FMP Finals Reviewer - Chapter 4 PDF

#### **Chapter 4: Quantitative Research** **1. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of quantitative research?** a\) Data can be easily summarized and utilized b\) The data generating process is standardized c\) The measurement process is standardized *[d) Provides deep understanding of th...

#### **Chapter 4: Quantitative Research** **1. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of quantitative research?** a\) Data can be easily summarized and utilized b\) The data generating process is standardized c\) The measurement process is standardized *[d) Provides deep understanding of the inner feelings of respondents ]* **2. What is a key characteristic of instruments used in quantitative research?** a\) They are designed to capture subjective experiences b\) They are typically unstructured and flexible *[c) They are carefully crafted and standardized]* d\) They focus on exploring diverse perspectives **3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a questionnaire?** a\) It can be summarized into frequencies b\) It can include quantitative measures c\) It can identify the location of the respondent *[d) It can be used to infer about the population]* **4. What is the main advantage of using a standardized data collection procedure in survey research?** a\) It ensures that all data are collected in the same way b\) It helps to eliminate bias in the data c\) It allows for more accurate analysis of the data *[d) All of the above]* **5. Which of the following is NOT a good example of a ratio variable?** a\) Rice yield *[b) Amount of credit]* c\) Household income d\) Household expenditure **6. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ratio level of measurement?** a\) It has an absolute zero point. *[b) It can be easily converted to a lower level of measurement.]* c\) It contains the properties of all the scales discussed above. d\) It has equal units of measurement. **7. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the nominal level of measurement?** a\) Groups are classified without any implication of graduation of distance between the groups. b\) Analysis allows for simple comparison among the groups without implication on how higher/lower one group is relative to the other groups. c\) The nominal level of measurement carries the least information among the different levels of measurements. *[d) The nominal level of measurement is based on the assumption of a common and constant unit of measurement. ]* **8. What is the key difference between the ordinal and interval levels of measurement?** a\) The ordinal level allows for ranking of units but the interval level does not. *[b) The interval level is based on equal intervals between values, while the ordinal level does not.]* c\) The interval level is based on a true absolute zero point, while the ordinal level does not. d\) The ordinal level is based on an equal interval between values, while the interval level does not. **9. Which of the following data collection methods is used to address concerns about cost, speed, accuracy, and scope of data collection?** a\) Census *[b) Sample Survey]* c\) Family Income and Expenditure Survey d\) Annual Poverty Indicator Survey **10. What is the difference between probability and nonprobability sampling?** *[a) Probability sampling involves selecting samples based on a known probability, while nonprobability sampling does not.]* b\) Probability sampling is used when the population is unknown, while nonprobability sampling is used when the population is known. c\) Probability sampling is more expensive than nonprobability sampling. d\) Probability sampling is less accurate than nonprobability sampling. **11. What is a \"frame\" in the context of sampling?** *[a) A frame is a list of all units in the population.]* b\) A frame is a list of all possible samples. c\) A frame is a list of all sampling techniques. d\) A frame is a list of all sampling domains. **12. Which of the following sampling strategies is an example of nonprobability sampling?** a\) Simple random sampling b\) Stratified random sampling *[c) Quota sampling]* d\) Systematic sampling **13. When is simple random sampling not a useful method of sampling?** a\) When the population is heterogeneous. b\) When the population is homogeneous. *[c) When there is no available frame.]* d\) When the domain is large and geographically scattered. **14. What is the key advantage of using stratification in sampling?** a\) It ensures that the sample is representative of the population. b\) It simplifies the process of data collection. *[c) It allows for a more precise estimate of population characteristics.]* d\) It minimizes the potential for sampling bias. **15. What is the primary advantage of cluster sampling compared to simple random sampling when dealing with a large population spread across different geographic areas?** a\) Cluster sampling is always more cost-effective. b\) Cluster sampling reduces the risk of sampling bias. *[c) Cluster sampling simplifies data collection and analysis.]* d\) Cluster sampling guarantees a higher response rate. **16. In multistage sampling, what is the main purpose of selecting first-stage units consecutively from 1 to N?** a\) To ensure equal representation of all clusters. b\) To maximize the sample size within each cluster. c\) To facilitate the random selection of second-stage units. *[d) To simplify the process of numbering and identifying clusters.]* **17. What is the main reason for using a strategy of identifying sample units in the same way as the sample selection procedure is planned and decided on during the planning stage of the survey?** *[a) To ensure representativeness of the sample.]* b\) To reduce the cost of the survey. c\) To make sure that the sample size is large enough. d\) To make sure that the sample size is small enough. **18. According to the passage, what is the relationship between sample size and precision?** a\) Larger sample size results in lower precision. *[b) Larger sample size results in higher precision.]* c\) Sample size does not impact precision. d\) Smaller sample size results in higher precision. **19. What does the term \"precision\" refer to in the context of sampling for a survey?** *[a) The exactness of the sample mean in relation to the true population mean.]* b\) The degree to which the sample size influences the accuracy of the estimate. c\) The extent of heterogeneity within the population. d\) The level of confidence associated with the estimated sample mean. **20. According to the text, under what condition does the population size cease to affect the precision of the estimate?** *[a) When the sample size is large compared to the population size.]* b\) When the coefficient of variation is high. c\) When the margin of error is low. d\) When the confidence level is high. **21. Which of the following best describes the concept of \"heterogeneity\" in the context of sample size calculations?** *[a) The variation in characteristics within a population.]* b\) The similarity in characteristics within a population. c\) The distribution of population units across different categories. d\) The accuracy of the sampling method used. **22. Which of the following is NOT a step in preparing a questionnaire design?** a\) Review of related literature b\) Construction of theoretical framework c\) Focus group discussion *[d) Data analysis]* **23. What is the main purpose of a focus group discussion during questionnaire development?** a\) To finalize the list of questions to be included in the questionnaire *[b) To gather further insights from the eligible respondents of the survey]* c\) To collect demographic information about the respondents d\) To analyze data collected from the questionnaire **24. What is the purpose of pretesting a questionnaire?** *[a) To ensure that the questions are clear and can be easily comprehended by the respondents.]* b\) To collect data to generate more comprehensive questions. c\) To translate the questionnaire into the respondents' own dialect. d\) To ensure that the survey aptly complements the research objectives. **25. Why is it important to translate questionnaires into the respondents' own dialect?** a\) To help you prioritize those that are more comprehensive relative to the objectives of the study. *[b) To ensure that the respondents clearly understand the questions, and their responses are appropriate to the questions.]