Flashcards: Microbiology PDF

1. Q: What is the primary purpose of clinical microbiology? A: To provide relevant information needed to make clinical decisions. 2. What guidelines should be established in clinical microbiology? A: Guidelines for proper specimen collection, transport of specimen, and the i...

1. Q: What is the primary purpose of clinical microbiology? A: To provide relevant information needed to make clinical decisions. 2. What guidelines should be established in clinical microbiology? A: Guidelines for proper specimen collection, transport of specimen, and the isolation of the infectious agent. Flashcard 3 Q: What is crucial for identifying organisms in clinical microbiology? A: Identifying organisms rapidly (including presumptive & final), accurately, and definitively. Flashcard 4 Q: What is the purpose of performing susceptibility testing? A: To guide treatment. Flashcard 5 Q: Why is close consultation between clinicians and microbiologists important? A: To ensure accurate and effective diagnosis and treatment decisions. Flashcard 6 Q: What qualities should a microbiologist possess? A: Being properly trained and experienced. Flashcard 7 Q: How can microbiologists assist in controlling nosocomial pathogens? A: By identifying and controlling nosocomial pathogens and tracking organisms resistant to antimicrobial agents. Flashcard 8 Q: What are the detailed duties of a clinical microbiologist? A: Having experienced microbiologists on duty 24 hours/day to report results quickly. Flashcard 9 Q: How can a clinical microbiology lab help a facility save money? A: By organizing workflow efficiently. Flashcard 10 Q: When do nosocomial infections typically occur? A: 72 hours after admission to the hospital. Flashcard 11 Q: What are the major types of nosocomial infections? A: Urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and wound infection. Flashcard 12 Q: How should the antimicrobial agents tested in the laboratory be coordinated? A: They should be coordinated with those selected by the institution's pharmacy and therapeutic committee. Flashcard 13 Q: How do clinical microbiologists serve patients and clinicians? A: By preparing and updating manuals on appropriate specimen collection, transport, and labeling. Flashcard 14 Q: How should positive findings be reported in clinical microbiology? A: They should be reported to the clinician, documented with details including info given, who it’s reported to, tech initials, date, and time. Flashcard 15 Q: What role do computers play in clinical microbiology? A: They help microbiologists send information throughout the hospital. Flashcard 16 Q: How do microbiologists quantitate bacterial culture results? A: By distinguishing pathogens from normal flora, determining importance of different organisms in a mixed culture, and comparing numbers of organisms in plated media to direct gram stains. Flashcard 1 Q: What precautions should all personnel working with infectious agents observe? A: Appropriate safety precautions. Flashcard 2 Q: What safety equipment should be centrally located in all labs? A: Eye wash stations, emergency showers, and fire extinguishers. Flashcard 3 Q: What is the Exposure Control Plan mandated by? A: OSHA. Flashcard 4 Q: How often must the Exposure Control Plan be reviewed and updated? A: Annually. Flashcard 5 Q: What should the Exposure Control Plan identify? A: Tasks that are hazardous to employees and promote safety. Flashcard 6 Q: What are some key components of employee safety education? A: Employee education of possible hazards, appropriate disposal of hazardous waste, and enforcing safe work practices. Flashcard 7 Q: What personal protective equipment should be provided to employees? A: Lab coat, mask, gloves, etc. Flashcard 8 Q: What should the Post-Exposure Plan include? A: Steps to take in the event of an accident, investigation of the incident, and ways to prevent reoccurrence. Flashcard 9 Q: How can people be exposed to laboratory-acquired infections? A: Rubbing or touching eyes, nose, or mouth with contaminated hands, inhaling aerosols, accidental needle stick, and contamination through open cuts or wounds. Flashcard 10 Q: What is the purpose of displaying a biohazard symbol? A: To indicate the presence of infectious agents and ensure safety. Flashcard 11 Q: What is the function of negative pressure rooms in a microbiology lab? A: To prevent toxic or pathogenic