the political power of common people, laying the groundwork for revolutionary change and later toward a revolutionary transformation of society. supporting Napoleon's rise to power. 10. Petrograd Soviet (1905 sep-oct formed): The first elected body in Russia, the founder was Trotsky Lafayette: A prominent military leader and advocate for Category Russian Revolution 1905 Russian Revolution 1917 French Revolution (1789 to 1799) 11. Alexander Kerensky: leader of the provisional government human rights, he played a crucial role in both supporting revolutionary ideals and maintaining order during the Revolution's early tumult. Sans-culottes: Representing the radical working-class revolutionaries, they were instrumental in pushing for more democratic reforms and direct action, embodying the Revolution's populist spirit. Duration 1 year 8 months 10 years Purpose\caus 1. Overthrow the absolute monarchy (unpopularity of es Established the DUMA (Parliament), A constitution, and a multi-party system, but the monarchy), establish a republic the Tsar still held power. 2. Abolish feudalism and the estate system 3. Stop heavy taxation like the Gabelle (salt tax), the - The tsarist government Taille (property tax), etc - Agrarian backwardness 4. Enlightenment ideas - Revolutionary ideology 5. Natural rights - The rise of Lenin and the Bolsheviks - The Russo-Japan war - The 1905 revolution - Role of Rasputin - WW1 Tsar is overthrown, provisional government takes power Lenin and the Bolsheviks take power in an armed coup in Petrograd. Short term The 1905 Revolution led to the The February Revolution resulted in the The short-term consequences of the French Revolution consequence establishment of the Duma, a abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the included the abolition of the monarchy and the execution of s legislative body, but it ultimately establishment of a Provisional King Louis XVI, leading to widespread civil unrest and the failed to bring about significant Government, which struggled to maintain Reign of Terror, which resulted in tens of thousands of reforms, leaving the autocratic rule authority and continued Russia's deaths. Additionally, economic crises and political largely intact. involvement in World War I. radicalization intensified social tensions, prompting wars with foreign powers and the suppression of dissent. Long term Prelude to the Bolshevik Revolution Creation of the Soviet Union, which The long-term consequences of the French Revolution consequence became a major global power and a included the establishment of democratic principles, the s catalyst for communist movements decline of absolute monarchy, and the rise of nationalism, worldwide, fundamentally altering which inspired future revolutions worldwide. Additionally, it international relations throughout the 20th led to significant social changes, the emergence of secular century. governance, and the spread of Enlightenment ideals that continue to influence modern political thought and institutions. Impact The Russian Revolution of 1905 The Russian Revolution of 1917 resulted in The French Revolution had a profound impact by sparked widespread unrest and led the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishing the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, Category Russian Revolution 1905 Russian Revolution 1917 French Revolution (1789 to 1799) to the establishment of the Duma establishment of a Bolshevik government, which inspired democratic movements and the decline of and limited reforms through the marking the end of centuries of imperial absolute monarchies across Europe and beyond. It also led October Manifesto, highlighting the rule and the beginning of the first to significant social reforms, the abolition of feudal growing discontent with Tsarist communist state, the Soviet Union. This privileges, and the rise of nationalism, fundamentally autocracy. Although it resulted in revolution profoundly influenced global reshaping political landscapes worldwide. some concessions, the failure to politics, inspiring socialist movements implement meaningful change worldwide and intensifying ideological intensified revolutionary sentiments, conflicts between communism and paving the way for the more capitalism throughout the 20th century. significant upheavals of 1917. Flow of 1) Crimean War (1853-56): For access to the black sea Russia is heavily Estates-General → National Assembly → Reign of Terror events defeated by the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France as it has militants but not the tech 1) The summoning of the estates general (24th January 1789): Summoned by King Louis 2) Alexander II (tsar) emancipated the surfs (1861): To avoid a revolution or XVI to propose solutions to his government's conflict between them and the nobility, employed them to boost industrial financial problems processes, reduce state debts, and recruited them to the military. 3) Execution of Alexander II (1881): Form of revolutionary socialism, 2) The meeting of the estates general (5th May destroying the process present to form new ones, a form of showing 1789): Because the king was only interested terror. in introducing new taxes, they were 4) Attempt to kill Alexander III (1887): Done by Sasha Ulyanov to show terror extremely disappointed that no reforms were as a confrontation to the state introduced and decided to force the king to 5) Khodynka tragedy (1896): stampede of 1300 people died, it was a introduce reforms (National Assembly) celebration of his crowning, people thought he was uncaring and frivolous 6) Communist Manifesto (1848): Proletariat to overthrow the bourgeoisie and 3) The Tennis Court Oath (20th June 1789): establish a classless, communist society Oath taken by the national assembly to 7) The dictatorship of the proletariat: Forcibly rise up to seize control of the establish a constitution for France. government and labor; significant structural change (fade out to 4) Storming of the Bastille (14th July 1789): communism) Bad harvests and rising prices of food led to 8) Russo-Japan War (1904-1905): Russia loses and the defeat is humiliating, attacks on the wealthy estates of nobles by the government is shown as weak and incompetent, increases the prices angry peasants. The mob killed the guards in and food and material shortages. Directly caused the 1905 revolution Bastille, released the prisoners, and stole 9) Bloody Sunday (Jan 1905): 200,000 unarmed workers marched to the ammunition. Here the chanting of “Liberty, Tsar’s winter palace in St Petersburg to petition the Tsar for (better Equality, and Fraternity” came in. working and living conditions, an end to the war, a parliament, soldiers 5) The Great Fear (July - August 1789): The fired on the crowd killing 500). This undermined the Tsar in the eyes of peasants thought the nobility was going to many who had trusted him to help them increase support for attack them one by one. revolutionaries and sparked off a wave of riots, strikes, and murders. 6) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 10) Manifesto of October (17th Oct 1905): Promised duma creation, civil (26th August 1789): It began with the famous liberties, and legal reforms from the Tsar, ending the revolution of 1905 DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN 11) September 1915: Nicholas assumes personal command of the war. This which gave the French citizens rights to life, was a mistake, as it made him directly responsible for Russia’s reverses in freedom of speech, and equality. The king the war, exacerbating his unpopularity. At the same time, Rasputin began refused to accept Category Russian Revolution 1905 Russian Revolution 1917 French Revolution (1789 to 1799) to control the life of the Tsarina where there were 4 different prime 7) Women march on Versailles (5th October ministers and 3 different war ministers, showing no continuity in 1789): A group of women and men dressed leadership. This created the conditions of decreased wages, inflation, and as women marched from Paris to Versailles social unrest, putting the 1917 revolution out in the open. where they broke into the palace and forced the king to return to Paris where he became a prisoner. (Tried to escape but failed). Here the queen had to flee for her life and the king 12) Putilov strike of 1917 (3rd March): A protest which is also joined by returned, virtually a prisoner, to Paris. women a couple of days later for an end to food shortages, an end to 8) War on Austria (April 1792): Because the WWI, and to the removal of the tsar. WIth over 200,000 protesters and the king tried to escape, the revolutionaries Tsar gone, law and order are continuously collapsing and symbols of the declared war on Austria and Prussia. They monarchy have already started getting destroyed. At the same time, the felt that other countries should also be freed Petrograd soviet reforms. from the tyranny of their kings. They fought a 13) Tsar gives up the throne (15th March): This leads to Dual Powers in series of wars called the Revolutionary Wars. Russia. At the time, there is the provisional government with the DUMA 9) The attack on the Tuileries (10th August (parliament) and the Petrograd Soviet with Mensheviks and workers who 1792): There was an escalation of violence are confused about what to do about WWI. The provisional government that took place as the king seemed to have had authority without power but the Petrograd Soviet had power without betrayed the constitution and the new authority. legislative assembly. The attack on the 14) April Theses (15th April 1917): Because the war was continuing, Lenin Tuileries, also known as the Insurrection, gave a speech at the railway station on peace, bread, and land. demonstrated how far people are willing to 15) July days (1917): Mass demonstrations by soldiers, workers, and sailors go for equality and liberty. against the Russian Provisional Government. The protests were driven by 10) September massacre (September 1792): frustration over war, economic hardship, and demands for Soviet power, 1000-1400 prisoners were killed due to fake leading to a temporary crackdown on the Bolsheviks. This led to the belief that they were going to lead a Bolsheviks joining the Petrograd Soviet. counter-revolution 16) Kornilov Affair (10th-13th September 1917): The Kornilov Affair was a 11) France declared a republic (21st September failed coup attempt by General Lavr Kornilov, aimed at overthrowing the 1792): The declaration of France as a Provisional Government and establishing military rule. It led to a surge in republic showed how a majoritarian Bolshevik support as they were seen as defenders of the revolution perspective can lead to drastic and forceful against counter-revolutionary forces. changes. 17) October revolution\Bolsheviks takeover: Lenin and the Bolsheviks come 12) Execution of King Louis XVI (21st January together in the Petrograd Soviet, taking control of all infrastructure to allow 1793): The execution of King Louis XVI a smooth win where the provisional government was forced to flee. showed the power of the people and the Hence, Petersburg is controlled by the Petrograd Soviet. grave amount of radicalization they were 18) 26th October – The 2nd Congress of Soviets formally approves transfer of willing to do for a more egalitarian society. power into its own hands. The SRs and the Mensheviks walked out in 13) The reign of terror (September 1793 - July protest. The congress issues the famous decrees on peace and land and 1794): The reign of terror showed how forms an all-Bolshevik government (Sovnarkom) with Lenin as head. revolutionary fervor for the greater good could transform into a violent and faulty motive-driven revolution. Category Russian Revolution 1905 Russian Revolution 1917 French Revolution (1789 to 1799) 14) Directory rule (2 November 1795): The directory rule proved the capability of the people to move from a violent and corrupt revolution to a balanced post-revolution with stability and political unrest. Significant Bloody Sunday (1905), October February Revolution (1917), October Storming of the Bastille (1789), Declaration of the Rights of events Manifesto Revolution (1917) Man and Citizen, the Reign of Terror (1793)