* c\) To collect data for excess questions on the survey. d\) To ensure that the survey aptly complements the research objectives. **26. Which of the following is NOT a reason why a researcher should carefully construct a questionnaire to minimize errors?** a\) To avoid biased responses b\) To ensure the questionnaire is relevant to the research objectives *[c) To minimize the need for pre-testing]* d\) To enhance the researcher\'s interviewing skills **27. Which of the following is a reason to use a carefully crafted skipping pattern in a questionnaire?** a\) To encourage respondents to provide more detailed answers b\) To increase the questionnaire\'s reliability *[c) To minimize the occurrence of response errors]* d\) To make the questionnaire more engaging for respondents **28. Which of the following is NOT a vital quality of an interviewer in a study?** a\) Honesty b\) Adaptability c\) Intelligence *[d) Physical Appearance]* **29. What can be a possible implication if a respondent does not cooperate in a study?** a\) The study will be delayed. b\) The data collected will be inaccurate. c\) The researcher will not be able to analyze the data. *[d) All of the above.]* **30. Which of the following is NOT a strategy to control nonresponse errors?** a\) Ensure access to sample units, e.g., dedicated transportation, high quality frame, and carefully planned logistical strategy. b\) Pay attention to the selection, training, and supervision of interviewers. c\) Convince the respondents (through interviewers) to cooperate by explaining the objectives and uses of the survey results. *[d) Carefully design the questionnaire]*. **31. What is the main reason why nonresponse errors can influence the estimates of certain population characteristics?** a\) The respondents might be unable to provide accurate information. b\) The questionnaire could be very lengthy, does not have logical sequencing or arrangement of questions, and exhibits a problem with the question structure, question content, or wording. *[c) Nonresponse errors may also occur when data cannot be collected from the samples, as this could induce bias in the estimates of certain population characteristics.]* d\) It could be that the respondents are simply in an uncooperative mood, hence, the introductory statement/covering letter that includes the motivation for the study is important. **32. What is the main reason for including a section on the \"Purpose and significance of research\" in a survey introduction?** a\) To provide a general overview of the survey. *b) To explain why the respondent\'s participation is important*. c\) To ensure confidentiality and anonymity. d\) To gather demographic information. **33. Why is it essential to state the reason why a respondent was selected for participation in the survey introduction?** a\) To ensure fairness in the selection process. b\) To explain the specific criteria used in the survey. *[c) To make the respondent feel valued and included.]* d\) To justify the time needed to complete the survey. **34. What is the main purpose of field editing?** *[a) To ensure that the questionnaires are correctly filled out.]* b\) To make sure the data is consistent and complete. c\) To check for errors in the data. d\) To make sure the data is accurate. **35. What is central editing?** a\) The process of editing questionnaires after they have been encoded. *[b) The process of checking for inconsistencies and errors in the data.]* c\) The process of assigning codes to data. d\) The process of ensuring that the data is complete and consistent. **36. What is the purpose of a codebook in data analysis?** *[a) To provide a standardized guide for encoding variables based on the questionnaire, reducing errors and improving efficiency.]* b\) To create a list of all possible answers to each question in the questionnaire. c\) To analyze the data collected from the questionnaire and draw conclusions. d\) To determine the sample size needed for a statistically significant study. **37. What is the primary objective of statistical analysis in research?** a\) To collect data from a representative sample of the population. *[b) To transform raw data into information that can be used for decision-making.]* c\) To develop a questionnaire that accurately measures the variables of interest. d\) To ensure that the data collected is free from errors and biases. **38. What kind of data is collected in the variable \"Verbatim Answer\"?** a\) Numerical b\) Categorical *[c) Qualitative]* d\) Quantitative **39. Which of the following is NOT a reason why exploratory data analysis is important?** a\) To gain initial insights about the data. b\) To assess the shape of the distribution. c\) To determine the appropriate statistical method for further analysis. *[d) To make assumptions about the population parameters.]* **40. In choosing a statistical method, what is the first and foremost consideration?** a\) The nature of the data. b\) The distribution of the data. *[c) The hypothesis being tested.]* d\) The availability of statistical software. **41. What are the three main stages of statistical analysis as shown in diagram?** *[a) Data, information, decision-making]* b\) Descriptive analysis, statistical inference, structural inference c\) Statistical optimality, statistical robustness, statistical inference d\) Survey sampling, experimentation, time series **42. What is the primary goal of statistical inference?** a\) To describe the characteristics of a sample. *[b) To make generalizations about a population based on sample data.]* c\) To analyze the relationships between variables. d\) To predict future outcomes. **43. Which of the following is NOT a commonly used method for analyzing paired data?** a\) t-test *[b) ANOVA]* c\) Paired t-test d\) Regression analysis **44. In hypothesis testing, what is the null hypothesis (H0)?** a\) The hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove. *[b) The hypothesis that the researcher doubts to be true.]* c\) The hypothesis that the researcher believes to be true. d\) The hypothesis that is based on the sample data. **45. What is the difference between a one-tailed and a two-tailed hypothesis test?** *[a) A one-tailed test is used when the alternative hypothesis specifies a direction, while a two-tailed test does not.]* b\) A one-tailed test is used when the sample size is small, while a two-tailed test is used when the sample size is large. c\) A one-tailed test is used when the data is normally distributed, while a two-tailed test is used when the data is not normally distributed. d\) A one-tailed test is used when the null hypothesis is rejected, while a two-tailed test is used when the null hypothesis is not rejected. **46. What is the implication of rejecting the null hypothesis?** a\) It means that the null hypothesis is true. *[b) It means that the alternative hypothesis is true.]* c\) It means that the null hypothesis is false. d\) It means that the alternative hypothesis is false. **47. What is the purpose of calculating a p-value in hypothesis testing?** *[a) To determine the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true]* b\) To determine the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true c\) To determine the probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false d\) To determine the probability of finding a statistically significant result **48. What is the purpose of statistical modeling in social sciences?** a\) To simplify complex systems and make them easier to understand. b\) To predict future events and trends. c\) To identify causal relationships between social phenomena. *[d) All of the above.]* **49. What are the three phases in the statistical modeling building process?** a\) Planning, implementation, and evaluation. *[b) Planning, development, and verification.]* c\) Design, data collection, and analysis. d\) Problem definition, model development, and model evaluation. **50. In the context of regression analysis, what is the role of independent variables?** *[a) They are used to explain the behavior of the dependent variable]* b\) They are the primary focus of the analysis c\) They are used to measure the overall productivity of the system d\) They are used to identify potential causal relationships in the data **51. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the error term in a regression model?** a\) It accounts for the deviation of the data points from the straight line. b\) It represents the possible measurement errors not included in the model. *[c) It is assumed to be constant across all possible values of the independent variables.]* d\) It justifies the inclusion of information in the scatter plot that cannot be explained by the independent variables. **52. What is the significance of the regression coefficient in regression analysis?** a\) It indicates the correlation between the dependent and independent variables. b\) It indicates the strength of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. *[c) It indicates whether the independent variable is a significant predictor of the dependent variable.]* d\) It indicates the direction of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. **53. In logistic regression, what is the dependent variable?** a\) A continuous variable that can take on any value *[b) A dichotomous variable that can take on two values]* c\) A categorical variable with more than two categories d\) A count variable that represents the number of occurrences **54. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of big data?** a\) Volume b\) Velocity c\) Variety *[d) Validity]* **55. Which of the following is NOT a type of big data?** **a) Social networks** b\) Traditional business systems c\) Machine-generated data *[d) Experimental data]* **56. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using big data for research?** a\) Big data can provide insights from various features. b\) Big data can be used to explore a particular problem. *[c) Big data can be used to provide the ultimate answer to a research question.]* d\) Big data can provide opportunities for social science research. **57. Which of the following is NOT a type of control used in experimental research?** a\) Randomization b\) Elimination c\) Counterbalancing *[d) Correlation]* **58. Which of the following is NOT a major criticism of the true experiment?** a\) It is artificial. b\) It is difficult to control for extraneous variables. c\) It is difficult to generalize the findings. *[d) It is unethical to manipulate the independent variable. ]* **59. Which of the following is an example of a quasi-experimental design?** a\) A study that randomly assigns participants to different treatment groups. b\) A study that compares the effectiveness of two different teaching methods. *[c) A study that examines the impact of a new policy on a community.]* d\) A study that investigates the relationship between two variables ***Chapter 5: Qualitative Research*** **1. Which of the following is NOT a method of qualitative research?**\ a) Focus Group Discussion\ b) Case Study\ *[c) Experiment]*\ d) Historical Research\ \ **2. According to Denzin and Lincoln (1998), what is a key attribute of qualitative research?**\ a) It focuses on objective data collection.\ b) It aims to test pre-defined hypotheses.\ *[c) It seeks to understand the meaning people attach to particular events.]*\ d) It emphasizes quantitative data analysis. **3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research?**\ a) Inductive approach\ b) Focus on generating concepts and insights\ c) Avoiding preconceived models or theories\ *[d) Testing or assessing a research project\'s preconceived model, hypothesis, or theory]*.\ \ 4. **Qualitative research emphasizes a holistic approach to settings and people. This means that:\ **a) Researchers should treat people as variables or parts.\ b) Researchers should reduce the context of variables or parts to their simplest forms.\ *[c) Researchers should treat people in the context of their past, environment, and situations.]*\ d) Researchers should ignore the motivations and actions of the people under study.\ \ **5. According to the text, what is the key principle that guides qualitative research regarding different perspectives?**\ a) Researchers should prioritize the perspectives of authoritative or powerful people.\ *[b) Researchers should reject the assumption that less-powerful people\'s perspectives are less valid.\ c) Researchers should accept only the most authoritative or powerful people\'s points of view.]*\ d) Researchers should only accept one perspective and disregard all other points of view. **6. Which of the following is NOT listed as a qualitative research method in the text?**\ a) Focus group discussion\ b) Ethnography\ *[c) Survey research]*\ d) Participant observation **7. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the focus group discussion (FGD) method?**\ a) The method is relatively inexpensive.\ b) The method can effectively induce a higher response rating among informants.\ c) The method can reduce the number of \"don\'t know\" and \"no answer\" responses.\ *[d) The method is a highly structured and controlled method.]*\ \ **8. Which of the following is a factor that can contribute to the success of a focus group discussion (FGD)?**\ a) The FGD facilitator is experienced in handling a variety of topics.\ b) The research team has a clear understanding of the FGD topic(s).\ c) The FGD is conducted in a comfortable and relaxed environment.\ *[d) All of the above.]* **9. Which of the following is NOT a crucial factor for a successful FGD?**\ a) Carefully selected participants\ b) A venue with good accessibility\ *[c) A large, spacious room]*\ d) An efficient team consisting of administrators, recorders, and documentors\ \ **10. What is the primary role of the FGD facilitator?\ **a) To ensure that all participants have an equal opportunity to speak\ b) To maintain a relaxed and comfortable atmosphere for the participants\ *[c) To guide the discussion and ensure that it stays focused on the objectives]*\ d) To record the discussions and prepare the corresponding transcripts **11. Which of the following is NOT a qualification that FGD participants should ideally possess?**\ a) Has a particular vantage point in making an assessment of the subject matter.\ b) Is a community member who is either a recipient or beneficiary of a project input, or is a strong opinion leader on the subject matter.\ *[c) The ability to provide factual information and insightful opinions.\ ]*d) The ability to actively participate in the discussion by sharing their insights and opinions.\ \ **12. What is the primary role of the observers during an FGD?**\ a) To record the attendance of the participants.\ b) To actively participate in the discussion and provide insightful opinions.\ *[c) To assist the facilitator by monitoring what is happening in and during the FGD.\ ]*d) To prepare the venue, coordinate with gatekeepers, and prepare the FGD materials. 13\. What is the purpose of the \"Personal Information Sheet\" in the context of the provided document?\ *[a) To collect demographic information about participants in an FGD.\ ]*b) To assess the participants\' knowledge of online philanthropy.\ c) To evaluate the effectiveness of the FGD facilitator.\ d) To determine the participants\' level of interest in online philanthropy.\ \ **14. Which of the following is NOT a potential challenge mentioned in the document regarding the participation of \"blabbers\" in an FGD?**\ a) They may monopolize the discussion.\ b) They may intimidate or pick a fight with other participants.\ *[c) They may fail to detect qualified candidates.\ d) They may disrupt the flow of the FGD.]* **15. According to the text, why is a budget allocation necessary for FGDs?**\ *[a) To cover the costs of holding the FGD, including venue rental, FGD facilitator\'s fee, tokens for participants, honoraria for the team members, office supplies and equipment, etc.]*\ b) To ensure that the FGD is conducted in a safe and secure environment.\ c) To compensate participants for their time and effort.\ d) To ensure that the FGD is conducted in a culturally sensitive manner.\ \ **16. What is the role of the FGD guide in qualitative research?\ **a) To provide a detailed script for the facilitator to follow.\ b) To ensure that the FGD is conducted in a standardized manner.\ *[c) To serve as a tool for the facilitator in guiding the discussion and ensuring that all relevant questions are covered.]*\ d) To provide a framework for analyzing the data collected from the FGD. **17. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a well-structured FGD guide?