materials from escaping and contaminating the environment. Flashcard 12 Q: Who is placed in negative pressure rooms? A: Patients suspected of having TB. Flashcard 13 Q: What limitations are placed on visitors in a microbiology lab? A: Visitors are limited, especially in the microbiology section. Flashcard 14 Q: What are HEPA filters used for in a lab setting? A: To protect phlebotomists and techs from TB and other infectious agents during clean-up or exposure. Flashcard 15 Q: What is a Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC)? A: A device that encloses a workspace to protect workers from aerosol exposure to infectious agents. Flashcard 16 Q: How does a Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC) sterilize air containing infectious material? A: By heat, ultraviolet light, or passage through a HEPA filter that removes particles larger than 0.3µm. Flashcard 1 Q: What does a Class I cabinet (laminar flow BSC) do? A: Allows room air to pass into the cabinet, sterilizing only the air to be exhausted. The air flows in sheets. Flashcard 2 Q: What is unique about a Class II cabinet? A: Air is passed through a HEPA filter before reaching the workspace and again before being exhausted. It is the most commonly used safety cabinet in the microbiology department. Flashcard 3 Q: What is the purpose of a Class III cabinet? A: Provides the highest level of protection, with air filter sterilized in and out, and material handled with rubber gloves attached to the cabinet. Flashcard 4 Q: What determines the BioSafety Level (BSL) of an organism? A: The organism’s ability to cause disease and the availability of treatment. Flashcard 5 Q: What is BSL-1? A: Minimal potential hazard with no known pathogenic potential for immunocompetent individuals. Work is conducted on open bench tops with PPE. Flashcard 6 Q: Give an example of a BSL-1 organism. A: Bacillus subtilis (found on arms, skin, outside). Flashcard 7 Q: What is BSL-2? A: Moderate potential hazard involving specimens that may contain common infectious agents. Workers must be immunized and wear all PPE. Flashcard 8 Q: Give examples of BSL-2 organisms. A: Staphylococcus, Neisseria, Cryptococcus. Flashcard 9 Q: What is BSL-3? A: Potential for respiratory transmission and may cause potentially fatal diseases. Requires PPE plus full protective clothing, additional air handling, and negative air pressure. Flashcard 10 Q: Give examples of BSL-3 organisms. A: Arboviruses, arenaviruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Francisella. Flashcard 11 Q: What is BSL-4? A: Potential for life-threatening transmissions through the aerosol route with no available vaccines. Requires thorough training. Flashcard 12 Q: Give examples of BSL-4 organisms. A: Ebola, smallpox, arenaviruses, filoviruses. Flashcard 13 Q: What special precautions should be taken in bacteriology? A: Use a biological safety cabinet (BSC) for respiratory tract specimens, tissue specimens, blood culture systems, and opening specimen containers. Flashcard 14 Q: When should a Class II or higher BSC be used? A: When processing cultures on lab media after incubation of organisms like Yersinia pestis, Coxiella sp., Brucella sp., Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Flashcard 1 Q: What is Mycobacteriology? A: The study of mycobacteria, also known as AFB (Acid Fast Bacilli). Example: TB (Tuberculosis). Flashcard 2 Q: What safety precautions should be taken when working with Mycobacteria? A: Use BSC for all specimens, wear solid front gowns and masks, and centrifuge in sealed tubes inside the BSC. Flashcard 3 Q: What is Mycology? A: The study of fungus. Example: Penicillium (green stuff grown on bread or food). Flashcard 4 Q: What are the safety measures for working with fungi? A: Tape all inoculated plates shut, use BSC for mold-like fungi, especially fuzzy white ones. Flashcard 5 Q: What is Parasitology? A: The study of parasites. Examples: Plasmodium (malaria), Enterobius (pinworm). Flashcard 6 Q: What precautions should be taken in Parasitology? A: Wear gloves and use BSC for Pneumocystis carinii or flukes. Flashcard 7 Q: What is Virology? A: The study of viruses. Examples: Herpes simplex, HIV, CMV, Adenovirus. Flashcard 8 Q: What safety precautions should be taken when working with viruses? A: Use BSC, wear gloves, and cover rubber stoppers of serum tubes with 4x4 gauze soaked in 10% bleach when removing