Philippines Past Paper: Hierarchy of Courts (PDF)

TOPIC 1: HIERARCHY OF COURTS (Diagram and Background) MCQ JD2A 1. Question: Judicial power rests with the Supreme Court and the lower courts, as may be established by law. A) Art. VIII, sec. 2 B) Art. VIII, sec. 6 C) Art. VIII, sec. 1...

TOPIC 1: HIERARCHY OF COURTS (Diagram and Background) MCQ JD2A 1. Question: Judicial power rests with the Supreme Court and the lower courts, as may be established by law. A) Art. VIII, sec. 2 B) Art. VIII, sec. 6 C) Art. VIII, sec. 1 D) Art. VII, sec. 2 2. Question: This government agency promulgated the Department Circular No. 98 - Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004 (Republic Act No. 9285) on December 4, 2009. a. Department of Justice b. Supreme Court c. Philippines Judicial Academy d. Philippines Mediation Center 3. Question: Fill in the Blank: The Supreme Court by virtue of an_______________ dated October 16, 2001 (Administrative Matter No. 01-10-5-SC-PHILJA), designated the Philippine Judicial Academy as the component unit of the Supreme Court for court- referred or court-related mediation cases and alternative dispute resolution mechanism and establishing the Philippine Mediation Center. Muslim law provides its own arbitration Council called The Agama Arbitration Council. a. En Banc Resolution b. Court Order c. Memorandum d. Arbitration 4. Question: What is the correct composition of the Supreme Court as outlined in the 1987 Constitution? A) Chief Justice and twelve Associate Justices B) Chief Justice and fourteen Associate Justices C) Chief Justice and fifteen Associate Justices D) Chief Justice and sixteen Associate Justices 5. Question: The Supreme Court has the power to review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the law or the Rules of Court may provide final judgments and orders of lower courts in the following, except: A) All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty imposed in relation thereto. B)All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue. C) All criminal cases on which the penalty imposed is reclusion temporal D) All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved. 6. Question : Which court exercises jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors,other public ministers and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari,prohibition,mandamus,quo warranto and habeas corpus? A) Supreme Court B)Court of Appeals C) Regional Trial Court D) Court of Tax Appeals 7. Which among the choices is not a power of the Supreme Court as provided under Section 5, Article VIII of the 1987 Philippines Constitution? A. Exercise jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus. B. Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the law or the Rules of Court may provide final judgments and orders of lower courts. C. Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with the Civil Service Law. D. Create and propose laws to the President in accordance with the provisions of the constitution. 8. Question: Which among the laws transferred the administrative supervision of all courts and their personnel from the Department of Justice to the Supreme Court? A. Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980 B. Judiciary Recognition Act of 1980 C. Judiciary Act of Reorganization 1998 D. Reorganization of Courts Law 1998 9. Question : It is created to maintain integrity, honesty and efficiency in the bureaucracy and weed out misfits and undesirables in government service (1973 Constitution (Art. XIII, sec. 5) and 1987 Constitution (Art. XI, sec. 4)). A. Supreme Court B. Sandiganbayan C. Court of Appeals D. Regional Trial Court 10. Question : This court has the exclusive original jurisdiction over actions for annulment of judgment of Regional Trial Courts. A. Court of Tax Appeals B. Supreme Court C. Court of Appeals D. Municipal Trial Court 11. Question: The Batas Pambansa Blg. 129 changed the name of the Court of Appeals to ______. Executive Order No. 33 brought back its name to the Court of Appeals. a. Remedial Appellate Court b. Intermediate Appellate Court c. Local Appellate Court d. National Appellate Court 12. Question: This court has the original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, prohibition, certiorari habeas corpus, and quo warranto, and auxiliary writs or processes, whether or not in aid of its appellate jurisdiction. a. Supreme Court b. Regional Trial Court c. Court of Appeals d. Shari’ah Court 13. Question: Which court serves as an appellate court to review tax cases?  a. Supreme Court b. Sandiganbayan c. Court of Tax Appeals d. Regional trial Court 14. Question: The jurisdiction of the CTA has been expanded where it now enjoys the same level as the Court of Appeals because of this law. a. The Revised Rules of the Court of Tax Appeals (A.M. No. 05-11-07-CTA) b. Section 2315 of the Tariff and Customs Code. c. Republic Act No. 9282 d. None of the above 15.. Question: How is appellate jurisdiction different from original jurisdiction? a. Appellate jurisdiction handles appeals of the verdict reached in the original jurisdiction b. Appellate jurisdiction comes before original jurisdiction c. Appellate jurisdiction is subordinate to original jurisdiction d. None of the answers are correct. 16. Question: What is the principle of the hierarchy of courts? a. It is the principle that requires litigants to initially seek the proper relief from the lower courts in those cases where the Supreme Court has concurrent jurisdiction with the CA and RTC to issue the extraordinary writs (of mandamus, prohibition, or certiorari). b. The doctrine of the hierarchy of Courts serves to determine the proper forum for the extraordinary remedies of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus. c. None of the answers are correct. d. Both A and B are correct. 17. Question: Which court has exclusive appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases over petitions for review of the judgments, resolution or orders of the RTCs in the exercise of  their appellate jurisdiction over tax collection cases originally decided by the MeTCs, MTCs and MCTCs, in their respective jurisdiction? A. CA B. CTA C. Sandiganbayan D. Supreme Court 18. Question: Which court has exclusive original jurisdiction over all civil actions in which the subject of the litigation is incapable of pecuniary estimation? A. RTC B. MTC C. CA D. SC 19. Question: Which court has jurisdiction over all actions in admiralty and maritime jurisdiction where the demand or claim is subject to the threshold? A. MTC B. RTC C. CA D. MTCC 20. Question: These are called the first level courts established in each city and municipality. a. CA b. MTCs c. RTC d. Sandiganbayan 21. Question: Which of the following courts does NOT have original jurisdiction in Civil Cases according to Batas Pambansa Blg. 129? a) MCTCs b) MeTC c) MTCCs d) CTA (Court of Tax Appeals) 22. Question: The MTCs have the exclusive jurisdiction over cases, except: a) Forcible Entry b) Unlawful Detainer c) Litigation subject to incapable of pecuniary