Nervous System Functioning Questions - Physiology

## Questions about nervous system functioning 1. On which level of the spinal cord transection leads to instant death? * II thoracic segment; * I-II cervical segment; * V-VI cervical segment; * VIII thoracic segment; * VII cervical segment; 2. In what animal, the sy...

## Questions about nervous system functioning 1. On which level of the spinal cord transection leads to instant death? * II thoracic segment; * I-II cervical segment; * V-VI cervical segment; * VIII thoracic segment; * VII cervical segment; 2. In what animal, the symptoms of spinal shock persist longer? * frog; * snake; * rabbit; * cat; * monkey 3. Decerebrate rigidity occurs when the brainstem is transected at the level of: * above the thalamus; * immediately below the red nuclei; * below the medulla oblongata; * above the hypothalamus; * above the basal ganglia; 4. The destruction of which nuclei eliminates decerebrate rigidity? * nuclei of the phrenic nerves; * nuclei of the facial nerves; * nuclei of the trigeminal nerve; * Deiters' nuclei in the medulla oblongata; * nuclei of the vagus nerve; 5. What hypothalamic nuclei induce sympathetic effects? * ventromedial; * anterior; * posterior; * ventrolateral; * supraoptic and paraventricular; 6. What brain regions participate in emotional reactions? * hypothalamus; * cerebral cortex; * thalamus; * limbic system; * basal ganglia; 7. Where are preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system located in the brain? * in the diencephalon; * in the medulla oblongata; * in the pons; * in the midbrain; * in the cerebellum; 8. Where are preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system located in the spinal cord? * in the sacral; * in the thoracic; 9. Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system located? * in the anterior horns of the spinal cord; * in the posterior horns of the spinal cord; * in the lateral horns of the lumbar segments; * in the lateral horns of the I-XII thoracic segments; * in the cervical part of the spinal cord; 10. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are: * adrenergic; * cholinergic; * dopaminergic; * serotoninergic; * histaminergic; 11. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons are predominantly: * adrenergic; * cholinergic; * dopaminergic; * serotoninergic; * purinergic; 12. Cholinergic receptors are: * alpha; * muscarinic; * beta; * nicotinic; * opioid; 13. Adrenergic receptors are: * muscarinic; * alpha; * nicotinic; * beta; * opioid; 14. Muscarinic receptors are located: * in all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system; * in synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system; * at the level of skeletal muscle fibers in neuromuscular synapses; * in cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system; * in the walls of peripheral blood vessels; 15. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve: * increases the strength and frequency of heart contractions; * decreases the strength and frequency of heart contractions; * constricts blood vessels of internal organs and skin; * dilates blood vessels of internal organs and skin; * increases cardiac output and vascular resistance; 16. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve causes: * decreased sweating; * abundant sweating; * bronchodilation; * bronchoconstriction; * decreased intestinal tone and peristalsis; 17. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve causes: * constriction of sphincters (pyloric, gallbladder, bladder); * relaxation of sphincters (pyloric, gallbladder, bladder); * increased coagulation rate; * increased basal metabolism; * decreased basal metabolism; 18. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve causes: * pupil constriction (miosis); * pupil dilation (mydriasis); * abundant secretion of digestive juices; * decreased secretion of digestive juices; * bronchoconstriction; 19. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve: * increases peristalsis and intestinal tone; * reduces peristalsis and intestinal tone; * relaxes sphincters (pyloric, gallbladder, bladder); * contracts the bladder muscle; * relaxes the bladder muscle; 20. What autonomic reflexes are used in medicine to assess the condition of the ANS? * Danini-Ashner reflex; * cardio-respiratory reflex (respiratory arrhythmia); * orthostatic reaction; * Goltz reflex; * Hering-Breuer reflex; 21. Which end of a severed nerve degenerates? * peripheral; * central; * both at the same time; * first central, then peripheral; * first peripheral, then central; 22. What substance is a parasympathomimetic/parasympatholytic? * acetylcholine - parasympatholytic; * atropine - parasympatholytic; * atropine - parasympathomimetic; * acetylcholine - parasympathomimetic; * aminazine - parasympathomimetic; 23. What substance is a sympathomimetic? * acetylcholine; * aminazine; * adrenaline; * noradrenaline; * atropine; 24. Chem-dependent ion channels of the postsynaptic membrane are: * channels for sodium; * channels for calcium; * channels for potassium; * channels for chlorine; * channels for hydrogen; 25. The axons of preganglionic neurons belong to type A fibers: * A; * B; * C; * unmyelinated; * myelinated; 26. The axons of postganglionic neurons belong to type A fibers: * A; * B; * C; * myelinated; * unmyelinated; 27. All listed processes occur when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, EXCEPT: * inhibition of peristalsis; * contraction of the radial muscle of the iris; * renin secretion; * insulin secretion; * dilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscles; 28. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes: * contraction of the radial muscle fibers of the iris and pupil dilation (mydriasis); * contraction of the circular muscle of the iris and pupil constriction (miosis); * concentrated secretion of glandular cells; * constriction of blood vessels supplying glands; * abundant secretion of glandular cells; 29. Sympathetic reactions accompanying physical or mental stress: * increased blood pressure; * increased glycolysis in the liver and muscles; * decreased glycolysis in the liver and muscles; * increased blood clotting speed; * decreased intensity of intracellular metabolism; 30. Nicotinic receptors are located: * at the level of autonomic sympathetic ganglia; * at the level of autonomic parasympathetic ganglia; * in effector organs innervated by the somatic nervous system; * in visceral effector organs; * in brain synapses; 31. Synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia: * is electrical; * involves acetylcholine release; * is exclusively mediated by adrenergic receptors; * involves muscarinic receptors; * involves nicotinic receptors; 32. Which of the following receptors are activated by acetylcholine: * alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors; * beta-1 adrenergic receptors; * beta-2 adrenergic receptors; * nicotinic receptors; * muscarinic receptors; 33. Which of the following hormones is not involved in regulating carbohydrate metabolism? * adrenaline; * insulin; * glucagon; * intermedin; * thyroxine; 34. A decrease in body temperature occurs when: * chemical thermoregulation is inhibited; * heat receptors in the skin are stimulated; * sympathetic centers in the posterior part of the hypothalamus are inhibited; * secretion of the thyroid-stimulating hormone is decreased; * sweating is inhibited; 35. Hypothalamic thermoregulation centers: * are represented by the lateral and medial nuclei of the hypothalamus; * have close connections with the reticular formation and the limbic system; * are represented by heat production and heat dissipation centers; * are represented by a hypothalamic thermostat; * are represented by the middle hypothalamus; 36. The effect of ADH on the kidneys is as follows: * increases the permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts for water; * increases the glomerular filtration rate; * increases sodium excretion; 37. All of the following is caused by vasopressin, EXCEPT: * increased diuresis; * decreased diuresis; * increased plasma volume; * increased urine concentration; * decreased plasma concentration; 38. Which symptom, from the following list, is NOT typical of Basedow's disease? * increased alveolar ventilation; * increased heart rate; * increased thermogenesis; * increased body weight; * increased appetite; 39. Indicate the way mechanoreceptors are excited: * exposure to electromagnetic waves; * mechanical deformation of the receptor; * increased temperature of the receptor membrane; * exposure of the receptor membrane to a chemical substance; * decreased temperature of the receptor membrane; 40. Specify the correct answer regarding the regulation of fat metabolism. Lipid regulation does not involve: * pituitary gland; * pancreas; * parathyroid glands; * gonads; * thyroid gland; 41. Choose the correct answers regarding basal metabolism: * basal metabolism is the energy released as a result of the activity of internal organs in a complete state of rest and in the absence of external stimuli; * basal metabolism can only be measured under conditions of comfort (standard conditions); * basal metabolism is the energy released during physical activity of the organism; * basal metabolism does not depend on mental or physical stimuli; * basal metabolism of an adult is about 70 kcal/hour; 42. Indicate the correct answer regarding the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the intensity of metabolism: * sympathetic stimulation increases the intensity of metabolism in most tissues of the organism by 15%; * sympathetic stimulation increases the intensity of metabolism in most tissues of the organism by 50%; * sympathetic stimulation reduces the intensity of metabolism in most tissues of the organism by 15%; * sympathetic stimulation