stoppers. Flashcard 9 Q: What is sterilization? A: The removal of all forms of life, including spores. Flashcard 10 Q: What is disinfection? A: The removal of a wide range of organisms, but does not kill spores. Flashcard 11 Q: What is a disinfectant? A: A chemical agent applied to inanimate objects to clean, but it does not kill spores. Flashcard 12 Q: What is an antiseptic? A: A disinfectant applied to living tissue (e.g., skin), does not kill spores. Example: alcohol pads, iodine. Flashcard 13 Q: What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal? A: Bacteriostatic inhibits growth but does not kill bacteria, while bactericidal kills bacteria. Flashcard 14 Q: What factors affect the degree of disinfection? A: Types and number of organisms, concentration of disinfecting agent, amount of organic material, nature of surface, contact time, and compatibility of chemicals used together. Flashcard 15 Q: What are critical materials in medical disinfection? A: Materials that invade sterile tissue or the vascular system and require sterilization. Example: needles, catheters. Flashcard 16 Q: What are semi-critical materials? A: Materials that contact mucous membranes and require high-level disinfectants. Example: cannulae. Flashcard 17 Q: What are non-critical materials? A: Materials that contact skin and require intermediate to low-level disinfectants. Example: tourniquets. Flashcard 18 Q: What are common physical methods of disinfection/sterilization? A: Moist or dry heat, boiling water, autoclaving, dry heat, pasteurization, and radiation. Flashcard 19 Q: What is the most common temperature and pressure setting for autoclaving? A: 121°C for 15 minutes at 15 psi. Flashcard 20 Q: What is the difference between batch and flash pasteurization? A: Batch pasteurization: 63°C for 30 minutes; Flash pasteurization: 72°C for 15 minutes. Both disinfect, but spores survive. Flashcard 21 Q: What is the purpose of ionizing radiation? A: Used for sterilizing disposable plastics and heat-sensitive materials. Flashcard 22 Q: What is the purpose of non-ionizing radiation (UV)? A: Used for sterilizing surfaces by killing anything that the UV light shines on. Flashcard 23 Q: What are HEPA filters used for? A: Air filtration to remove bacteria, yeast, and molds. Flashcard 24 Q: What are phenols used for? A: Effective against vegetative bacteria, including mycobacteria, but not spores. Example: Orthophenylphenol in germicidal soaps. Flashcard 25 Q: What are alcohols used for? A: Bactericidal, fungicidal, tuberculocidal, virucidal, but spores are not affected. Must evaporate to be effective. Example: 70% ethyl alcohol. Flashcard 26 Q: What are iodophors used for? A: Kill spores, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Used mainly in antiseptics. Example: 2-3% iodine, povidone. Flashcard 27 Q: What are aldehydes used for? A: Kill spores, bacteria, viruses, and sterilize heat-sensitive instruments. Toxic to humans. Example: Formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde. Flashcard 28 Q: What are quaternary ammonium compounds? A: Generally bacteriostatic, more effective against gram-positive bacteria. Does not kill spores or tuberculosis. Example: Detergent. Flashcard 29 Q: What is hydrogen peroxide used for? A: A mild oxidizing agent frequently used for antiseptic purposes, kills bacteria and fungal spores. Flashcard 30 Q: What are chlorine compounds used for? A: The oldest and most commonly used disinfectants, requiring at least 3 minutes of contact. Example: Hypochlorite for disinfecting countertops. Flashcard 1 Q: What is the Kingdom in bacterial taxonomy? A: Prokaryotae Flashcard 2 Q: How are bacteria classified in taxonomy from Phylum to species? A: Phylum → Class → Order → Family (-aceae) → Genus (capitalized, e.g., Staph) → species (lowercase, e.g., aureus) Flashcard 3 Q: What are subspecies in bacteria? A: Subspecies may be further divided by serovarieties (serologic), biovarieties (biochemical testing), phage typing (susceptibility to phages), and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (DNA, RNA analysis). Flashcard 4 Q: What is a pathogen? A: A microorganism, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that causes disease or infection. Flashcard 5 Q: What is normal flora? A: Microorganisms normally residing in a particular body site; they do not generally cause infection. Flashcard 6 Q: What is a true pathogen? A: A pathogen