estimation 23. Question: The MTC has exclusive original jurisdiction in all civil actions which involve title to, or possession of, real property, or any interest therein where the assessed value of the property or interest therein does not exceed Twenty thousand pesos (P 20,000.00) or, in civil actions in Metro Manila, where such assessed value does not exceed Fifty thousand pesos (P 50,000.00) exclusive of interest, damages of whatever kind, attorney’s fees, litigation expenses and _______. a) legal fees b) costs c) docket fees d) fine 24. Question: These special courts were created by Section 137 of Presidential Decree No. 1083 or the Code of Muslim Personal Laws. a. Regional Trial Courts b. Municipal Trial Court in Cities c. Shari’ah Courts d. Court of Appeals 25. Question: The following are cases in which Shari’ah Courts have jurisdiction, except: a. All cases involving disposition, distribution and settlement of the estates of deceased Muslims, probate of wills, issuance of letters of administration or appointment of administrators or executors regardless of the nature or aggregate value of the property. b. Petitions for the declaration of absence and death and for the cancellation or correction of entries in the Muslim Registries mentioned in Title VI of Book Two of the Code; c. All actions arising from customary contracts in which the parties are Muslim, if they did not specified which law shall govern their relations; d. None of the above. 29. Question: Fill in the blank: Republic Act No. 9285 institutionalized the use of an ____________, which serves to promote the speedy and impartial administration of justice and unclog the court dockets. a. Amicable Settlement b. Alternative Dispute Resolution System c. Arbitration d. Conciliation 30. Question: Fill in the blank: The Supreme Court by virtue of an En Banc Resolution dated October 16, 2001_______________, designated the Philippine Judicial Academy as the component unit of the Supreme Court for court-referred or court-related mediation cases and alternative dispute resolution mechanism and establishing the Philippine Mediation Center. a. Administrative Matter No. 01-10-6-SC-PHILJA b. Administrative Matter No. 01-11-5-SC-PHILJA c. Administrative Matter No. 01-10-5-SC-PHILJA d. Administrative Matter No. 01-11-6-SC-PHILJA 31. Question: Fill in the Blank: Presidential Decree No. 1508, or the ____________, took effect December 11, 1978, and established a system of amicably settling disputes at the barangay level. a. Katarungang Pambarangay settlement b. Katarungang Pambarangay Law c. Alternative dispute resolution d. Pambarangay Law Agencies 32. Question: Fill in the Blank: This system of amicable settlement of dispute aims to protect the ___________ by easing the congestion of court dockets. a. Speedy administration of justice b. Speedy administration of jurisdiction c. Speedy administration of ARD system d. Speedy administration of securities and exchange commission JD2B 33. Question: This involves the release of funds of unfilled positions in agencies enjoying fiscal autonomy such as Congress, Judiciary, Constitutional Commissions and the Ombudsman. a. Transparency Primordial to Fiscal Autonomy b. Accountability Primordial to Fiscal Autonomy c. Transparency and Accountability Primordial to Fiscal Autonomy d. Transparency and Accountability to Fiscal Autonomy 34. Question: Which Royal Order vested judicial powers upon Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first governor general of the Philippines wherein he administered civil and criminal justice? a. Royal Order of August 14, 1569 b. Royal Order of September 14, 1569 c. Royal Order of October 14, 1569 d. Royal Order of November 14, 1569 35. Question: The judicial power that rests with the Supreme Court and the lower courts was established by: a. Art. XIII, Sec. 1 b. Art. VII, Sec. 1 c. Art. VI, Sec. 1 d. Art. VIII, Sec. 1 36. Question: When did the Supreme Court approve the Rules on Court-Annexed Family Mediation, amending the Rules on Court Annexed Mediation and the corresponding Code of Ethical Standards for Mediators? a. June 22, 2009 b. June 22, 2021 c. June 22, 2010 d. June 22, 1998 37. Question: What power does the Supreme Court have regarding the assignment of judges in lower courts, as stated in Article VIII, Section 5? a. Assigning judges temporarily to other stations as public interest may require which shall not exceed six months without the consent of the judge concerned.  b. Assign judges permanently to other stations as public interest may require which shall not exceed six years without the consent of the judge concerned. c. Appointing judges to permanent positions in the Judiciary as public interest may require. d. Appointing judges to permanent positions in the Judiciary as politicians’ interest may require. 38. Question: Which court exercises jurisdiction over all cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty imposed in relation thereto? a. Court of Appeals b. Court of Tax Appeals c. Sandiganbayan d. Supreme Court 39. Question: Which statement is correct. I. Article VIII, Sec. 4(2) explicitly provides for the cases that must be heard En Banc and Sec. 4(3) provides for the cases that may be heard by divisions. II. All cases involving error or question of law and facts. a. Both Statements are true b. Statement I is true c. Statement II is true d. Both statements are false 40. Question: What act transferred from the Department of Justice to the Supreme Court the administrative supervision of all courts and their personnel? a. Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980 b. Legislative Reorganization Act of 1980 c. Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1981 d. Legislative Reorganization Act of 1981 41. Question: This court has exclusive original jurisdiction over actions for annulment of judgment of the regional trial court. a. Sandiganbayan b. Supreme Court c. Court of Appeals d. Anti-Graft Court 42. Question: Batas Pambansa Blg. 129 changed the name of the Court of Appeals to Intermediate Appellate Court. Which Executive Order restituted its name to the Court of Appeals?  a. Executive Order No. 33 b. Executive Order No. 63 c. Executive Order No. 35 d. Executive Order No. 67. 43. Question: This court was created to maintain integrity, honesty and efficiency in the bureaucracy and weed out misfits and undesirables in government service (1973 Constitution (Art. XIII, sec. 5) and 1987 Constitution (Art. XI, sec. 4)). a. Court of Tax Appeals b. Anti-Graft Court, or Sandiganbayan c. Shari’ah High Court d. Regional Trial Court 44. Question: It is a system of amicably settling disputes at the barangay level. a. Katarungang Pambarangay b. Court-annexed Mediation c. Judicial Dispute Resolution d. Alternative Dispute Resolution 45. Question: What law expanded the jurisdiction of CTA, where it now enjoys the same level as the Court of Appeals? a. Republic Act No. 9262 b. Republic Act No. 1125 c. Republic Act No. 9282 d. Republic Act No. 1107 46. Question: It has the power to review by appeal of the decisions of the Secretary of Agriculture in the case of nonagricultural product, commodity or article. a. Court of Appeals b. Supreme Court c. The Court of Tax Appeals d. Sandiganbayan 47. Question: The Court of Tax Appeals has exclusive appellate jurisdiction to review by appeal the decisions of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue in the following cases, except: a. In cases involving disputed, assessments, refunds of internal revenue taxes, fees or other charges, penalties imposed in relation thereto.  