Foundations Exam 3 Blueprint PDF

**FOUNDATIONS EXAM 3** MODULE 9 - Fluid, Electrolytes & Acid-Base Balance Chapter 41 --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- MODULE 10 - Nutrition and Bowel Elimination Chapter 37, 39 MODULE 11 - Med Admin, Family, and Culturally...

**FOUNDATIONS EXAM 3** MODULE 9 - Fluid, Electrolytes & Acid-Base Balance Chapter 41 --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- MODULE 10 - Nutrition and Bowel Elimination Chapter 37, 39 MODULE 11 - Med Admin, Family, and Culturally Competent Chapter 3, 4, 5, 30 MODULE 12 - Legal and Ethical Issues in Nursing Chapter 6, 7 [Module 9:\ ] **ABG analysis (metabolic vs respiratory, acidosis vs alkalosis)** **pH**: Measures acidity or alkalinity. Normal range is 7.35-7.45\ pH \< 7.35: Acidosis\ pH \> 7.45: Alkalosis **PaCO₂**: Partial pressure of CO₂ → respiratory function. Normal range: 35-45 mmHg\ **HCO₃⁻**: Bicarbonate level → Reflects metabolic function. Normal range: 22-26 mEq/L **Acidosis**: Occurs when the pH drops below 7.35\ **Alkalosis**: Occurs when the pH rises above 7.45\ *If PaCO₂ is abnormal, the imbalance is likely respiratory\ If HCO₃⁻ is abnormal, the imbalance is likely metabolic* ### ***Types of Acid-Base Imbalances:*** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Condition | **ABG | **Descripti | **Causes** | **Compensat | | ** | Values** | on** | | ion | | | | | | Mechanism** | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Respirato | pH \< 7.35 | Low pH, | Hypoventila | Kidneys | | ry | | High PaCO₂ | tion, | retain | | Acidosis** | PaCO₂ \> 45 | | COPD, | HCO₃⁻ to | | | mmHg | | respiratory | increase pH | | | | | depression | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Respirato | pH \> 7.45 | High pH, | Hyperventil | Kidneys | | ry | | Low PaCO₂ | ation, | excrete | | Alkalosis** | PaCO₂ \< 35 | | anxiety, | HCO₃⁻ to | | | mmHg | | fever | decrease pH | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Metabolic | pH \< 7.35 | Low pH, Low | DKA, lactic | Lungs | | Acidosis** | | HCO₃⁻ | acidosis, | increase | | | HCO₃⁻ \< 22 | | renal | ventilation | | | mEq/L | | failure, | to expel | | | | | diarrhea | CO₂ and | | | | | | raise pH | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Metabolic | pH \> 7.45 | High pH, | Vomiting, | Lungs | | Alkalosis** | | High HCO₃⁻ | gastric | decrease | | | HCO₃⁻ \> 26 | | suction, | ventilation | | | mEq/L | | diuretics | to retain | | | | | | CO₂ and | | | | | | lower pH | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ **IV fluid types (isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic)** **Isotonic Fluids:** Fluids that have the same osmolality as plasma (\~280 mOsm/L) - - - - - - ### **Hypotonic Fluids:** Fluids with a lower osmolality than plasma (\300 mOsm/L) - - - - - - - - **Blood product administration (process, transfusion reactions)** [Blood Product Administration Process] - - - - - - [Common Transfusion Reactions] - - - - - - - **Signs/symptoms of hypo- and hyper- (kalemia, calcemia, natremia, magenesemia, phosphatemia)** - - - - - - - - - - [Module 10 ] ### **Nutrition Assessment** - - - - - ### **Clear Liquid Diet** - - - ### **Tube Feedings** - - - - - - - - ### **Foods for Constipation/Diarrhea** - - - - - - ### **Foods for Electrolyte Abnormalities** - - - - - - - - ### **Enema** - - - - - - - - ### **Ostomies** - - - - - - - - - [Module 11 ] **Human dimensions of health (sociocultural, physical, environmental, intellectual, spiritual)** - - - - - - **Definitions of health and illness** - - **Maslow's hierarchy of needs** - - - - - **Family roles in health and illness** - - - **Types of families** - - - - - - **Culturally respectful care (cultural assimilation, blindness, conflict, imposition)** - - - - **Safe medication administration** - - - - - - - Some frameworks also include additional rights, such as **Right Response** (monitoring the patient for the desired effect) and **Right to Refuse** (respecting the patient's decision to refuse medication if they wish). **Routes of medication administration** - - - - - - - - - - [Module 12] **Value transmission** Value transmission refers to how values are communicated and adopted within a society, often starting from childhood and influenced by family, culture, and societal norms. There are several modes through which values are transmitted: 1. - - 2. - - 3. - - 4. - - 5. - - Value transmission plays a crucial role in shaping beliefs about health, ethics, and behavior, which are integral to nursing practice. Nurses must understand how their values and those of their patients influence interactions and healthcare decisions. **Ethical principles (i.e., justice, fidelity, etc.)** Ethical principles serve as the foundational values that guide nurses in making decisions that respect the dignity, rights, and well-being of patients. 1. - - 2. - - 3. - - 4. - - 5. - - 6. - - 7. - - 8. - - These ethical principles ensure that nursing practice remains patient-centered, equitable, and respectful of human dignity. They are fundamental in guiding ethical decision-making in complex healthcare situations. **Nursing code of ethics** The **Nursing Code of Ethics** outlines the ethical obligations and duties every nurse should uphold. It serves as a guide to provide compassionate, respectful, and quality care while emphasizing patient well-being and professional integrity. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. These principles ensure that nurses are committed to the well-being of their patients, the integrity of the profession, and the advancement of equitable health outcomes. **Types of laws** - - - - **Voluntary standards** - - -