that can infect individuals with both healthy immune systems and those who are immunosuppressed. Flashcard 7 Q: What is an opportunistic pathogen? A: A pathogen that attacks a debilitated host but usually presents no danger to an individual with an intact immune system. Flashcard 8 Q: What is the definition of infection? A: The entrance and multiplication of microorganisms in or on a host. Flashcard 9 Q: What is an infectious disease? A: An infection that causes functional and structural harm to the host, usually accompanied by signs and symptoms. Flashcard 10 Q: How can bacteria be transmitted to humans directly? A: Through congenital, sexual, inhalation droplet infection, hand-to-hand, hand-to-mouth, etc. Flashcard 11 Q: How can bacteria be transmitted to humans indirectly? A: Through fomites, food & water, animals, insects, or arthropod vectors. Flashcard 12 Q: What are the three types of cells? A: Prokaryotic (bacteria), Eukaryotic (algae, fungi, protozoa, animal cells), Archaebacterial (organisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions). Flashcard 13 Q: What makes up the bacterial cell envelope? A: The cell membrane and cell wall. Flashcard 14 Q: What is the function of the bacterial cell membrane? A: Acts as a barrier, houses the electron transport chain, and controls the movement of nutrients and waste in and out of the cell. Flashcard 15 Q: What is the function of the bacterial cell wall? A: Helps maintain shape, acts as a barrier, allows nutrients to pass through, and helps attachment to the host. Flashcard 16 Q: What is a Gram-positive cell wall composed of? A: A thick peptidoglycan layer and an outer layer consisting of proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharide. Flashcard 17 Q: What is an acid-fast cell wall? A: A Gram-positive cell wall with a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids. Flashcard 18 Q: Which bacteria lack a cell wall? A: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma, which have sterols in their cell membranes. Flashcard 19 Q: What is the bacterial cytoplasm composed of? A: Gelatinous material containing ribosomes, granules, and endospores. Flashcard 20 Q: What is the function of ribosomes in bacteria? A: Protein synthesis. Flashcard 21 Q: What is the function of bacterial granules? A: Storage deposits of glycogen or lipids. Flashcard 22 Q: What are bacterial endospores? A: Small asexual spores that develop inside bacteria for survival under harsh conditions. Flashcard 23 Q: How do bacteria replicate? A: By binary fission. Flashcard 24 Q: What are plasmids? A: Extrachromosomal DNA that transfers genetic information and aids in antibiotic resistance. Flashcard 25 Q: What is the function of a bacterial capsule? A: A polysaccharide polymer that inhibits phagocytosis and may block antigen detection. Flashcard 26 Q: What is a bacterial slime layer? A: A layer similar to capsules that inhibits phagocytosis and aids in adherence. Flashcard 27 Q: What is the function of bacterial flagella? A: Rotates to help the organism be motile, aiding in identification upon staining. Flashcard 28 Q: What are fimbriae? A: Sticky, hair-like proteins that help in adherence. Flashcard 29 Q: What are pili? A: Nonmotile, long proteins that connect two bacterial cells to allow DNA exchange. Flashcard 30 Q: How is bacterial metabolism regulated? A: By enzyme production and activity. Flashcard 31 Q: What is fermentation in bacteria? A: An anaerobic process where an organic compound is the electron acceptor, producing less energy than respiration. Flashcard 32 Q: What is respiration (oxidation) in bacteria? A: An energy-producing process where oxygen is the final electron acceptor, producing more energy than fermentation. Flashcard 33 Q: What is the importance of glucose utilization in bacteria? A: It involves pathways that break down glucose to pyruvic acid, such as the Embden- Meyerhof-Parnas glycolytic pathway. Flashcard 34 Q: What is the Krebs cycle? A: A process of oxidation of pyruvate that produces large amounts of ATP, acid, and carbon dioxide. Flashcard 35 Q: What is lactose fermentation? A: The ability of an organism to ferment lactose, aiding in identification. Flashcard 36 Q: What are the nutritional requirements for bacterial growth? A: Carbon & nitrogen, moisture, ATP, warmth, neutral pH, trace elements, and enrichment factors. Flashcard 37 Q: What are autotrophs? A: Organisms that use