reduces the intensity of metabolism in most tissues of the organism by 50%; * sympathetic stimulation does not change the intensity of metabolic processes in the organism; 43. Choose the correct answers regarding the ways of heat dissipation: * through radiation, a person loses 60% of all heat; * through conduction, giving 15% of all heat to the air; * through conduction, giving 25% of all heat to surrounding objects; * through conduction to the air, then by convection, a person loses 50% of all heat; * through convection, a person loses 50% of all heat; 44. Choose the correct answers regarding heat dissipation through evaporation: * when 1 gram of water evaporates from the body surface, 0.5 kcal or 12-16 kcal/hour is lost; * evaporation occurs through the diffusion of water molecules, regardless of body temperature; * additional heat removal by evaporation cannot be controlled by sweating; * most of the heat is lost through evaporation; * evaporation is not the main mechanism of decreasing body temperature; 45. Choose the correct answers regarding the effect of aldosterone on sweating: * aldosterone increases active reabsorption of sodium in sweat ducts; * aldosterone reduces sodium losses with sweating; * aldosterone reduces active reabsorption of sodium in sweat ducts; * aldosterone reduces chlorine reabsorption in sweat ducts; * aldosterone increases sodium losses with sweating; 46. Choose the correct answer regarding the thermoregulation center: * the thermoregulation center is located in the hypothalamus; * the thermoregulation center is located in the medulla oblongata; * spinal cord thermoreceptors cannot transmit impulses to the thermoregulation center; * abdominal thermoreceptors do not transmit impulses to the thermoregulation center; * the thermoregulation center controls only the body temperature in cases of increased temperature; 47. Choose the correct answers regarding the mechanisms of increasing heat loss during overheating: * by stimulating sweat glands; * by inhibiting sweat glands; * by exciting the sympathetic center of the hypothalamus; * by narrowing subcutaneous vessels; * by inhibiting the sympathetic center of the hypothalamus 48. Choose the correct answers regarding the mechanisms of heat conservation when the body temperature drops: * narrowing of subcutaneous vessels; * piloerection and reduced sweating; * chemical irritation of sympathetic centers; * increased thyroxine secretion; * muscle tremor; 49. Choose the correct answers regarding the mechanisms of increased heat generation when the body temperature drops: * muscle tremors; * increased thyroxine secretion; * narrowing of subcutaneous vessels; * piloerection; * decreased sweating; 50. Choose the correct answer regarding muscle tremor (MT): * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is located in the medulla oblongata; * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is inhibited by "cold" stimulation of skin and spinal cord receptors; * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is inhibited by "hot" stimulation of the hypothalamus; * during muscle tremor, the muscle tone of the whole organism decreases; * during muscle tremor, the sensitivity of the muscle stretch reflex decreases; 51. Choose the correct answer regarding muscle tremor (MT): * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is located in the medulla oblongata; * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is inhibited by "cold" stimulation of skin and spinal cord receptors; * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is excited by "hot" stimulation of the hypothalamus; * during muscle tremor, the muscle tone of the whole organism decreases; * during muscle tremor, the sensitivity of the muscle stretch reflex decreases; 52. Choose the correct answer regarding muscle tremor (MT): * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is located in the medulla oblongata; * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is inhibited by "cold" stimulation of skin and spinal cord receptors; * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is excited by "hot" stimulation of the hypothalamus; * during muscle tremor, the muscle tone of the whole organism increases; * during muscle tremor, the sensitivity of the muscle stretch reflex increases; 53. Choose the correct answer regarding muscle tremor (MT): * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is located in the medulla oblongata; * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is inhibited by "cold" stimulation of skin and spinal cord receptors; * the primary motor center of muscle tremor is excited by "hot" stimulation of the hypothalamus; * during muscle tremor, the muscle tone of the whole organism decreases; * during muscle tremor, the sensitivity of the muscle stretch reflex increases; 54. Increased tone of sympathetic nerves does NOT cause: * increased strength of heart contractions; * increased