**\ a) It should be concise and to the point.\ b) It should be comprehensive, covering all relevant topics.\ *[c) It should be lengthy and detailed, providing a comprehensive overview of the research.\ ]*d) It should be flexible and adaptable to the needs of the participants.\ \ **18. What is the primary role of the facilitator in an FGD?\ ***[a) To guide the discussion and ensure that all participants have an opportunity to share their views.]*\ b) To provide expert opinions and insights on the topic under discussion.\ c) To collect data and analyze it for the research project.\ d) To ensure that the discussion remains focused and productive. **19. Which of the following is NOT a crucial role in conducting a Focus Group Discussion (FGD)?**\ a) Facilitator\ b) Recorder/Documentor\ c) Administrative Staff\ *[d) Interviewer]*\ **20. What is the main purpose of analyzing FGD findings?**\ a) To understand the demographics of the participants.\ *[b) To identify patterns, themes, and concepts.]*\ c) To collect quantitative data for statistical analysis.\ d) To verify the accuracy of the information provided by participants. **21. According to the text, what is the primary reason for conducting focus group discussions in a comfortable, private place?**\ a) To ensure the participants feel relaxed and open to sharing their thoughts.\ *[b) To minimize distractions and allow for focused discussions.]*\ c) To protect the participants\' privacy and confidentiality.\ d) To create a sense of intimacy and trust between the facilitator and the participants.\ \ **22. The text suggests that sensitive issues should be introduced later in the focus group discussions. What is the main reason for this?**\ a) To avoid overwhelming the participants with sensitive topics at the beginning.\ *[b) To allow time for rapport building and trust to develop before discussing sensitive matters.\ ]*c) To ensure that the participants have enough time to reflect on the sensitive issues before discussing them.\ d) To give the facilitator time to prepare for the discussion of sensitive issues. **23. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethnographic research?**\ a) It involves extended immersion in the field.\ b) It focuses on understanding the perspectives of the people being studied.\ *[c) It relies primarily on quantitative data collection methods.]*\ d) It emphasizes the importance of building rapport with the community being studied.\ \ **24. Which of the following best describes the ultimate goal of ethnography?\ **a) To test hypotheses about human behavior.\ b) To collect data that can be used to make generalizations about a population.\ *[c) To develop a comprehensive understanding of a particular culture or group of people.]*\ d) To provide a detailed description of the material culture of a society. **25. Which of the following is NOT a principle of ethical conduct in ethnographic research, according to the American Anthropological Association (AAA)?***[\ ]*a) Consider informants first.\ b) Safeguard informants\' rights, interests and sensitivities.\ c) Communicate the research objectives.\ *[d) Exploit informants for personal gain.]* **26. According to the text, what is the primary research method used in ethnographic research?**\ a) Surveys\ b) Experiments\ *[c) Observation]*\ d) Interviews **27. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethnographic interviews?**\ a) They are conducted repeatedly and lengthily.\ *[b) They are structured and follow a pre-determined script.]*\ c) They take the form of a storyteller\'s tales.\ d) They aim to engage informants in a conversation about their community.\ \ **28. The term \"emic perspective\" refers to:**\ a) The outsider\'s view of reality.\ *[b) The indigenous view of reality obtained through interviews and other response- eliciting procedures.]*\ c) The perspective of the researcher, informed by their theoretical framework.\ d) The perspective of the dominant culture. **29. Which of the following is NOT a technique used in the data analysis and interpretation process of Ethnography?**\ a) Description\ b) Analysis\ c) Interpretation\ *[d) Observation]* **30. Which of the following is NOT a step involved in formulating a research problem in ethnography?**\ a) Figure out what you want to study.\ b) List down your research questions.\ c) Review similar studies.\ *[d) Determine accessibility of the site and required protocols for gaining entry.]* **31. According to the text, what key methodological challenge did Jocano face while carrying out his ethnographic research on slum subculture in the Philippines?**\ a) He was unable to gain access to the slum community due to its highly guarded nature.\ b) He was unable to find any participants willing to share their experiences.\ *[c) He faced difficulty in fully disclosing the purpose of his research, noting that he earned the ire of local gangs when he went around the neighborhood to ask questions.\ ]*d) He was unable to use an unobtrusive approach to avoid physical harm. **32. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of participant observation?**\ a) It allows you to obtain information that is difficult to extract using other data collection methods.\ b) It minimizes the problem of \"reactivity\" or the tendency of people to modify their behavior when they know they are being observed.\ c) It can help you formulate relevant questions, learn the appropriate way to ask them, and identify the right informants.\ *[d) It is a research method that is exclusively used in the field of anthropology.]*\ \ **33. According to the text, what is the key element of participant observation that makes it a valuable research method?**\ a) The use of embedded rhetorical devices such as metaphors, anecdotes, irony, and analogy.\ *[b) The direct, personal observation or examination of a social phenomenon in its natural setting.]*\ c) The collection of data through interviews and surveys.\ d) The analysis of collected data through the interpretive frame of immersion in the culture. **34. Which of the following is NOT a level of researcher involvement in participant observation?**\ a) Complete observer\ *[b) Participant observer\ ]*c) Complete participant\ d) Observer-as-participant **35. According to the text, which of the following is considered the most ideal and ethical position for generating information?\ **a) Complete participant\ *[b) Observer-as-participant]*\ c) Participant-observer\ d) Observer-as-observer **36. What is the primary purpose of an in-depth interview?**\ a) To gather quantitative data on a specific topic.\ b) To obtain a broad overview of a topic.\ *[c) To explore the interviewee\'s experiences, opinions, and feelings in detail.]*\ d) To test and analyze a hypothesis.\ \ **37. What is a key difference between a focus interview and an in-depth interview?\ **a) Focus interviews are conducted in a group setting, while in-depth interviews are one-on-one.\ *[b) Focus interviews explore a specific topic, while in-depth interviews aim for broader insights.\ ]*c) Focus interviews are structured and guided, while in-depth interviews are more open-ended.\ d) Focus interviews are used to gather quantitative data, while in-depth interviews gather qualitative data. **38. According to the text, what is a key characteristic of a key informant?**\ a) They are selected based on a set of criteria determined by the researcher.\ b) They are typically the head or officer of an organization.\ c) They act as a surrogate for the researcher and perform surveillance.\ *[d) They have a distinct vantage point and can provide rich information about the phenomenon under study.]*\ **39. The example of the research using key informants in the study of rape survivors illustrates that:\ ***[a) Key informants can provide valuable insights into the experiences of individuals.]*\ b) Key informants are always necessary for conducting research on sensitive topics.\ c) Key informants are the only source of information for qualitative research.\ d) Key informants should only be used in studies of trauma and violence. **40. Which of the following is NOT a guideline for conducting an interview?**\ a) The interview should be recorded or taped.\ b) The venue should be comfortable and conducive to the interview.\ c) The interviewer should be present and interacting during the interview.