b. In cases involving liability for customs duties, fees, or other money charges. c. Other matters arising under the National Internal Revenue Code. d. Other laws administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue. 48. Question: Which of the following is NOT under the jurisdiction of the Court of Tax Appeals? a. Decisions of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue in cases involving disputed, assessments, refunds of internal revenue taxes, fees or other charges, penalties imposed in relation thereto, or other matters arising under the National Internal Revenue Code or other laws administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue; b. Decisions, orders or resolutions of the Municipal Trial Courts in local tax cases originally decided or resolved by them in the exercise of their original or appellate jurisdiction; c. Decisions of the Central Board of Assessment Appeals in the exercise of its appellate jurisdiction over cases involving the assessment and taxation of real property originally decided by the provincial or city board of assessment appeals; d. Exclusive original jurisdiction over all criminal offenses arising from violations of the National Internal Revenue Code or Tariff and Customs Code 49. Question: Which court exercises exclusive original jurisdiction over all actions involving the contract of marriage and marital relations? a. Municipal Trial Court b. Court of Appeals c. Court of Tax Appeals d. Regional Trial Court 50. Question: Which court has jurisdiction over all civil actions in which the subject of the litigation is incapable of pecuniary estimation? a. Regional Trial Court b. Supreme Court c. Municipal Trial Court d. Court of Appeals 51. Question: Which of the following is under the jurisdiction of Regional Trial Courts? a. All actions in admiralty and maritime jurisdiction where the demand or claim, subject to the threshold; b. All matters of probate, both testate and intestate, where the gross value of the estate subject to the threshold or, in probate matters in Metro Manila, where such gross value subject to the threshold;  c. All actions involving the contract of marriage and marital relations; d. All of the above 52. Question: Which court has original jurisdiction over actions for forcible entry into and unlawful detainer of lands or buildings? a. Regional Trial Courts (RTCs) b. Metropolitan Trial Courts (MeTCs) c. Municipal Trial Courts (MTCs) d. All of the above 53. Question: The first level courts established in each city and municipality has jurisdiction provided for by: a. Section 33, 35 of Batas Pambansa Blg 129 b. Section 35, 36 of Batas Pambansa Blg 127 c. Section 33, 39 of Batas Pambansa Blg 125 d. Section 35, 39 of Batas Pambansa Blg 123 54. Question: Choose the correct statement. a. MeTCs, MTCCs, MCTs, and MCTCs shall exercise original jurisdiction in Civil Cases as provided for in section 129 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 33 b. MeTCs, MTCCs, RCTs, and MCTCs shall exercise original jurisdiction in Civil Cases as provided for in section 33 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 129 c. MeTCs, MTCCs, MCTs, and MCTCs shall exercise original jurisdiction in Civil Cases as provided for in section 33 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 129 d. MeTCs, MTCCs, MTCs, and MCTCs shall exercise appellate jurisdiction in Civil Cases as provided for in section 33 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 129 55. Question: What court has exclusive original jurisdiction in all civil actions which involve title to, or possession of, real property, or any interest therein where the assessed value of the property or interest therein does not exceed Twenty thousand pesos (P 20,000.00) or, in civil actions in Metro Manila, where such assessed value does not exceed Fifty thousand pesos (P 50,000.00) exclusive of interest, damages of whatever kind, attorney’s fees, litigation expenses and costs? a. Court of Tax Appeal b. Supreme Court c. Court of Appeals d. Municipal Trial Courts 56. Question: Which court has exclusive original jurisdiction over cases of forcible entry and unlawful detainer? a. Municipal Trial Court b. Regional Trial Court c. Court of Appeals d. Supreme Court 57. Question: What are the qualifications that judges in Shari’a Courts need to possess? a. All qualifications of a Regional Trial Court Judge and should also be learned in islamic law and jurisprudence. b. All qualifications of a Regional Trial Court Judge and should also be learned in speaking arabic. c. All qualifications of a Regional Trial Court Judge and should also be learned in civil law and jurisprudence. d. All qualifications of a Regional Trial Court Judge. 58. Question: Shari’a District Courts (SDC) have exclusive jurisdiction over the following cases, except: a. All cases involving custody, guardianship, legitimacy, paternity and filiation arising under the code. b. Petitions for the declaration of absence and death and for the cancellation or correction of entries in the Muslim Registries mentioned in Title VI of Book Two of the Code. c. All special civil actions for interpleader or declaratory relief wherein the parties are Muslims or the property involved belongs exclusively to Muslims. d. All actions arising from customary contracts in which the parties are Muslim, if they did not specified which law shall govern their relations. 59. Question: The Shari’a District Court has concurrent original jurisdiction over the following cases, except: a. Petitions by Muslims for the constitution of family home, change of name and commitment of an insane person to any asylum b. Petitions for declaration of absence and death and for cancellation and correction of entries in the Muslim Registries mentioned in Title VI, Book Two of Presidential Decree No. 1083 c. All other personal and real actions not mentioned in paragraph (1) (d) wherein the parties involved are Muslims except those for forcible entry and unlawful detainer, which shall fall under the exclusive original jurisdiction of the MTCs  d. All special civil actions for interpleader or declaratory relief wherein the parties are Muslims or the property involved belongs exclusively to Muslims 60. Question: Which Presidential Decree provided for the Shari’a District Courts (SDC) to have appellate jurisdiction over all cases tried in the Shari’a Circuit Courts (SCC) within their territorial Jurisdiction? a. Presidential Decree No. 1083 b. Presidential Decree No. 1183 c. Presidential Decree No. 1283 d. Presidential Decree No. 1383 61. Question: It was institutionalized by Republic Act No. 9285, which serves to promote the speedy and impartial administration of justice and unclog the court dockets. a. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) System b. Katarungang Pambarangay c. The Agama Arbitration Council d. Arbitration 62. Question: It was created to maintain integrity, honesty and efficiency in the bureaucracy and weed out misfits and undesirables in government service. a. Sandiganbayan b. Regional Trial Court c. Supreme Court d. Judicial Bar Council 63. Question: The following are quasi-courts except: 1. Office of the President 2. Shari’a District Court 3. Social Security System 4. Sandiganbayan a. 1 and 2 b. 2 and 4 c. 2 and 3 d. 1 and 3  64. Question: This system of amicable settlement of dispute aims to promote the speedy administration of justice by easing the congestion of court dockets. a. Katarungang Panlipunan b. Katarungang Pambayan c. Katarungang Pambarangay d. Katarungang Panlalawigan JD2C 65. Which constitutional provision granted the Supreme Court and the lower court a judicial power? a. Art. III, Sec. 1 b. Art. VI, Sec. 1 c. Art. VII, Sec. 1 d. Art. VIII, Sec. 1 66. What is the composition of the Supreme Court? a. 1 Chief Justice; 8 Associate Justices b. 1 Chief Justice; 14 Associate Justices c. 1 Chief Justice; 1 Asst. Chief Justice; 7 Associate Justices d. 1 Chief Justice; 1 Asst. Chief Justice; 11 Associate Justices 67. Court Justices and Associate Justices may serve until the age of __________. a. 65 b. 70 c. 75 d. 60 68. What powers were vested upon Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, the first governor general of the Philippines when he administered civil and criminal justice under the Royal Order of August 14, 1569? a.) Police b.) Political c.) Judicial d.) Legislative 69. What provision of the Constitution that explicitly provides for the cases that must be heard En Banc and that may be heard by divisions? A. Art. III, Sec. 2 B. Art. VIII, Sec. 4 (2) & (3) C. Art. X, Sec. 1 D. Art. VIII, Sec. 3 70. The following are which the Supreme Court exercises powers except: A. All cases involving in which only an error or question of law is involved. B. Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with the Civil Service Law. C. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice. D. Grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment. 71. How many days can the President appoint or fill up the vacancy in the Supreme Court? A. 60 days B. 70 days C. 80 days D. 90 days 72. The following are which the Supreme Court exercises powers except: A. All cases involving in which only an error or question of law is involved. B. All criminal cases which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or lower C. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice. D. All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll or any penalty imposed in relation thereto. 73. Which is not among the original jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals? a. To issue writs of mandamus and prohibition whether or not in aids of its appellate jurisdiction. b. To issue writs of certiorari habeas corpus and auxiliary writs or processes. c. To issue quo warranto whether or not in aid of its appellate jurisdiction. d. To issue dismissal order on the petition sought for in relation to final judgement on cases decided by the Trial Court. 74. It is created to maintain the integrity, honesty and efficiency in the bureaucracy and weed out of misfits and undesirables in government service. a. Civil Service Commission. b. Commission on Audit c. Social Security Commission d. Sandigan Bayan 75. _____________ changed the name of the Court of Appeals to Intermediate Appellate Court. However, it was brought back its name to Court of Appeals by _____________. a) Batas Pambansa Blg. 127; Executive Order 31 b) Batas Pambansa Blg. 128; Executive Order 32 c) Batas Pambansa Blg. 129; Executive Order 33 d) Batas Pambansa Blg. 130; Executive Order 34 76. What court has the Exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all final judgments, decisions, resolutions, orders or awards of Regional Trial Courts and quasi-judicial agencies, instrumentalities, boards or commissions, including the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Social Security Commission, the Employees Compensation Commission and the Civil Service Commission, except those falling within the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in accordance with the Constitution, the Labor Code of the Philippines under Presidential Decree No. 442, as amended, the provisions of this Act, and of subparagraph (1) of the third paragraph and subparagraph (4) of the fourth paragraph of Section 17 of the Judiciary Act of 1948. a) Court of Appeals b) Sandiganbayan c) Regional Trial Court d) Shari’a District Court 77. Which Republic Act created the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA)? a.) R.A. 9262 b.) R.A. 7610 c.) R.A. 1125 d.) R.A. 9165 78. Which court is on the same level as the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA)? a.) Sharia Courts b.) Supreme Court c.) Court of Appeals d.) Regional Trial Courts 79. The Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) has this jurisdiction to review by appeal actions of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue in cases involving disputed assessments, refunds of internal revenue taxes, fees or other charges, penalties in relation thereto, or other matters arising under the National Internal Revenue Code or other laws administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue, where the National Internal Revenue Code provides a specific period of action, in which case the inaction shall be deemed a denial;? a.) Extraordinary Appellate b.) Special Appellate c.) Exclusive Appellate d.) Original Appellate 80. Currently, How many Justices are there at the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA)? a.) Three b.) Four c.) Six d.) Nine 81. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE?  i. CTA has jurisdiction over appeals from judgments, resolutions or orders of the Municipal Trial Courts in tax collection cases originally decided by them, in their respective territorial jurisdiction. ii. RTC has exclusive original jurisdiction over all civil actions in which the subject of the litigation is incapable of pecuniary estimation; iii. CTA has exclusive original jurisdiction over all actions in admiralty and maritime jurisdiction where the demand or claim, subject to the threshold. a. Both I and III are true b. Both II and III are true c. Only II is true d. Only I is true 82. Which of the following statements is/are FALSE? i. RTC has exclusive original jurisdiction over all civil actions in which the subject of the litigation is incapable of pecuniary estimation; ii. RTC has exclusive original jurisdiction over all civil actions and special proceedings falling within the exclusive original jurisdiction of a Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court and of the Court of Agrarian Relations as now provided by law. iii. CTA has jurisdiction over appeals from judgments, resolutions or orders of the Regional Trial Courts in tax collection cases originally decided by them, in their respective territorial jurisdiction. a. Both I and III are false. b. Only II is True. c. Only II and III are false. d. None of the above. 