CO2 as a carbon source and obtain energy from photosynthesis or oxidation of inorganic substances. Flashcard 38 Q: What are heterotrophs? A: Organisms that use organic substances as a carbon source and obtain energy from oxidation or fermentation. Human pathogens are heterotrophs. Flashcard 39 Q: What are the phases of bacterial growth in liquid media? A: Lag phase, Log (exponential) phase, Stationary phase, and Decline (death) phase. Flashcard 40 Q: What is commensalism? A: A relationship where a parasite lives in a host without causing harm or benefit to the host. Flashcard 41 Q: What is parasitism? A: A relationship where the parasite lives on or within a host and cannot live without it. Flashcard 42 Q: What is a compromised host? A: A host with an increased risk of infection due to weakened immunity. Flashcard 43 Q: What is an exogenous source of infection? A: A source of infection that comes from outside the patient. Flashcard 44 Q: What is an endogenous source of infection? A: A source of infection from the patient's normal bacterial flora. Flashcard 45 Q: What is virulence? A: The ability of an organism to cause infection or disease. Flashcard 46 Q: What is toxigenicity? A: The ability of bacteria to produce toxins that damage the host. Flashcard 47 Q: What is invasiveness in bacteria? A: A measure of the ability of bacteria to invade and live in the host. Flashcard 48 Q: What is the antigen-antibody response? A: The immune response where antibodies, especially secretory IgA, target bacteria in the respiratory, genital, and digestive tracts. Flashcard 49 Q: What is phagocytosis? A: The process where neutrophils and macrophages ingest and kill bacteria. Flashcard 50 Q: What is bacteriolysis? A: The rupture of bacteria, either naturally or by chemicals from neutrophils and antibiotics. Flashcard 51 Q: How are bacterial toxins classified? A: Into exotoxins (with 2 subunits) and endotoxins (GNRs, composed of cell wall). Flashcard 52 Q: What are cytolytic toxins? A: Toxins that cause alterations in the activity of cells. Flashcard 53 Q: What is the purpose of a Gram stain? A: To distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Flashcard 54 Q: What are the steps of a Gram stain? A: Crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer, safranin. Flashcard 55 Q: What is the color outcome of a Gram-positive and Gram-negative stain? A: Gram-positive: purple, Gram-negative: pink. Flashcard 56 Q: What is an acid-fast stain used for? A: To identify mycobacteria. Flashcard 57 Q: What is the Ziehl-Neelson method? A: A hot acid-fast stain method using carbolfuchsin, heat, acid alcohol, and methylene blue. Flashcard 58 Q: What is the Kinyoun method? A: A cold acid-fast stain method using carbolfuchsin, detergent, acid alcohol, and methylene blue. Flashcard 59 Q: What is a positive and negative result in acid-fast staining? A: Positive: red, Negative: blue. Flashcard 60 Q: What is auramine-rhodamine used for? A: A fluorescent stain that binds to mycolic acid in cell walls, positive result: orange-yellow. Flashcard 61 Q: What is acridine orange used for? A: A fluorescent stain that binds to nucleic acids, used in blood/CSF, positive result: orange. Flashcard 62 Q: What does calcofluor white stain? A: Fungal elements by binding to chitin. Flashcard 63 Q: What is the result of a positive calcofluor white stain? A: Blue/white or apple green. Flashcard 64 Q: What does methylene blue stain? A: Metachromatic granules, used for identifying Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Flashcard 65 Q: What is the purpose of Lactophenol Cotton Blue? A: To stain fungi. Flashcard 66 Q: What is the purpose of India Ink? A: A negative stain used for identifying Cryptococcus. Flashcard 67 Q: What are fluorescein-conjugated stains used for? A: To bind antibodies to fluorescein-isothiocyanate, which binds to antigen, and observed under a fluorescent scope. Flashcard 68 Q: What is a positive result for fluorescein-conjugated stains? A: Apple green. Flashcard 69 Q: What is the enzyme-conjugated stain method? A: Uses horse radish peroxidase bound to specific antibodies to produce an orange-brown precipitate, measured photometrically. Flashcard 70 Q: What is electron microscopy used for? A: For greater magnification to study bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses in more detail. Specimen Collection and Examination Flashcard 1 Q: When should