\ *[d) The interview should be conducted in a private setting, such as an office or living room.\ \ ]***41. In the example of research using in-depth interview provided in the text, what was the primary goal of the research team?**\ a) To understand the life history of each abused child.\ b) To determine the long-term effects of abuse on children.\ c) To provide support and counseling to abused children.\ *d) To examine the resilience of abused children.* **42. According to the text, what is the most important step to take before conducting an interview?**\ *[a) Secure a written consent form from the interviewee.\ ]*b) Prepare the logistics and documentation materials.\ c) Establish rapport with the interviewee.\ d) Introduce yourself and explain the study.\ \ **43. Which of the following is NOT included in the Personal Information Sheet (PIS) example provided?\ **a) Name\ b) Marital Status\ c) Educational Attainment\ *[d) Political Affiliation]* **44. What is the key to a successful interview session?\ a) Preparing a detailed interview guide.**\ b) Keeping the interview focused on the subject.\ c) Anticipating sensitive issues.\ *[d) Establishing rapport with the discussant.]*\ \ **45. Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice during an interview?**\ *[a) Giving the impression that you can help the informant solve their personal woes.]*\ b) Ending the interview on a light note.\ c) Accepting minor hospitality, especially when the situation warrants it.\ d) Upholding any agreement with the informant on recording limitations. **46. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a qualitative interview?**\ a) The researcher uses an instrument called a \"guide\" or a \"focus group discussion guide.\"\ b) The guide simply reminds you on the possible questions but the actual questions will depend on each answer of the informant.\ *[c) The interview guide is formatted to capture all possible answers to a question.\ ]*d) The interview guide contains the information or data you need.\ \ **47. Which of the following is a key difference between survey interviews and qualitative interviews?\ ***[a) The researcher is expected to have developed rapport with the informant.\ ]*b) The researcher seeks to collect data that is \"objective\" or \"neutral.\"\ c) The researcher uses an instrument called a \"guide.\"\ d) The researcher aims to capture all possible answers to a question. **48. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good case study?**\ a) It investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context.\ b) It explores and analyzes the life of a person or a social unit, an artifact, a group, an organization, or a cultural group.\ c) It is regarded as a painstaking exploration of a variety of data as it attempts to see the contexts and factors of the social unit in an integrated whole or totality.\ *[d) It focuses on a specific aspect of the phenomenon and ignores the historical development and all possible aspects of the phenomenon.\ ]*\ **49. What is the primary benefit of choosing the case study as a data construction method?**\ a) It allows for a comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon.\ b) It provides a structured approach to data analysis.\ *[c) It generates rich data, which may suggest topics/perspectives for more intensive investigations.]*\ d) It provides a standardized method for comparing different cases. **50. Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the case study method?**\ *[a) It tends to generalize.]*\ b) It relies heavily on perception, memory, judgment, and unconscious bias.\ c) It attempts to establish facts.\ d) It is a popular tendency to over-emphasize unusual events in the preparation of a case study.\ \ **51. What is the key skill that a good case study researcher should possess?**\ a) The ability to gather data quickly.\ *[b) The ability to formulate relevant and precise questions to generate information.\ ]*c) The ability to present a compelling narrative.\ d) The ability to conduct interviews effectively. **52. What is the primary purpose of the Case Study Protocol (CSP)?**\ *[a) To provide a detailed guide for conducting a case study.]*\ b) To ensure that the case study is objective and unbiased.\ c) To standardize the research methods used in case studies.\ d) To provide a framework for analyzing qualitative data.\ \ **53. What should be the focus of the research problem in a case study?\ **a) A specific question that can be answered with a \"yes\" or \"no.\"\ b) A broad question that encompasses multiple variables.\ *[c) A question that is relevant to the specific objectives of the study.\ ]*d) A question that can be easily addressed with existing literature. **54. Which of the following is NOT a tool or research instrument that should be ready when conducting a case study?**\ a) Interview guide\ b) Focus group discussion\ c) Case study guide\ *[d) Numerical data analysis]*\ \ **55. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the \"text\" that is analyzed in textual analysis?**\ a) Texts, which are \"the object of study\"\ b) Artifacts that have been interpreted holistically\ *[c) Numerical data to understand patterns\ ]*d) Assessment of texts **56. What is the main reason why textual analysis is important?**\ a) It helps to understand the meaning of texts.\ b) It allows researchers to make inferences and draw implications.\ c) It provides a framework for evaluating texts.\ *[d) It helps to understand the social and historical context of texts.]*\ \ **57. Which of the following is NOT a reason why textual analysis is considered a valuable method?**\ a) It is based on evidence.\ b) It can be used to prove something forward.\ c) It helps to understand relationships and processes.\ *[d) It is purely subjective and does not rely on evidence.]* **58. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of discourse analysis?**\ a) It involves the analysis and interpretation of archetypes, character portrayals and discursive formation or practices.\ b) It examines how meanings are produced, labelled and conceptualized through the use of language.\ *[c) It primarily focuses on the quantitative analysis of data, using statistical methods.]*\ d) It may employ thematic-based analysis, using codes to identify and interpret data. **59. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primary sources?\ **a) They are created during the period under study.\ b) They often offer subjective interpretations of events.\ *[c) They are materials that have been analyzed and synthesized by scholars.\ ]*d) They can provide direct connection to the events being studied. **60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a well-written research paper using Filipino Indigenous Methods (FIM)?**\ a) The paper is based on historical sources that are accessible, authenticated, and trustworthy.\ b) The paper considers and addresses counter-arguments or opposing interpretations.\ c) The writing steers clear of oversimplification, overgeneralization, misinterpretation, and personal bias.\ d) The writing is descriptive, analytical, and not too flowery or emotional.\ *[e) The paper is based on secondary sources, instead of primary sources.]*\ \ **61. Why is it important to use Filipino Indigenous Methods (FIM) when conducting research in the Philippines?\ **a) FIM is a more efficient and cost-effective way to collect data.\ b) FIM allows researchers to avoid the biases inherent in Western research methods.\ c) FIM is the only method that can be used to understand Filipino culture.\ *[d) FIM allows researchers to better understand the culture being studied by incorporating indigenous viewpoints and perspectives.]*\ e) FIM is a more rigorous and scientific approach to research. **62. Which of the following research methods is considered \"unobtrusive\" according to the text?**\ *[a) Pakapa-kapa]*\ b) Direct Intrusion Interviews\ c) Participatory Methods\ d) Obtrusive Methods\ \ **63. What is the primary goal of \"indigenization\" or becoming indigenous in research?**\ a) To study the physical or hard science of a culture.\ *[b) To adapt research methods to the values, beliefs, and practices of the target culture.]*\ c) To employ research methods that best fit the culture of the researcher.\ d) To conduct research in a manner that does not impact the culture being studied. **64. Which of the following research methods is characterized by probing into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to obtain order, meaning and directions for research?