83. The RTC shall exercise exclusive original jurisdiction in the following civil cases, except? A. All civil actions in which the subject of the litigation is incapable of pecuniary estimation B. All actions involving the contract of marriage and marital relations C. All cases within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal, person exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions D. All civil actions and special proceedings falling within the exclusive original jurisdiction of a Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court of Agrarian Relations E. None of the above 84. Which of the following statements is true? The Court of Tax Appeals has exclusive appellate jurisdiction in criminal offenses over: A. Appeals from judgments, resolutions or orders of the Regional Trial Courts in tax collection cases originally decided by them in their respective territorial jurisdiction. B. Petitions for review of the judgments, resolution or orders of the Regional Trial Courts in the exercise of their appellate jurisdiction over tax collection cases originally decided by the MeTCs, MTCs and MCTCs, in their respective jurisdiction. C. Both A and B is correct D. Both A and B is incorrect 85. These are called the first level courts established in each city and municipality. Their jurisdiction is provided for by section 33, 35 of Batas Pambansa Blg 129. Their jurisdiction has been expanded by special laws namely Republic Act Nos. 9276, 9252, 9305, 9306, and 9308. a. Regional Trial Courts b. Municipal Trial Courts c. Barangay Courts d. Quasi-Judicial Courts 86. The following are the exclusive original jurisdiction of the MTC except: a. Forcible Entry b. Unlawful detainer c. all civil actions which involve title to, or possession of, real property, or any interest therein where the assessed value of the property or interest therein does not exceed Twenty thousand pesos (P 20,000.00) or, in civil actions in Metro Manila, where such assessed value does not exceed Fifty thousand pesos (P 50,000.00) exclusive of interest, damages of whatever kind, attorney’s fees, litigation expenses and costs d. All actions involving contract of marriage and marital relations 87. What courts shall exercise original jurisdiction in civil cases as provided for in section 33 of Batas Pambansa Bldg. 129. A. MeTCs, MTCCs, MTCs, and MCTCs B. MCTCs, RTCs, MTCs, and MetCs C. RTCs, MCTCs, MeTCs, and MCTCs D.MeTCs, MTCCs, MTCs, and RCTs 88. The MTCs has exclusive original jurisdiction over cases of ; A. Probate proceedings, testate and intestate including donation B. Probate proceedings, testate and intestate including property where the value is do not exceed 50,000 pesos. C.Probate proceedings, testate and intestate including possession of real property with an assessed value of 50,000. D. Probate proceedings, testate and intestate including the grant of provisional remedies where the value of the property is subject to the threshold. 89. How many Sharia district courts in the Philippines? a. 3 b. 4 c. 7 d. 5. 90. How many sharia circuit courts in the Philippines? e. 41 f. 31 g. 21 h. 51. 91. What Philippine law created Shari’a courts? A. Sec. 137 of Presidential Decree No. 1083 B. Sec. 134 of Presidential Decree No. 1083 C. Sec. 135 of Presidential Decree No. 1083 D. Sec. 136 of Presidential Decree No. 1083 92. The judges should possess all the qualifications of a __________ and should also be learned in Islamic law and jurisprudence. A. Municipal Trial Court Judge  B. Regional Trial Court Judge C. Court of Appeals Judge D. Supreme Court Judge 93.The following are quasi-judicial agencies EXCEPT: A.Department of Agrarian Reform B. National Labor Relations Commission C. National Electrification Administration D. Municipal Trial Courts 94. This agency has jurisdiction over intra-corporate controversies is vested in: A. Regional Trial Court B. Securities and Exchange Commission C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B 95. This is a system of amicably settling disputes at the Barangay Level A. Single Entry Approach B. Court Annexed Mediation C. Katarungang Pambarangay D. Judicial Dispute Resolution 96. This law institutionalized the use of an alternative dispute resolution system, which serves to promote the speedy and impartial administration of justice and unclog court dockets. A. Katarungang Pambarangay Law B. BP 129 as amended C. Republic Act No. 9285 D. Republic Act No. 9165 JD2D 97. Question: The judiciary enjoys fiscal autonomy. Its appropriation may not be reduced by the legislature below the appropriated amount the previous year, after approval, shall be automatically and regularly released. (Art. VIII, sec. 3). This provision may now face construction or interpretation in line with what the Secretary of Budget and Management call __________________. a. Equality and Fairness Doctrine b. Transparency and Accountability Primordial to Fiscal Autonomy c. Executive Privilege Mandate d. Judicial Independence Standard 98. Question: He was the first governor general of the Philippines and was vested a judicial powers where he administered civil and criminal justice under the Royal Order of August 14, 1569. a. Graciano Lopez Jaena b. Emilio Aguinaldo c. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi d. Antonio Luna 99. Question: How many associates and divisions does the Supreme court have? a. Thirteen Associates and three divisions b. Fourteen Associates and two divisions c. Thirteen associates and two divisions d. Fourteen associates and three divisions 100. Question: What court was designated by the Supreme Court for mediation cases, alternative dispute resolution mechanism and establishing the Philippine mediation center? a. Philippine Judicial Academy b. National Philippine Mediation c. Supreme Court Mediation Office d. Alternative Mediation Academy 101. Question: Which constitutional provision explicitly outlines the cases that must be heard En Banc and the cases that may be heard by divisions in the Philippine judiciary? a. Article VIII, Section 4 (1) b. Article VIII, Section 4 (2) c. Article VIII, Section 4 (3) d. Article VIII, Section 6 102. Question: Which of the following powers does the Supreme Court exercise according to the 1987 Constitution, Article VIII, Section 5? a. Executive supervision over lower courts. b. Exercise jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors and public ministers. c. Legislative oversight over legal proceedings. d. Nomination of lower court judges. 103. Question: Which of the following cases falls within the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court? a. Disputes between private parties over a breach of contract where no constitutional issue is raised. b. A case questioning the legality of a newly imposed city ordinance.  