specimens be collected? A: Before antibiotics are administered to avoid false negatives. Flashcard 2 Q: How should you handle specimens to avoid contamination? A: Collect from the area most likely to have the organism and avoid normal flora. Cleanse the area with alcohol or iodine. Flashcard 3 Q: What are common types of specimens collected? A: Blood, CSF, other fluids, urine, wounds, stool, throat, ear, skin. Flashcard 4 Q: What type of containers should be used for specimen collection? A: Sterile collection containers. Flashcard 5 Q: What is the purpose of transport media? A: To preserve bacteria and prevent overgrowth. Examples: Stuart broth, Amies, Cary-Blair. Flashcard 6 Q: Why is prompt delivery of specimens important? A: To prevent overgrowth of normal flora and ensure organisms do not die. Flashcard 7 Q: What is the 2-hour limit for specimen delivery? A: Between collection and receipt if not in preservation media. Flashcard 8 Q: What reasons might cause specimen rejection? A: Mismatched name/source/ID, stool with barium sulfate, leaking containers, refrigerated blood cultures, specimens in formalin or dried. Flashcard 9 Q: What is the protocol if a specimen is rejected? A: The collector is notified, documentation is made, and the specimen must be recollected. Flashcard 10 Q: What should be documented in gross examination? A: Description such as volume, clarity (clear/cloudy), presence of blood or clots. Flashcard 11 Q: How are specimens prepared for direct examination? A: Slide preparation for staining, use of swabs, or touching tissue to a slide. Flashcard 12 Q: What are some methods used for direct examination? A: Direct wet mount, KOH prep, slide examination. Flashcard 13 Q: What are the steps in slide examination? A: Screen under low power, then oil immersion. Examine for bacteria, fungi, parasites, RBCs, epithelial cells, Curshmann spirals, intracellular organisms, mucous, WBCs. Flashcard 14 Q: What are the types of media used for bacterial growth? A: Broth (liquid, gel, semi-solid), supportive, nonselective/enriched, selective, differential. Flashcard 15 Q: What are examples of supportive media? A: Nutrient agar, trypticase soy agar. Flashcard 16 Q: What is the purpose of selective media? A: To support growth of one type of bacteria. Example: Thayer Martin for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Flashcard 17 Q: What is the function of differential media? A: To distinguish bacteria based on metabolic characteristics. Examples: MacConkey, EMB. Flashcard 18 Q: What media is used for enriched substances? A: Chocolate agar (Choc) which supports fastidious bacteria. Flashcard 19 Q: What is enrichment broth used for? A: To increase bacterial growth when few bacteria are present. Example: Selenite, GN broth. Flashcard 20 Q: What is the function of antibiotic media? A: To inhibit Gram negatives and allow Gram positives to grow. Example: CNA (colistin- nalidixic acid). Flashcard 21 Q: What media is used to support anaerobes? A: Thioglycolate (THIO) broth, Schaedler, CDC, BBE. Flashcard 22 Q: What special media is used for Brucella? A: Castenada bottle (biphasic bottle). Flashcard 23 Q: What media is used for Bordetella pertussis? A: Bordet-Gengou. Flashcard 24 Q: What media is used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae? A: Enhanced by Martin Lewis or Thayer Martin. Flashcard 25 Q: What are the methods for bacterial growth on media? A: Streaking for isolation on plated media, using broth media as backup. Flashcard 26 Q: What are the growth requirements for bacteria? A: Aerobic, anaerobic, CO2 (5-10%), temperature (35-37°C), humidity (70-80%), pH 7.0-7.5. Flashcard 27 Q: What is the function of Gas Pak jars? A: To create an anaerobic environment. Flashcard 28 Q: What types of bacteria are classified by gas requirements? A: Strict aerobes, microaerophilic, facultative anaerobes, strict anaerobes, capnophilic, aerotolerant. Flashcard 29 Q: What are some bacterial identification methods? A: Gram stain, biochemical testing, multitest systems, semi-automated, fully automated systems, immunoserological methods, molecular techniques. Flashcard 30 Q: What is MALDI-TOF used for? A: To identify bacteria using mass spectrometry in less than 1 hour. Flashcard 31 Q: What is the process for MALDI-TOF MS analysis? A: Sample mixed with matrix, ionized with laser, ions separated by mass-to-charge ratio, detected with TOF mass analyzer.