**\ a) Pakikipagkuwentuhan\ b) Pakikiramdam\ c) Pagmamasid\ *[d) Pakapa-kapa\ ]*\ **65. Which of the following research methods is characterized by directly engaging with the subject-informants in their activities, such as rituals, social affairs, religious events, economic affairs?**\ a) Pakikipagkuwentuhan\ b) Pakikiramdam\ c) Pagmamasid\ *[d) Participatory]* **66. Which of the following methods involves the researcher becoming a participant in the community\'s activities and projects, working to ensure their success?**\ a) Pagdalaw-dalaw\ b) Pakikilahok\ *[c) Pagsubaybay]*\ d) Pakikipagpalagayang-loob\ \ **67. The \"mga iskala ng patutunguhan ng mananaliksik at kalahok\" (Researcher-subject relationship scales) are a way to understand the progression of the relationship between the researcher and the informants. Which of the following is NOT a stage in the relationship scale?\ **a) Pakikitungo\ b) Pakikisama\ c) Pakikipagpalagayang-loob\ *[d) Pagdalaw-dalaw]* ***Chapter 6: Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary, and Feminist Research*** **1. What is the primary purpose of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies?**\ a) To create new disciplines.\ *[b) To provide an avenue for arriving at solutions to complex problems.]*\ c) To study different perspectives on a single issue.\ d) To replace traditional research methods.\ \ **2. What is the main difference between multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research?\ ***[a) Multidisciplinary research focuses on a single discipline, while interdisciplinary research combines multiple disciplines.]*\ b) Interdisciplinary research focuses on a single discipline, while multidisciplinary research combines multiple disciplines.\ c) Multidisciplinary research integrates information from different disciplines, while interdisciplinary research focuses on the boundaries between disciplines.\ d) Interdisciplinary research integrates information from different disciplines, while multidisciplinary research focuses on the boundaries between disciplines.\ \ **3. What are the key elements of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research?\ ***[a) Data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts and/or theories from two or more disciplines.]*\ b) Data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts and/or theories from a single discipline.\ c) Data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts and/or theories from a single discipline and a single area of research.\ d) Data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts and/or theories from a single discipline and a single area of research and interdisciplinary research.\ \ **4. How do multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research relate to each other?\ **a) They are distinct and unrelated approaches to research.\ *[b) They are different but interconnected approaches to research.]*\ c) They are completely identical approaches to research.\ d) They are similar but distinct approaches to research.\ \ **5. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of interdisciplinary research?**\ a) Researchers from two or more disciplines pool their approaches.\ b) Researchers modify their approaches to suit the problem.\ *[c) Researchers work independently on the same topic.\ ]*d) Researchers collaborate to integrate diverse perspectives.*[\ ]*\ **6. What is the key difference between multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research?**\ a) Multidisciplinary research involves a collective study of a common topic, while interdisciplinary research focuses on solving a collective problem.\ *[b) Multidisciplinary research involves researchers working independently on a common topic, while interdisciplinary research involves researchers collaborating on a common problem.\ ]*c) Multidisciplinary research focuses on the perspectives of a gamut of disciplines, while interdisciplinary research focuses on integrating diverse perspectives.\ d) Multidisciplinary research involves a coordinated and integrated form of collaboration, while interdisciplinary research involves a self-contained approach.\ \ **7. What are the four drivers of interdisciplinary research according to the National Research Council of the United States (NRC, 2005)?\ ***[a) The inherent complexity of nature, the need to explore basic research problems, the need to solve societal problems, and the stimulus of generative technologies.\ ]*b) The need to explore basic research problems, the need to solve societal problems, the need to integrate diverse perspectives, and the stimulus of generative technologies.\ c) The inherent complexity of nature, the need to explore basic research problems, the need to integrate diverse perspectives, and the stimulus of generative technologies.\ d) The inherent complexity of nature, the need to solve societal problems, the need to integrate diverse perspectives, and the need to understand different perspectives.\ \ **8. What is a \"healthy community\" in the context of interdisciplinary research?**\ a) A community where people from different disciplines work together to solve common problems.\ b) A community where people from different disciplines have a shared understanding of the same concepts.\ c) A community where people from different disciplines have a shared understanding of the same concepts, and can work together to solve common problems.\ *[d) A community where people from different disciplines can collaborate to solve problems, even if they have different definitions of the same concepts.]*\ \ **9. What is the key feature of transdisciplinary research that differentiates it from interdisciplinary research?\ **a) It focuses on the integration of different disciplines to solve a specific problem.\ b) It involves a deeper integration of methods, activities, and results.\ *[c) It emphasizes close interaction and deep engagement between disciplines.]*\ d) It aims to address a wider range of issues and problems.\ \ **10. What is the goal of transdisciplinary research?**\ *[a) To provide an interconnected platform for addressing challenges and problems that confront our society.]*\ b) To create a shared theoretical framework or policies.\ c) To harmonize diverse disciplinary perspectives.\ d) To weaken the expertise and integrity of disciplinary research.\ \ **11. What is one of the characteristics of transdisciplinary research?**\ a) It is characterized by the processes of integration and recursiveness in solving societal problems.\ *[b) It involves a high degree of integration of theoretical and methodological approaches of the social and natural sciences.]*\ c) It emphasizes the importance of a single discipline\'s knowledge and methodology.\ d) It focuses on the application of Marxist philosophies to various fields such as art history, literature, political science, communication, economics, sociology, etc.\ \ **12. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transdisciplinary research?**\ a) It involves working together for a long period of time to generate a shared theoretical or conceptual framework or policies.\ b) It aims to create a unified approach to solving problems by blending different disciplinary perspectives.\ *[c) It emphasizes the importance of disciplinary boundaries and the protection of each discipline\'s expertise.]*\ d) It encourages a deeper integration of methods, activities, and results.\ \ **13. Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of transdisciplinary research as described in the text?\ **a) It embraces \"an intentional transgressive dislocation of disciplinary conventions with the goal of achieving novel and shared insights.\"\ b) It showcases \"cooperation within and among scientific communities and a debate between research and the society at large.\"\ *[c) It focuses solely on the integration of scientific disciplines and excludes other societal fields and practices.]*\ d) It emphasizes the inclusion of a \"reality\" that encompasses diverse perspectives and levels of understanding.\ \ **14. Transdisciplinary research is \"the canon of participating disciplines and competencies from the natural, technical and social sciences, and the humanities as well as from the life-world\" (p. 219). What does this statement suggest about the scope of transdisciplinary research?**\ a) Transdisciplinary research is limited to specific fields of study.\ *[b) Transdisciplinary research draws knowledge from a wide range of disciplines and perspectives.]*\ c) Transdisciplinary research is primarily concerned with the natural sciences.\ d) Transdisciplinary research focuses solely on the humanities.\ \ **15. What is the significance of transdisciplinary research upholding the idea that knowledge generation is not only the purview of scholars and academics but also of varieties of organizations and institutions beyond the academe?\ **a) It emphasizes the importance of traditional academic research.\ *[b) It highlights the need for collaboration between researchers and practitioners.\ ]*c) It suggests that knowledge can be generated only within academic institutions.\ d) It emphasizes the importance of scientific research over other forms of knowledge.\ \ **16. The Manila Observatory, a Jesuit-run nonprofit research institute, aims to be at the forefront of environmental and disaster research toward the attainment of sustainable development and poverty reduction. This example illustrates:\ **a) The limitations of transdisciplinary research in addressing complex societal issues.\ *[b) The potential of transdisciplinary research to address real-world problems.\ ]*c) The dominance of scientific disciplines in transdisciplinary research.\ d) The exclusivity of transdisciplinary research to academic institutions. **17. What is the main goal of the Emerging Interdisciplinary Research Program (EIDR) at the University of the Philippines?**\ a) To conduct research on specific natural phenomena.\ *[b) To generate fundamental knowledge and understanding of natural phenomena.]*\ c) To focus on research in specific areas of expertise.\ d) To promote collaboration between universities.\ \ **18. What is the College of Mass Communication\'s Communicating Science and Technology (COST) project designed to address?\ **a) The need to improve communication skills in scientists.\ *[b) The need to address the needs of local communities.\ ]*c) The need to increase funding for science and technology research.\ d) The need to develop new technologies.\ \ **19. What is the primary goal of the University of the Philippines\' research in relation to local communities?**\ a) To provide scientific solutions to local problems.\ *[b) To conduct research that benefits local communities.]*\ c) To educate local communities about science and technology.\ d) To create partnerships with local communities. **20. How does the COST project engage the media to disseminate scientific discoveries?**\ a) By providing media personnel with training on science communication.\ *[b) By partnering with media experts to assist in the dissemination of research findings.\ ]*c) By creating a dedicated media channel for scientific research.\ d) By funding media projects that promote scientific discoveries. **21. What is the main purpose of the Philippine Human Development Report (PHDR)?**\ a) To promote the expansion of human choices and capabilities as the yardstick of development.\ b) To provide a critical national development concern.\ c) To focus on a theme that addresses a critical national development concern.\ *[d) All of the above.]*\ \ **22. What is the primary difference between multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research?**\ a) Multidisciplinary research involves scholars from various fields, while interdisciplinary research focuses on a single field.\ *[b) Multidisciplinary research involves collaboration among scholars from different fields, while interdisciplinary research focuses on integrating different disciplines.\ ]*c) Multidisciplinary research focuses on a single theme, while interdisciplinary research addresses multiple themes.\ d) Multidisciplinary research emphasizes the use of quantitative methods, while interdisciplinary research emphasizes qualitative methods.\ \ **23. What is the main goal of the Future Earth initiative?\ **a) To advance global sustainability science.\ b) To build capacity in this rapidly expanding area of research.\ c) To provide an international research agenda to guide natural and social scientists working around the world.\ *[d) All of the above.]*\ \ **24. What is the key difference between multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary research?\ ***[a) Multidisciplinary research involves scholars from different fields, while transdisciplinary research focuses on integrating different disciplines.\ ]*b) Multidisciplinary research involves collaboration among scholars from different fields, while transdisciplinary research focuses on a single field.\ c) Multidisciplinary research focuses on a single theme, while transdisciplinary research addresses multiple themes.\ d) Multidisciplinary research emphasizes the use of quantitative methods, while transdisciplinary research emphasizes qualitative methods. **25. What is the main idea of the passage about crossing disciplinary boundaries in academic research?**\ a) Academic research has become increasingly specialized.\ b) Academic research should be more focused on solving practical problems.\ c) Academic research should embrace interdisciplinary approaches to address complex issues.\ *[d) Academic research should be more collaborative.\ ]*\ **26. What is the author\'s view on the use of the term \"multidisciplinary\" in research?**\ *[a) The term is often misused and should be used cautiously.]*\ b) The term is essential for describing research that combines different disciplines.\ c) The term is outdated and should be replaced with a more accurate term.\ d) The term is only appropriate for research that is conducted by multiple researchers from different disciplines.\ \ **27. According to the passage, what is the significance of the \"convergence of insights and approaches\" from different fields in academic research?**\ *[a) It allows researchers to specialize in their own fields more effectively.]*\ b) It leads to the development of new research methods.\ c) It helps to address complex societal issues that require a multidisciplinary perspective.\ d) It makes research more relevant to the real world.\ \ **38. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an example of an interdisciplinary field of research?\ **a) Environmental studies\ b) Health research\ c) Women\'s studies/feminist research\ *[d) Political science]*\ \ **29. What is the primary set of beliefs that defines women\'s studies?**\ a) The study of women\'s history and their role in society.\ b) The analysis of gender roles and their impact on women\'s lives.\ *[c) The belief that feminism is a way of looking at and explaining reality, as well as a concerted movement to change reality.\ ]*d) The belief that women should have equal rights and opportunities as men.\ \ **30. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of feminist research, as described in the text?\ **a) It recognizes the validity of women\'s own interpretations of their lived experiences.\ b) It challenges the coercive power, force, or authority that upholds male prerogatives.\ *[c) It focuses on the individual experiences of women and their struggles.]*\ d) It exhibits consciousness of, discomfort at, or even anger over, institutionalized injustice or inequality toward women.\ \ **31. Why is feminist research pushed on women\'s liberation movement?\ **a) To provide women with a platform to share their stories and experiences.\ b) To raise awareness of the issues that women face in society.\ *[c) To empower women and challenge patriarchal structures.]*\ d) To promote gender equality and social justice.\ \ **32. What is the primary methodological tool used in feminist research?**\ a) Quantitative research methods\ b) Qualitative research methods\ c) Mixed methods research\ *[d) Consciousness-raising]*\ \ **33. What are the three main objectives of feminist research?**\ a) To empower women, to contribute to social change, and to enlighten the community.\ b) To understand women\'s lives, to challenge traditional gender roles, and to promote equality.\ c) To conduct research, to analyze data, and to publish findings.\ *[d) To empower women, to contribute to social change, and to promote equality.\ ]*\ **34. What is the main argument made about the \"personal is political\" slogan in feminist research?