c. A civil case involving personal injury where the damages claimed are below the threshold for higher courts. d. An arbitration decision in a commercial dispute. 104. Question: This Act created additional divisions in the Court of Appeals, and increased the number of justices from fifty-one to sixty-nine: a. a. Batas Pambansa Blg. 129 b. b. Executive Order No. 33 c. c. Republic Act No. 8246 d. d. Republic Act No. 52 105. Question: A. Commonwealth Act No. 3 (December 31, 1935), pursuant to the 1935 Constitution (Art VIII, sec. 1), established the Court of Appeals. B. The Court of Appeals was abolished by President Osmena in 1945, pursuant to Executive Order No. 4 due to the prevailing abnormal conditions. C. With Republic Act No. 8246, the Court of Appeals in Cebu, and Cagayan de Oro were established. a. All are correct. b. A & B are correct. c. A & C are correct. d. A, B, & C are incorrect. 106. Question: What jurisdiction is granted to the Court of Appeals under Section 9 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 129, as amended? a. Exclusive jurisdiction over criminal cases b. Original jurisdiction for actions related to labor disputes c. Exclusive original jurisdiction for annulment of judgments from Regional Trial Courts d. Original jurisdiction for civil cases only 107. Question: What types of cases does the Sandiganbayan primarily handle? a. Civil cases b. Criminal cases involving corruption and public officials c. Family law cases d. Environmental cases 108. Question: What law expanded the jurisdiction of the Court of Tax Appeals, where it now enjoys the same level as the Court of Appeals. a. Republic Act No. 1125 b. Republic Act No. 9282 c. Republic Act No. 8246  d. A.M. No. 05-11-07-CTA 109. Question: In what situations does the Court of Tax Appeals have the authority to review decisions? a. Only in criminal tax cases b. Only when requested by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue c. In cases involving disputed assessments, refunds, penalties, or matters under tax laws d. Exclusively in cases originating from the Supreme Court 110. Question: What is the primary function of the Central Board of Assessment Appeals in the Philippines? a. Handling customs cases elevated for review b. Deciding on dumping and countervailing duties c. Reviewing decisions on real property assessment and taxation d. Imposing safeguard measures under R.A. No. 8800 111. Question: What is the jurisdiction of the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA), if the offense arose from violations of the provisions of the NIRC? a. The CTA has jurisdiction only if the principal amount of taxes and fees claimed is less than One million pesos (P 1,000,000.00). b. The CTA has exclusive original jurisdiction over all criminal offenses related to tax and customs laws, regardless of the amount claimed. c. The CTA has jurisdiction only if there is a specified amount claimed in the criminal offense. d. The CTA's jurisdiction is limited to appellate cases, and all criminal actions are tried by regular courts. 112. Question: Suppose a tax collection case decided by RTC -Rosales Pangasinan, can the CTA take cognizance of the case if it was appealed to? a. No, because the CTA has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over tax collection cases decided only by the Municipal Trial Courts (MTCs) and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts (MCTCs). b. Yes because the CTA has appellate jurisdiction over decisions of the Regional Trial Courts (RTCs) in tax collection cases, irrespective of their territorial jurisdiction. c. No, because the CTA has no appellate jurisdiction over tax collection cases decided by the RTC.  d. D) No, it is not appealable because decisions by the RTC over tax collection cases are final and executory. 113. Question: P sues D for the payment of P1,500,000, based on a promissory note. P also wants to pay him P500,000 as moral damages, P5000,000 as exemplary damages, and P50,000 as attorney's fees. In what court should P file his complaint? a. MTC b. RTC c. Sandiganbayan d. Court of Appeals 114. Question: Maritess' father is a muslim and her grandfather is a christian. She wanted to file an annulment of a contract of sale of a parcel of land she entered into last year which had an assessed value of P359,000 located in Baguio along Governor Pack Road. She found out that the land will be converted to a Private University School and doesn't like the idea of it. She then came to you for help and you decided to help her. Where will you file the action? a. MTC b. RTC c. Shari'a District Court d. Sharia Circuit Court 115. Question: Which of the following falls under the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court (RTC)? a. Cases within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal, person, or body exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions. b. Criminal actions falling within the exclusive original jurisdiction of a Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court. c. Civil actions and special proceedings not within the exclusive original jurisdiction of a Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court and of the Court of Agrarian Relations as now provided by law. d. All cases in which the demand, exclusive of interest, damages, attorney’s fees, litigation expenses, and costs exceed the threshold or, in such other cases in Metro Manila, where the demand, exclusive of the above-mentioned items, is subject to the threshold. 116. Question: What powers does the RTC (Regional Trial Court) exercise in addition to its original jurisdiction? a. Issuance of writs of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus, and injunction enforceable only within their respective regions.  b. Adjudication of actions not affecting ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls. c. Exclusive appellate jurisdiction over MeTCs, MTCCs, MTCs, and MCTCs in their respective territorial jurisdiction. d. Both A and D 117. Question: In what case do the Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts have delegated jurisdiction under BP 129? a. Metropolitan Trial Judge, Municipal Trial Judge, Municipal Circuit Trial Judge may hear and decide petitions for a writ of habeas corpus or applications for bail in criminal cases in the province or city where the absent Regional Trial Judges sit. b. Judges of Metropolitan Trial Courts, except those in the National Capital Region, of Municipal Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts shall have authority to conduct preliminary investigation of crimes alleged to have been committed within their respective territorial jurisdictions which are cognizable by the Regional Trial Courts. c. In cadastral or land registration cases covering lots where there is no controversy or opposition, or contested lots where the value of which does not exceed One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00). d. All of the above 118. Question: What is the exclusive original jurisdiction of MeTCs, MTCCs, MTCs, and MCTCs in civil cases, as outlined in Section 33 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 129? a. Exclusive original civil actions in which the subject is incapable of pecuniary estimation. b. Exclusive original jurisdiction over real action in which the assessed value of the property is 400,000 pesos. c. Exclusive original jurisdiction over criminal cases in which the penalty of 6 years and 1 day of imprisonment is imposed. d. Exclusive original jurisdiction over personal action where the damages sought is 4 million pesos. 