FOREIGN-LANGUAGE.pdf

ENG 606 FOREIGN LANGUAGE DR. WILMA C. MANIO Professor 2 /€550w &5u€ 4€Þ Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood, and butter and ripe lemons. sky and the deep sea. It is because of this it has I...

ENG 606 FOREIGN LANGUAGE DR. WILMA C. MANIO Professor 2 /€550w &5u€ 4€Þ Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood, and butter and ripe lemons. sky and the deep sea. It is because of this it has In the spectrum of visible located between violet historically been light, yellow is found and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, between green and spectrum. danger and courage. orange. 7 Let me start with some questions for you. ✓ How many of you take or know a language other than English? ✓ How many of you know a person who does not speak English? 4  A foreign language is any language that is not native to a particular region or person. Obviously, this definition varies from region to region and by the individuals within a particular region. Many countries have more than one official language or contain significant populations that speak their own languages. Foreign language instruction is often required or strongly encouraged in primary and secondary education; there are also numerous methods of adult language instruction. Many people are bilingual or multilingual, that is, fluent in two or more languages; this is an asset in many professions. 5  The connection of language with culture is not insignificant. Studying a foreign language is key to understanding and communicating with the people of a foreign culture. Schools around the world encourage students to study at least one foreign language, and doing so is a requirement for many colleges and universities. There is evidence that people learn languages more readily as children than they can in later life. Teaching foreign languages to children also enhances problem- solving skills that they can use in other situations. 6  English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is the term used to describe the study of English by non- native speakers in countries where English is not the dominant language. This is not to be confused with English as a Second Language—also called English as an Additional Language—which is the practice of learning English in a predominantly English- speaking country. 7 How EFL Relates to the Expanding Circle Theory English as a Foreign Language loosely corresponds with the Expanding Circle theory of language described by linguist Braj Kachru in "Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle." 8 According to this theory, there are three concentric circles of World English that can be used to categorize places where English is studied and spoken and map English diffusion. 1. inner circle - Native English speakers 2. Outer circle - English-speaking countries that have historically adopted English as a second language or lingua franca 3. Expanding circle - countries in which English is used some but is not widely spoken 9 Differences Between ESL and EFL ESL and EFL are not the same in the context of World Englishes and the Expanding Circle, but they are often considered equivalent otherwise. And even when considered separate, classifying a country or region as ESL- or EFL-speaking is difficult, as Charles Barber explains briefly in the following excerpt. 11  "The distinction between second language and foreign language is not... a sharp one, and there are cases, like Indonesia, where classification is disputable. Moreover, there is a considerable amount of variation in the roles played by second languages, for example in education, in the fields of discourse used, and in the giving of prestige or power. 12  In India, the medium of instruction in schools was changed from English to the regional languages after Independence, and subsequently there has been a gradual process of Indianization of the universities, which at one time were all English-medium," (Barber 2000). 12 English as a Medium of Instruction The way that English is taught in a given country plays a key role in determining what variety of English is spoken there. For example, if the majority of students have spoken English since birth and you teach exclusively in English, you know that you are dealing with an ENL country. Ultimately, writer Christopher Fernandez argues, English is only considered a medium of instruction in education and government in ESL or ENL contexts, not EFL. 17 English as a Medium of Instruction "Although ESL (English as Second Language) and EFL (English as Foreign Language) are often used interchangeably, there are unique differences between the two.... ESL countries are nations where the medium of instruction in education and government is in English, although English may not be the native language. 15 On the other hand, EFL countries do not use English as a medium of instruction but English is taught in schools. Malaysia was once considered an ESL country but now leans more towards EFL. The methods and approaches of teaching English as a second language and foreign language do differ greatly," (Fernandez 2012). 16 ESL and EFL Teaching So how do the methods of teaching English as a second language and as a foreign language differ? English as a second language is learned in environments where English is already regularly spoken; English as a foreign language is learned in environments where English is not spoken. Lee Gunderson et al. explain: "ESL and EFL instructional approaches differ in significant ways. ESL is based on the premise that English is the language of the community and the school and that students have access to English models. 17  EFL is usually learned in environments where the language of the community and the school is not English. EFL teachers have the difficult task of finding access to and providing English models for their students.... As the number of ESL students has increased in schools across North America, more classrooms and schools have become more like EFL than ESL environments," (Gunderson et al. 2009). 18 ◗ Here you have a list of items ◗ And some text ◗ But remember not to overload your slides with content Your audience will listen to you or read the content, but won’t do both. 19 /€550w &5u€ 4€Þ Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood, and butter and ripe lemons. sky and the deep sea. It is because of this it has In the spectrum of visible located between violet historically been light, yellow is found and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, between green and spectrum. danger and courage. orange. 30 31 ◗ Here you have a list of items ◗ And some text ◗ But remember not to overload your slides with content Your audience will listen to you or read the content, but won’t do both. 33 ◗ Here you have a list of items ◗ And some text ◗ But remember not to overload your slides with content Your audience will listen to you or read the content, but won’t do both. 37 /€550w &5u€ 4€Þ Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood, and butter and ripe lemons. sky and the deep sea. It is because of this it has In the spectrum of visible located between violet historically been light, yellow is found and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, between green and spectrum. danger and courage. orange. 3t EDIT IN GOOGLE SLIDES EDIT IN POWERPOINT® Click on the button under the Click on the button under the presentation presentation preview that says "Use as preview that says "Download as PowerPoint Google Slides Theme". template". You will get a.pptx file that you You will get a copy of this document on can edit in PowerPoint. your Google Drive and will be able to edit, Remember to download and install the add or delete slides. fonts used in this presentation (you’ll find You have to be signed in to your Google the links to the font files needed in the account. Presentation design slide) More info on how to use this template at www.slidescarnival.com/help-use-presentation-template This template is free to use under Creative Commons Attribution license. You can keep the Credits slide or mention SlidesCarnival and other resources used in a slide footer. 35 ◗ Here you have a list of items ◗ And some text ◗ But remember not to overload your slides with content Your audience will listen to you or read the content, but won’t do both. 36 ◗ Here you have a list of items ◗ And some text ◗ But remember not to overload your slides with content Your audience will listen to you or read the content, but won’t do both. 37 Thank /0u 38