Microbiology Flashcards PDF

medical microbiology Agriculture microbiology public health List different branches of Microbiology (MAs PIIE) microbiology industrial microbiology immunology e Environmental microbiology...

medical microbiology Agriculture microbiology public health List different branches of Microbiology (MAs PIIE) microbiology industrial microbiology immunology e Environmental microbiology Studies microbes that cause diseases in humans Medical microbiology and animals. Monitors and controls the spread of diseases in Public health microbiology communities; examples of organizations involved in this are the USPHS, CDC, and WHO. Studies the immune system and its response to immunology infection, including vaccination and blood testing. Focuses on the use of microbes in various industries, like food and water safety, Industrial microbiology biotechnology, and the creation of products like amino acids, beer, and vitamins.  Examines the relationships between microbes Agriculture microbiology and plants and animals. Studies the impact of microbes on different environments. This includes aquatic microbiology Environmental microbiology (water), soil microbiology, and geomicrobiology (Earth). Disapproved spontaneous generation, created swan neck Louis PASTEUR flask, pasteurization, germ theory of disease, and eventually develops a vaccine for rabies Robert HOOKE First observed microbes made small microscopes to examine fabric, draw animalcules Antoine van LEEVMENHOOK from rainwater and scraped from his tooth  Developed postulates to least specific microorganism to Robert KOCK specific diseases I tempted to disapprove spontaneous generation, but failed John NEEDHAM did not realize boiling did not kill all organisms Identified endospore in the air, which are microbes they can survive in high heat and harsh conditions, and realize John TYNDALL something stronger than boiling with needed to kill these microbes Realize mother who gave birth at home experience less Oliver Nendel HOMES infections than mother who gave birth at hospitals Due to cross contamination First to get to like handwashing and develop aseptic Joseph LISTER technique  Showed how women became infected in the maternity ward Dr ignaz SEMMELWEIS due to doctors that also had been working in the autopsy room without washing their hand Carl VON LINNE Establish rules for classification Scientific name and Gina’s name followed by species thing. Binomial Naming system Dina’s name is always capitalized why species names are lowercase. Brightfield, which is most commonly used Dark field, which is used to see living cells that are hard to stain Light microscopes Phase contrast which helps observed intercellular structures interference Which is used to well-defined images that appear 3-D Transmission was she used to view cell organelles, and viruses can only be staying with metal coat Electron microscopes Scanning, which is you for most dramatic and realistic 3-D images  Show size arrangement and shape of bacterial but nothing Simple stain about the bacteria itself Such as Graham standing, shows you about the cell wall for a gram negative cell tells you if cells have endospores (blue Differential stains cells with red dot) or acid fat stain (red cells are acid fat while blue cells are non-acid fast) Is identical copy of the template strand/original strand (half Daughter molecule template and newly synthesized) Template strand Is the original DNA strand Is a copy of the original DNA but created in multiple pieces Newly synthesized DNA also known as discontinuous fashion  Makes a NEW RNA primer (makes a short piece of DNA called Primase (prime=New) primer that is used to build new DNA strands during replication) DNA polymerase lll (poly=many/ more) Adds new/ MORE nucleotides to the growing DNA chain DNA ligase (ligase=linebacker) Fill in any resulting GAPS in the newly formed DNA Helicase (heli=helix= double) Finalize the DOUBLE stranded DNA helix DNA is transcribing to mRNA mRNA translated into protein, Central dogoma of biology also known as central dogma of biology 3 stages of transcription Initiation, elongation and termination DNA double helix unwinds and the ptimer is added to start Initiation the process DNA polymerase and nucleotides to the growing DNA strand Elongation continuously building the DNA Actors when the replication process is complete and any Termination newly synthesized DNA strands are separated and finalized Mysome Is the site of protein synthesis aware translation occurs  Conjugation transformation Four types horizontal gene transfer (must know definition) transduction Jumping genes One bacterium transfer plasma, (circular DNA found in Conjugation bacteria) through the pillie and sharing/sending it to another bacteria When a bacteria cell picks up DNA from the environment, Transformation typically from a dead bacteria cell and add it to its own genome/DNA When a virus infect bacteria also known as bacteriophage Transduction transfers DNA from one bacteria to another Jumping genes Genes that are capable to move around in cells  A random change of DNA typically due to DNA replication Spontaneous mutation error Being exposed to known mutagens physically or chemically Induced mutations agents, that damaged DNA ex:too much time in the sun without sunscreen Ionizing (gamma rays and X rays) Causes break in DNA Ultraviolet (sun) Causes DNA to LINK together and clump Effect only single base gene by adding subtracting or Point mutation deleting a single base  Lethal mutation Causes cell death Provide neither bad or good change and doesn’t affect Neutral mutations organism Missense mutations Causes a change in amino acid Nonsense mutation Create STOP codon Silent mutation Alters base but does not change amino acid  For motion and movement helps, move deeper into tissue Flagella and spread Fimbria Sticky fingers for attachments, helps stay longer in the host Pili For conjugation/transfer of genetic material Help make bacteria, cell sticky, and help them stick together Slime layer (a really thin layer of sugar) The layer used to protect the bacteria from attack of the Capsule immune system  Cell membrane cytoplasmic Thick peptidoglycan Gram postive cells contain: Purple Teichoic acid Lipoteic acid Cell membrane cytoplasmic, Thin peptidohlycan Pink Gram negative cells contain: Outer membrane Lipoplysaccharide/ LPs (very harmful/ toxic to humans) Are crystal structural surface layer that are only found in S layer archeal cells Bacteria and Archae are: Prokaryotes with no nucleus Eukarya is: A eukaryote with a nucleus  Clean and very hard environments, such as very high or low Archaea temperatures very salty environments and very high or low pH Protozoas are: Unicellular Fungi and algae are: May be unicellular or multicellular Helmiths are: Always multicellular Covered by sporsngium, which burst opens and release Sporangiospores spores all at once  Conidiospores Individual spores that pinch off -viruses are observed easy and electron microscopes -Do not stay viruses they do not have a cell wall, but can be staying with metal What to know about viruses -viruses can have single or double stranded nucleic acid and can either have DNA or RNA -Envelope virus covering comes from the animal host -Spikes help buying to host Attach/absorption Enter/penetration Uncote which is to takeoff protein coat so they’re genetic Viruses steps material is in the cytoplasm Replicate Assemble Exit/release Occurs when a virus remains in the host, but does not Persistent infections immediately kill host cell Very can latent cytoplasm or DNA but once in incorporated Proviruse into host DNA the virus is called provirus  Can affect proteins that causes neurodegenerative disease in Prions animals Mainly affect plants that caused infection by infectious viroids strands of naked RNA Prions and viroids are both: Non-cellular, infectious agents State when viruses become periodically reactivated ex: cold Chronic latent sores herpes chickens pox and shingles Helmets are either flatworms or round words What to know about helmiths Helmets can be male or female or hermaphroditic, which is both females and male sex organs