Practical Flight Planning Part 1 PDF - Technische Universität Dresden

Practical Flight Planning Part I Integration of the lecture into the study program - Part of module VW-ATL-06 „Flight Planning and Aircraft Operations“ - Extent of 1 SWS: Divided into four blocks Location: in presence using the lecture notes and materials - Lecture we...

Practical Flight Planning Part I Integration of the lecture into the study program - Part of module VW-ATL-06 „Flight Planning and Aircraft Operations“ - Extent of 1 SWS: Divided into four blocks Location: in presence using the lecture notes and materials - Lecture website: https://tu-dresden.de/bu/verkehr/ila/ifl/studium/lehrveranstaltungen/Flugplanung - Materials will be supplied via OPAL - Flight Planning builds on the content of the following lectures: Meteorology of Aeronautics Flight Performance Air Traffic Control - Exam: Written exam together with Meterology of Aeronautics 90 Minutes Tools: compasses & calculator Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 2 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow Content of the lecture 1. Basics of flight planning (great circle calculation, altitude profile, minimum time track) 2. Air traffic control 3. Operational flight plan 4. Mass and balance Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 3 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow Learning objectives of the lecture Objectives: - Understanding the key steps involved in the generation of an airline’s operational flight plan - Application of basic knowledge from flight performance/characteristics, ATM and aviation meteorology Procedure: - Short introduction to the respective task part, if necessary, including a recap - Independent development of a solution for the given example - One important component of flight planning is practiced per block - The topics are sorted with regard to time so that the first block is farthest away from departure and the last block takes place just prior to departure Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 4 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow  Key Elements of Flight Planning Flight planning affects all aviation stakeholders The flight and its flight crew Aircraft Meteorology, NOTAMs, slots, Airline performance weather forecasts ATC flight plan Air Traffic Services ATM Network Compliance with legal Masses: fuel and requirements: ICAO payload EUAir AirOps Ops Annex 6, EU (PAX, cargo, mail) etc. Airline network: Airline flight schedule: Crewing: duty airports, ATS routes, STD/STA, changes planning and distances, traffic rights (delays, …) duty times Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 5 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow Exercise 1 Basic Data & Remarks Origin: EDDF (Frankfurt Airport) - Coordinates: N 50° 01’ 59.90’’ | E 8° 34’ 13.64’’ - Elevation: 111 m AMSL Flight planning is performed by a dispatcher who knows the airline’s target functions very well Destination: KJFK (John F. Kennedy Airport, New York) Flight planning begins with the - Coordinates: N 40° 38’ 23.10’’ | W 73° 46’ 44.13’’ generation of a seasonal flight schedule - Elevation: 4 m AMSL a maximum of six months prior to departure Departure and destination airports are Alternate: KEWR (Newark Airport) determined based on demand - Coordinates: N 40° 41’ 33’’ | W 74° 10’ 7’’ The aircraft type is determined by - Elevation: 6 m AMSL demand and fleet rotation planning - Distance from KJFK: 88 NM An alternate airport (see next slide) must (according to ATS route network) be determined and included in fuel planning Aircraft type: Boeing 747-400 EDDF, KJFK, KEWR are ICAO codes for the unique identification of airports Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 6 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow Exercise 1 CAT.OP.MPA.182 Alternate AMC2 CAT.OP.MPA.182 Alternate Aerodrome: Airport with landing facility if landing at destination airfield is not possible. Possible reasons for use: bad weather at the destination airfield, traffic congestion or unscheduled closure of the destination airfield Isolated Aerodrome Bad WX Default Case: No Alternate 2 Alternates 1 Alternate Good WX Good Weather at Destination Bad Weather at Destination ― Flight time ≤ 6 h — Planning minima or safety margins not met ― Two separate runways or ― ETA ± 1 h: ― No information on weather available Visibility ≥ 5 km Ceiling ≥ max (2 000 ft, Circling Height + 500 ft) Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 7 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow Flight route planning Planning of the flight route precedes the Air Traffic System (ATS) and operational flight plan Goal: to find the path of least time, the so-called Minimum Time Track (MTT) This is approximated by the shortest distance between two points on the Earth's surface This is called orthodrome or great circle (cf. slides 9 to 15 ) However, a route along the great circle is not necessarily the MTT because wind is not considered Additionally, flying along the great circle over long distances (several hours) is rare as the airspace is structured into navaids (navigational aids) and (RNAV*) waypoints as well as airways (linking waypoints/navaids) Air Traffic Control (ATC) can allow directs and thus skip navaids or waypoints In the so-called Free Route Airspace, for example, night flights over Central Europe (FABEC) already take place along the great circle between entry, exit and (a few) intermediate points Weather conditions sometimes prevent directs Dispatcher therefore construct the path of least time required – Minimum Time Track (MTT) and adapt it to the Navaid infrastructure *RNAV, which stands for Area Navigation, enables aircraft to operate along any chosen flight path, providing continuous position determination throughout the entire flight instead of solely relying on ground navigation aids along specific tracks. Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 8 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow Exercise 1 Orthodrome Source: „Navigation in der Zivilluftfahrt“, W. Richter Lines with importance to navigation: Orthodrome (Great Circle): - Shortest distance between two points on the earth’s surface, line of least curvature and thus shortest flight path, plane spanned by a great circle always intersects the center of the earth - The angle at point M between two points A and B lying on the surface of the Earth is called the central angle ! (Zeta) for which holds that ! = arccos sin *! ⋅ sin *" + cos *! ⋅ cos *" ⋅ cos -! − -" *…Latitude - …Longitude - Use this fomula for the exercise! Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 9 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow Exercise 1 Orthodrome - The orthodrome always results in the shortest path between two points but requires more navigation effort since a constant change in course is necessary. - The loxodrome, on the other hand, is a curve that always intersects all meridians at the same angle. - Loxodromes may be determined using the average latitude - 0 = 60 ⋅ *# − *$ , 4 = -# − -$ ⋅ 60 ⋅ cos *% & - *% = ' (*# + *$ ) , 7 = 4' + 0 ' ( - Course angle tan 9 = ) = :; Source: Hesse: Flugnavigation Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 10 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow Exercise 1 Orthodrome - The intersection angle of the great circle between A - Loxodromes may be determined using the and B with the meridian at point A is called the average latitude course angle ?. It is calculated with: - 0 = 60 ⋅ *# − *$ , 4 = -# − -$ ⋅ 60 ⋅ cos *% & sin *$ − sin *# ⋅ cos ! - *% = ' (*# + *$ ) , 7 = 4' + 0 ' cos ? = cos *# ⋅ sin ! ( - Course Angle tan 9 = = :; ) - For eastern courses (-$ > -# ) the course angle is between 0° and 180°, for western courses (-$ < -# ) the course angle is between 180° and 360°. In contrast to plane geometry, the course angles from A to B and from B to A do not differ by 180°. Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 11 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow Exercise 1 Orthodrome Lines with importance to navigation: Comparison to small circles (blue): o Circles on the surface of the sphere that do not intersect the center of the sphere o Why do these not represent the shortest connection? Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo ns/a/ac/Small_and_great_circles_3d.png Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 12 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow Exercise 1 Basic Data & Remarks - Expected traffic load: 30 t The objective of this first planning step is - Final Reserve Fuel (Holding): 3.55 t to establish an approximate route as well - For aspects of pre-planning (altitude/FL selection) as cruise altitudes, fuel mass, and flight and alternate planning: time to provide the ATM network (NMOC1) with an overview of traffic flows Average Fuel Flow (AVGE FF): 8.7 t/h (all engines) Six months before departure, Average Wind Component (AVGE WC): –21 kt information on the expected traffic load (Headwind) or weather conditions must be roughly estimated For this purpose, average fuel flows and empirical values for wind direction and wind speed are often used 1 https://www.eurocontrol.int/network-operations Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 13 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow Exercise 1 Checking operational capabilities of the aircraft - Calculate the distance of the city pair (EDDF – KJFK) based on a great circle calculation! - Construct the payload-range diagram for the B747-400 aircraft and check approximate conformity with the mission parameters (great circle distance, estimated payload)! Lecture Practical Flight Planning Part 1 1 2 3 4 Institute of Air Transport and Logistics, Chair of Air Transport Technology and Logistics Folie 14 Dr.-Ing. habil. Judith Rosenow  Exercise 1 Formulae to be used Central angle ! (Zeta) between two points A (*!, -!) and B (*!, -" ) on a great circle: ! = arccos sin *! ⋅ sin *" + cos *! ⋅ cos *" ⋅ cos -! − -" + Great Circle Distance 7* = ,-. ° ⋅ 40.000 km = ……………….km DEFGEE= IJE= LE:;JOO PJG DJ=>4