\ ***[a) It suggests that personal experiences are shaped by political structures.]*\ b) It emphasizes the importance of individual agency in shaping social change.\ c) It argues that political activism should be rooted in personal experiences.\ d) It promotes a focus on individual experiences rather than broader political issues.\ \ **35. What does the text suggest about the use of quantitative and qualitative methods in feminist research?\ **a) Both methods are equally important and should be used in conjunction.\ b) Quantitative methods are more effective in capturing the complexities of women\'s lives.\ c) Qualitative methods are essential for understanding the lived experiences of women.\ *[d) Some feminist scholars dismiss quantitative methods and focus solely on qualitative approaches.\ ]*\ **36. How do feminist researchers challenge traditional knowledge generated in the social sciences?**\ *[a) By conducting research from a feminist perspective and providing alternative explanations.]*\ b) By advocating for a more inclusive and diverse representation of women in research.\ c) By using quantitative methods to provide more accurate and objective data.\ d) By focusing on individual experiences rather than broader social patterns.\ \ **37. Which of the following is NOT a reason why feminist research emphasizes the use of statistics?**\ a) Statistics can help to identify and challenge gender biases in research.\ b) Statistics can help to measure the impact of gender inequality on women\'s lives.\ c) Statistics can help to promote feminist goals.\ *[d) Statistics are seen as objective and neutral, and therefore do not reinforce gender stereotypes.]*\ \ **38. What is the main argument of the text regarding the use of qualitative research in feminist studies?\ **a) Qualitative research is the only valid method for understanding women\'s experiences.\ b) Qualitative research is more likely to be biased than quantitative research.\ *[c) Qualitative research can help to uncover the complex and nuanced realities of women\'s lives.]*\ d) Qualitative research is only useful for studying women in marginalized communities.\ \ **39. What is the key characteristic of feminist research in relation to power dynamics?\ **a) It seeks to maintain the status quo and reinforce existing power structures.\ *[b) It aims to challenge and dismantle unequal power relations between genders.]*\ c) It focuses on studying the power dynamics within individual families.\ d) It prioritizes the experiences of women in positions of power. **40. What is the main goal of feminist participatory research (FemPAR)?**\ a) To study the experiences of women in a patriarchal society\ b) To empower women through research and activism\ c) To challenge traditional research methods and promote feminist perspectives\ *[d) To create a space for egalitarian relationships between researchers and participants]*\ \ **41. How does FemPAR differ from traditional research methods?\ ***[a) It focuses on the experiences of marginalized groups]*.\ b) It emphasizes the importance of objectivity and neutrality.\ c) It relies on quantitative data collection methods.\ d) It prioritizes the researcher\'s perspective over the participants\'.\ \ **42. In Torres\'s (2002) study on understanding sexuality, what was the main finding?*[\ ]***a) Gender roles are determined by biological factors.\ *b) Sexual practices are influenced by cultural norms and beliefs.\ *c) Women\'s sexual experiences are more restricted than men\'s.\ d) There is a universal understanding of sexuality across cultures.\ \ **43. What does Claudio (2002) argue about the relationship between rape and women\'s sexuality?**\ a) Rape is a natural part of women\'s sexual experience.\ b) Women\'s sexual experiences are defined by their experiences of rape.\ *[c) Rape is a deviant act that undermines women\'s sexuality.]*\ d) Women\'s sexuality is inherently vulnerable to male domination. **44. Which of the following is NOT a goal of feminist studies?**\ a) To understand women\'s lives\ b) To eliminate the roots of women\'s subordination\ c) To promote women\'s empowerment\ *[d) To advance gender equality.\ ]* **45. What is the main point of the example of Rosalinda Pineda-Ofreneo\'s research?\ ***[a) To show how women can use their narratives to gain power.]*\ b) To demonstrate the importance of feminist research in understanding women\'s experiences.\ c) To highlight the challenges faced by women in the workplace.\ d) To illustrate the importance of gender equality in the workplace. **46. What is the GAD Budget?**\ a) A budget specifically allocated to women\'s issues.\ *[b) A budget allocated for gender-responsive programs and policies.]*\ c) A budget that funds feminist research.\ d) A budget that aims to eliminate gender inequality. **47. What is the significance of the research undertaken on the GAD Budget?\ **a) It provides a comprehensive overview of the GAD Budget\'s effectiveness.\ b) It provides recommendations for improving the GAD Budget\'s implementation.\ c) It highlights the challenges faced in implementing the GAD Budget.\ *[d) All of the above.]*\ \ **48. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of conducting feminist research?**\ a) Feminist research provides a new perception of the world as it reconstructs conventional research.\ b) Feminist research is issue-oriented, it draws attention to problems that beset not only women but also the whole society.\ c) Feminist research focuses on social change and brings to light inequalities and oppression in society.\ *[d) Feminist research provides women with a unique opportunity for undertaking research. It sees women as the most appropriate researchers for dealing with women\'s issues.]*\ **49. Which of the following is a disadvantage of conducting feminist research?**\ a) Feminist research draws on multiple methods rather than a single method, in a particular research project.\ b) Feminist research rejects traditional research methods.\ c) Feminist research is based on the need to capture or include as widely as possible, concepts, practices and contexts in the search for understanding.\ *d) There is a multiplicity of standpoints, values and outlooks among feminists.\ *\ **50. What is the main difference between feminist research and traditional research?\ **a) Feminist research is conducted by women, while traditional research is conducted by men.\ b) Feminist research focuses on social change, while traditional research focuses on the status quo.\ c) Feminist research uses qualitative methods, while traditional research uses quantitative methods.\ *[d) Feminist research seeks to remove the power imbalance between the researcher and research participants, while traditional research maintains the power imbalance.\ ]*\ **51. What is the \"male paradigm\" according to feminist researchers?**\ *[a) A way of thinking that assumes men are superior to women.\ ]*b) A way of thinking that assumes women are inferior to men.\ c) A way of thinking that assumes men and women are equal.\ d) A way of thinking that assumes women are more emotional than men.\ \ **52. Which of the following research methods involves a group discussion where participants share their experiences and learn from each other?\ **a) Dramatic role-play\ *[b) Consciousness-raising method\ ]*c) Identification instead of keeping distance\ d) Structured conceptualization\ \ **53. What is the primary purpose of the \"conversation/dialogue\" method in feminist research?\ **a) To collect data through structured interviews.\ *[b) To analyze the conversation and draw themes related to a specific issue.]*\ c) To understand the participants\' perspectives through role-playing.\ d) To gather information related to certain issues or ideas.\ \ **54. What is the main reason why communication is often taken for granted in everyday life?\ **a) It is a simple and straightforward process.\ *[b) It is a natural human activity.\ ]*c) It is considered a basic skill that everyone possesses.\ d) It is often overlooked in research studies.\ \ **55. Why is it necessary to \"problematize communication\" in feminist research?\ ***[a) To identify and address power imbalances in communication.\ ]*b) To develop new communication strategies for women.\ c) To understand the different communication styles of women.\ d) To analyze the historical evolution of communication.