119. Question: Which of the following where the MTC has exclusive original jurisdiction? a. Forcible entry and unlawful detainer cases, where the question of ownership and possession is the main issue. b. Forcible entry and unlawful detainer cases, where the question of ownership is in question but only to resolve the issue of possession. c. Exclusive original jurisdiction over personal action where the damages sought is 4 million pesos.  d. Exclusive original jurisdiction over real action where the value of the assessed property in question is 400,001 pesos. 120. Question: What grants Shari’a District Courts (SDC) exclusive jurisdiction over cases involving custody, guardianship, legitimacy, paternity, and filiation under the Code of Muslim Personal Laws? a. Articles 143, 144, and 155 of Presidential Decree No. 1083 b. Section 137 of Presidential Decree No. 1083 c. The qualifications of Regional Trial Court Judges d. Shari’a law and jurisprudence 121. Question: What types of cases fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of Shari’a District Courts (SDC) as outlined in the information? a. Cases involving disposition, distribution, and settlement of the estates of deceased Muslims b. Petitions for the declaration of absence and death c. Actions arising from customary contracts involving Muslim parties d. All of the above 122. Question: Which of the following cases does not fall under the jurisdiction of the Shari’a District Courts? a. An action for parental custody over a minor because the mother allegedly turned her back on the Islamic faith; b. An action for forcible entry against a Muslim tenant; c. An appeal assailing the SCC confirmation of the talaq (divorce); d. An action to recover ownership of a parcel of land filed by the heirs of Ampatuan against Mangudadatu. Both parties are longtime Muslim political rivals. 123. Question: Which of the following falls under the exclusive original jurisdiction of the SCCs as outlined in Article 155 of Presidential Decree No. 1083? a. All criminal cases involving offenses defined and punished under the Code. b. All civil actions and proceedings between parties who are Muslims or have been married in accordance with Article 13 of the Code c. All cases involving disputes to personal properties. d. All of the above. 124. Question: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a quasi-judicial agency empowered by statutes in the given information? a. Securities and Exchange Commission b. National Labor Relations Commission  c. Department of Agrarian Reform d. Bureau of Patents, Trademark, and Technology 125. Question: What grants the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) jurisdiction over cases previously provided for in Pres. Decree No. 902-A? a. Republic Act No. 8799, Section 5 b. Republic Act No. 8799, Section 5.2 c. Supreme Court rules and regulations d. A.M. No. 01-2-04-SC 126. Question: What is the primary purpose of Katarungang Pambarangay? a. To impose punitive measures on offenders b. To encourage adversarial legal proceedings c. To promote the amicable settlement of disputes d. To establish a parallel court system 127. Question: Which principle grants authority to an arbitral tribunal to rule on its own jurisdiction? a. Principle of Non-Interference b. Doctrine of Precedence c. Doctrine of Competence-Competence d. Jurisdictional Immunity 128. Question: Which of the following are examples of quasi-judicial agencies empowered by statutes? a. National Labor Relations Commission b. Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation c. Environmental Protection Agency d. All of the above JD2E 129. Who exercised judicial authority in the pre spanish period? a. Barangay chiefs b. Governor c. Mayor d. President 130. Pursuant to the provision of the 1987 Constitution, the Supreme Court is composed of ________ who shall serve until the age of seventy (70). a. Chief Justice and 12 Associate Justices  b. Chief Justice and 13 Associate Justices c. Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices d. Chief Justice and 15 Associate Justices 131. Which court has jurisdiction over criminal cases appealed from Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts, or Municipal Circuit Trial Courts involving offenses committed by public officials below salary grade "27"? a. Court of Appeals b. Regional Trial Court c. Sandiganbayan D. Supreme Court 132. According to Section 25 of BP 129, what types of trial courts are created in each metropolitan area, city, or municipality? a. Regional Trial Courts and Municipal Trial Courts b. Municipal Trial Courts and Metropolitan Trial Courts c. Municipal Circuit Trial Courts and Metropolitan Trial Courts d. Sandiganbayan and Court of Appeals 133. According to the Constitution the following powers are exercised by the Supreme Court, except. a. Exercise jurisdiction in all civil actions in which the subject of the litigation is incapable of pecuniary estimation. b. Exercise jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls. c. Exercise jurisdiction over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus. d. Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the law or the Rules of Court may provide final judgments and orders of lower courts 134. Amongst the provided requirements for one to become a justice, choose the best answer. a. A member of the bench for 15 years. b. Engaged in law practice for 10 years. c. Parents are Filipino citizens. d. Must possess good moral character. 135. The Supreme Court exercises jurisdiction over which of the following: a. All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved. b. All cases in which only an error or question of fact is involved. c. All cases in which no error or question of law is involved. 136. As allowed by law or the Rules of Court, what may the Supreme Court do in final judgments and orders of lower courts? a. Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm b. Reduce, reuse, recycle c. Review, reduce, revise, or amend d. Affirm, amend, alter, or approve 137. Under Section 9 of BP129, as amended, which of the following is not under the original jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals? a. Issuance of writs of mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus, and quo warranto b. Actions for annulment of judgment of the RTC c. Appeals over all final judgments, resolutions, orders, or awards of the RTC and quasi-judicial agencies d. None of the above 138. How many justices composed the Court of Appeals upon its establishment? a. 15 b. 12 c. 11 d. 17 139. Where the motion for disqualification is presented _______ decision has been rendered either en banc or in division with the Justice concerned having participated and cast his vote without any objection from a source, the motion should be denied because no litigant should be permitted to speculate upon the action of the Supreme Court and the raise the objection of the sort after the decision has been rendered. a. Before b. After c. During d. Before or after 140. The Court of Appeals is classified as a statutory court because it is created by a ________. a. Special law b. General law c. Either a or b  d. statute 141. The Court of Tax Appeals has exclusive original jurisdiction over which cases: a. All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher b. All criminal offenses arising from violations of the National Internal Revenue Code or Tariff and Customs Code and other laws administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue or the Bureau of Customs: Provided, however, That offenses or felonies mentioned in this paragraph where the principal amount of taxes and fees, exclusive of charges and penalties claimed is less than One million pesos (P 1,000,000.00) c. All civil actions in which the subject of the litigation is incapable of pecuniary estimation d. all of the above 142. How many justices does the CTA have? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 69 143. What is the status of decisions made by the Court of Tax Appeals? a. Final and executory b. Subject to review by the Supreme Court c. Appealable only to the Court of Appeals d. Automatically overturned after one year 144. What appellate court serves to review tax cases? a.Court of Appeals b.Regional Trial Court c. Court of Tax Appeals d. Sandiganbayan 145. Which court has exclusive original jurisdiction over civil actions incapable of pecuniary estimation? a. MTC b. RTC c. SC d. All of the above 146. Which of the following cases is not under the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court in civil cases? a. All actions involving the contract of marriage and marital relations. b. All civil actions in which the subject of the litigation is capable of pecuniary estimation. c. All cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any court, tribunal, person or body exercising judicial or quasi-judicial functions. d. All actions in admiralty and maritime jurisdiction where the demand or claim, subject to the threshold. 147. Which of the following statements is true? The Court of Tax Appeals has exclusive appellate jurisdiction in criminal offenses over: A. Appeals from judgments, resolutions or orders of the Regional Trial Courts in tax collection cases originally decided by them in their respective territorial jurisdiction. B. Petitions for review of the judgments, resolution or orders of the Regional Trial Courts in the exercise of their appellate jurisdiction over tax collection cases originally decided by the MeTCs, MTCs and MCTCs, in their respective jurisdiction. C. Both A and B is correct D. Both A and B is incorrect 148. Which court has original jurisdiction over actions for forcible entry and unlawful detainer of lands or buildings? a. MTC b. RTC c. SC d. All of the above 149. Minimo Which section of Batas Pambansa Blg 129 provides for the jurisdiction of MTCs? a. Section 33 b. Section 35 c. Section 129 d. Section 9276 150. Which court have exclusive original jurisdiction over all cases of forcible entry and unlawful detainer, irrespective of the amount of damages or unpaid rentals sought to be recovered? a. Regional Trial Courts b. Supreme Court c. Municipal Trial Courts d. Court of Appeals 151. Which court has jurisdiction over cases in which the demand, exclusive of interest, damages of whatever kind, attorney’s fees, litigation expenses and costs or the value of the property in controversy subject to the threshold or, in such other cases in Metro Manila, where the demand, exclusive of the above-mentioned items subject to the threshold? a. Municipal Trial Court b. Regional Trial Court c. Court of Appeals d. Supreme Court 152. Which court has exclusive original jurisdiction in issuing writs of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus, and injunction which may be enforced in any part of their respective regions? a. Municipal Trial Court b. Regional Trial Court c. Court of Appeals d. Supreme Court 153. Shari’a District Courts (SDC) as provided for in paragraph (1), Article 143 of Presidential Decree No. 1083, shall have exclusive jurisdiction over the following cases, except: a. All cases involving custody, guardianship, legitimacy, paternity and filiations arising under the Code; b. All cases involving disposition, distribution and settlement of the estates of deceased Muslims, probate of wills, issuance of letters of administration or appointment of administrators or executors regardless of the nature or aggregate value of the property. c. The issuance of writs of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus, and injunction which may be enforced in any part of their respective regions; d. All petitions for mandamus, prohibition, injunction, certiorari, habeas corpus, and all other auxiliary writs and processes in aid of its appellate jurisdiction. 154. Which law created the special courts known as Sharia District Courts (SDC)? a) Presidential Decree No. 1082 b) Presidential Decree No. 1083 c) Presidential Decree No. 1084 d) Presidential Decree No. 1085 156. Which of the following cases fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of Sharia District Courts? a) Criminal cases b) Civil cases not involving Muslims c) Cases involving custody, guardianship, legitimacy, paternity, and filiations under the Code d) Cases involving property disputes between Muslims and non-Muslims 157. What two main qualifications must judges in both SDCs and SCCs possess? Parana a) They must be fluent in Tagalog and English. b) They must have at least 10 years of experience practicing law. c) They must be learned in both Islamic law and Philippine law. d) They must be residents of the same area as the court they serve. e) Both a and c. 158. Which of the following trial courts exercises original jurisdiction over actions involving the contract of marriage and marital relations? a) MTC b) RTC c) CA d) SC 159. Under the provisions of the 1987 Constitution, until what age can the Chief Justice and Associate Justices serve in the Supreme Court? a) 75 b) 80 c) 70 d) 65 160. What provision in the Constitution ordains that judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and such lower courts as may be established by law. a) Section 2, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution b) Section 3, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution c) Section 2, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution d) Section 1, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution