Fluid 2023.pptx

OFFICI AL FLUID DISTRIBUTION HEA1091 OFFICI AL OBJECTIVES By the end of this session, students will be able to: -Describe, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport -Describe fluid distribution within the body -Describe the regulation and OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL...

OFFICI AL FLUID DISTRIBUTION HEA1091 OFFICI AL OBJECTIVES By the end of this session, students will be able to: -Describe, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport -Describe fluid distribution within the body -Describe the regulation and OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL Continual exchange of water and solutes among body fluid compartments through processes of: -Filtration -Reabsorption -Diffusion -Osmosis Volume of fluid in each compartment remains remarkably stable. OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS OFFICI AL Intracellular- Inside of the cells Extracellular- Outside of the cells Interstitial- Surrounding the cells Intravascular- Situated or OFFICI AL TOTAL BODY WATER Average value of Total Body Water (TBW for 70kg adult male is 60% = 42L of flui The remainder is fat and fat free solids (bone). OFFICI AL So your average 70kg man would approx. 42l of water made up of: -3l – in blood plasma -11l – in interstitial fluid -28l in cells (tissues) OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL Passive Passive processes in biology are those that do not require the input of energy to occur OFFICI AL OFFICI AL FACILITATED DIFFUSION Facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane via the aid of a membrane protein It is utilised by molecules that are unable to freely cross the phospholipid bilayer (e.g. large, polar molecules and ions) This process is mediated by two distinct types of transport proteins – channel proteins and carrier proteins OFFICI AL OFFICI AL Channel Proteins: Function: Channel proteins act like tunnels or pores in the cell membrane. Transport Mechanism: They create a direct and open pathway for specific molecules to pass through. Conformation: Channel proteins do not change shape during transport. Speed: Transport is generally fast because it's a direct pathway. Selectivity: Highly selective, only allowing certain molecules based on size and charge. Example: Think of them as doors that open and close, allowing specific molecules to enter or exit rapidly. Carrier Proteins: Function: Carrier proteins are like shuttle drivers that transport molecules individually. Transport Mechanism: They bind to specific molecules, change shape, and move molecules across the membrane. Conformation: Carrier proteins change shape during the transport process. Speed: Transport can be slower because it involves binding and shape changes. Selectivity: Also, highly selective but often specific to certain molecules. Example: Imagine a shuttle driver picking up passengers (molecules) and OFFICI AL Channel Proteins: Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Chloride, Hydrogen Carrier Proteins: Glucose, Amino Acids, Serotonin and Dopamine transporters, Lipids, Vitamins and Minerals OFFICI AL OFFICI AL Voltage gated channels OFFICI AL ACTIVE TRANSPORT In active transport, solutes move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration This requires energy… ATP An example of this would be sodium and potassium which use the sodium potassium pump Other solutes that require active transport are Calcium ions, Hydrogen ions and certain sugars OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL Analogy: Think of tonicity as a "tug of war" between the inside and outside of a cell. Explanation: Tonicity is about how solutions outside the cell affect the water inside the cell. It's like a game where water wants to move in or out to keep things balanced. Hypotonic: If the solution outside has less stuff (solutes) than inside the cell, water rushes in, and the cell swells, like it's winning the tug of war. Hypertonic: If the solution outside has more stuff than inside, water rushes out, and the cell shrinks, like it's losing the tug of war. OFFICI AL Analogy: Think of osmolarity as "how crowded" a solution is with particles. Explanation: Osmolarity is about counting the number of particles (like salt molecules) in a solution. The more particles, the "crowdier" it is. Low Osmolarity: If there are only a few particles in a solution, it's like a nearly empty room—low osmolarity. High Osmolarity: If there are many particles, it's like a packed concert—high osmolarity. OFFICI AL ISOTONIC SOLUTION OFFICI AL Relating it to real life…. OFFICI AL OFFICI AL TREATMENT? WHY? OFFICI AL HYPOTONIC SOLUTION OFFICI AL Explanation: In a hypotonic solution, there are fewer solutes outside your cells than inside. Water moves into your cells to dilute the higher concentration inside, causing your cells to swell. Practical Example: If you drink too much water without balancing it with salt intake, your blood can become temporarily hypotonic. This can lead to cells swelling, which can be problematic, especially in the brain (cerebral edema). OFFICI AL OFFICI AL WATER INTOXICATION Occurs when drink faster than excrete or have poor kidney function Therefore, rehydration remedies contain some NaCl as well as water to prevent this happening Lose water and also NaCl through these processe s– replace with just water OFFICI AL OFFICI AL Explanation: In a hypertonic solution, there are more solutes outside your cells than inside. Water moves out of your cells to where there's more stuff. This causes your cells to shrink. Practical Example: If you eat a very salty snack (like potato chips) without drinking enough water, your blood becomes temporarily hypertonic. Water leaves your cells, making you thirsty and potentially causing dehydration. OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL Hydrostatic Pressure: Analogy: Think of hydrostatic pressure as the "push" of water in a hose. Explanation: Hydrostatic pressure is like the force of water pushing against a barrier, such as a hose spraying water against your hand. It's caused by the weight and motion of fluid (like blood or water) and can push things away. In the Body: In the body, hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels. It helps push blood through the vessels, like a water hose pushing water out. Osmotic Pressure: Analogy: Think of osmotic pressure as the "pull" of a sponge. Explanation: Osmotic pressure is like the attraction of water to a sponge. It's caused by differences in solute concentration (the "stuff" dissolved in water) on either side of a barrier. Water is pulled toward the side with more solutes. In the Body: In the body, osmotic pressure helps regulate the movement of water between cells and the bloodstream. It's like how a sponge pulls in water when it's surrounded by a more concentrated solution. OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL Conversely… What will happen if we give Doris hypertonic fluid? Osmotic pressure is unequal. This draws water out of the cells into the more highly concentrated extracellular fluid e.g. Dehydration What will happen if we give Doris hypotonic fluid? Osmotic pressure is unequal. It draws water into the cells from extracellular fluid. OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OEDEMA OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OEDEMA OFFICI AL OBJECTIVES By the end of this session, students will be able to: -Describe, diffusion, osmosis and active transport -Describe fluid distribution within the body -Describe the regulation and movement of fluid within the body OFFICI AL WHO IS GOING TO ASK A QUESTION BEFORE LUNCH?