heart rate; * decreased heart rate; * decreased heart conduction; * decreased heart excitability 55. The main vascular reflexogenic zones, where baroreceptors are concentrated, are located: * in the brain; * in the heart; * in the carotid sinus; * in the aortic arch; * at the mouth of the vena cava 56. The first sensory neuron is located in: * the anterior horns of the spinal cord; * the posterior horns of the spinal cord; * the lateral horns of the spinal cord; * in the ganglia located on both sides of the spinal cord; * in the sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves; 57. Basedow-Graves disease is confirmed by the following laboratory results: * T3 and T4 are increased; 58. Which of the following hormone-corresponding action pairs is incorrect? * glucagon - increased glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle; * glucagon - increased glycogenolysis in the liver * cortisol - increased gluconeogenesis 59. The table below shows the level of hormones in plasma. Which are the ovulation times on the time axis? * C 60. Choose the correct statement about the location of N-cholinergic receptors: * They are located in sympathetic autonomic ganglia. * They are located in parasympathetic nerve ganglia * They are located in smooth muscle * They are located in skeletal muscles * They are located in exocrine glands 61. Choose the correct statement about the effects of the autonomic nervous system: * Sympathetic nervous system on the level of adipocytes stimulates lipolysis * Parasympathetic nervous system does not affect adipocytes * Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates lipolysis in adipocytes * Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the synthesis of lipids in adipocytes * Parasympathetic nervous system (NS) reduces coagulation 62. Which of the following factors increase cortisol secretion: * physical exertion; * morning hours, * deep inhalation, * emotions; * parasympathetic stimulation; 63. ADH has the following effects: * Regulates osmotic homeostasis * Controls extracellular sodium concentration * Controls water absorption in the kidneys * Controls volemia * Controls extracellular potassium concentration 64. Which of the following changes occurs in type 1 diabetes? * Reduced plasma osmolality * Increased plasma pH * Increased rate of lipolysis 65. Metabolic changes that occur during exercise: * Activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipocytes * Increased glucose uptake by muscles * Inhibition of liver glycogenolysis * Glucagon secretion is suppressed * Insulin secretion is suppressed 66. Reduced cortisol secretion leads to: * Reduced ACTH secretion * Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis * Increased lipogenesis * Decreased somatomedin concentration in plasma * Increased blood glucose 67. Active vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and parathyroid hormone have the following effects: * Reduce the concentration of Ca2+ in plasma * Increase the concentration of phosphates in plasma * Reduce calcium excretion by the kidneys * Increase calcium absorption in the intestines * Reduce phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys 68. After abundant carbohydrate intake, the following can be observed in the body: * Increased gluconeogenesis and lipolysis; * Increased glycogenolysis; * Increased glycogenesis; * ACTH secretion * Decreased cortisol concentration in the blood; 69. The figure shows the pathway of the sympathetic nervous system. Indicate the neurotransmitter secreted by neuron number 2: * Noradrenaline 70. Choose the correct statement: * Parathyroid hormone reduces the concentration of Ca2+ and P3+ in saliva; * Thyroxine increases salivation; * Aldosterone reduces sodium absorption at the level of salivary gland ducts; * Salivation decreases during pregnancy; * Testosterone reduces salivation; 71. The effects of stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system are: * Pupil dilation * Vascular constriction * Bronchodilation mediated by α-adrenergic receptors * Bronchoconstriction mediated by M-cholinergic receptors * Pupil constriction 72. Somatomedin C: * has insulin-like effects * inhibits insulin secretion * secretion is stimulated by STG * is synthesized in the adenohypophysis * is synthesized in the liver and cartilage 73. On the 14th day of a normal menstrual cycle: * the regeneration of the functional endometrium begins; * the concentration of circulating progesterone reaches its maximum; * the amount of endometrial glycogen is optimal for implantation; * the concentration of circulating prolactin reaches its maximum; * the spiral arteries of the endometrium begin to constrict; 74. A large dose of insulin is administered intravenously to a patient. Which of the following sets of hormonal changes occurs in the plasma? * growth hormone^ glucagon^ adrenaline^ 75. Which of the following sets of physiological changes should be expected in a non-diabetic patient with Basedow's disease? * aldosterone^ cortisol^ insulin^ 76. Choose the incorrect statements: * vasopressin - vasoconstrictor hormone; * hydrogen ions and CO2 have a vasoconstrictor function; * Acetylcholine - mediator that causes vasodilation; * Hydrogen ions and CO2 have a vasodilating function; * Acetylcholine - mediator that causes vasoconstriction; 77. The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus synthesizes: * ADH * STH * FSH * ACTH * oxytocin 78. Choose the correct answers from the "hormone-effect" phrases: * GH - negative nitrogen balance * Inhibin - inactivation of testosterone * Cortisol - hyperglycemia * Thyroxine - positive chronotropic and inotropic effects * Insulin - catabolizes fats 79. Hypersecretion of STH in an adult can lead to: * Inhibition of amino acid transport * Hypoglycemia * Acromegaly * Atrophy of the gonads * Stimulates urea formation 80. Metabolic changes that DO NOT occur during the postprandial state (vegetative, general symptoms after 1 hour after eating) * Increased glucose uptake rate * Inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipocytes * Activation of glycogenolysis in muscles and liver * Reduced lipolysis * Increased glucose uptake rate by muscles 81. The effect of the interaction of norepinephrine with α-adrenergic receptors: * relaxation of the intestinal muscles * relaxation of the diaphragm * contraction of intestinal muscles * vasoconstriction; * pupil constriction 82. Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency) is associated with: * hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity; * hypoglycemia; * reduced ACTH secretion; * hyperkalemia; * hyperpigmentation; 83. Which glands respond to parasympathetic stimulation: * salivary glands * apocrine glands of the armpits * lacrimal glands * nasal glands * adrenal medulla 84. On the 14th day of a normal menstrual cycle: * the functional endometrium begins to restore; * the concentration of circulating progesterone reaches its maximum; * the amount of endometrial glycogen is optimal for implantation; * spiral arteries in the endometrium begin to contract; * the concentration of circulating LH reaches its maximum; 85. Adrenal diabetes (steroid) is caused by: * hypersecretion of glucocorticoids !! * hypersecretion of adrenaline and norepinephrine; * insufficient insulin; * hyposecretion of glucocorticoids; * deficiency of antidiuretic hormone; 86. Prolactin: * initiates ovulation; * is the main lactogenic hormone * inhibits the growth of mammary glands * its secretion is inhibited by dopamine * its secretion is controlled by TRH 87. Which of the following changes will occur in response to an insulin injection? * Increased calcitonin secretion * Increased growth hormone secretion * Decreased growth hormone secretion * Increased glucagon secretion * Decreased glucagon secretion 88. Choose the correct statement regarding the effects of the sympathetic nervous system: * Inhibits intestinal activity * Inhibits stomach activity * Inhibits heart function * Increases intestinal and stomach activity * Increases heart function 89. Choose the correct statement regarding parasympathetic nerve fibers: * Represented by the facial nerve * Represented by the glossopharyngeal nerve * Represented by the oculomotor nerve * Nerves originate from the thoracic region of the spinal cord * Represented by the trigeminal nerve 90. Metabolic changes that occur during exercise: * Glucagon secretion is suppressed * Inhibition of liver glycogenolysis * Activation of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipocytes * Increased glucose uptake by muscles 91. Insulin regulates glucose transport in the following ways: * It carries out transport against the concentration gradient * It increases trans-epithelial transport in renal tubules * It increases transport at the brain level * It increases facilitated transmembrane diffusion with the help of GLUT-4 * It increases transport through the intestinal mucosa 92. Segmental distribution of sympathetic nerve fibers * Sympathetic fibers from segment T2 - in the cervical region * From segment T1 - end in the head 93. Bronchoconstriction is mediated by: * Muscarinic receptors 94. Adrenaline on α-receptors determines: * Erection * Vascular constriction * Vascular dilation * Pupil constriction * Pupil dilation 95. High parathyroid hormone levels in the blood can lead to an increase in: * Collagen synthesis * Number of active osteoblasts * Calcium absorption at the level of renal tubules * Inorganic phosphorus concentration in plasma * Synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol in plasma 96. Which of the following substances can dilate the pupil: * Nicotine * Adrenaline * Metacholine * Atropine * Acetylcholine 97. The effects of the parasympathetic nervous system: * The ANS has no effect on metabolism * The ANS reduces basal metabolic rate by 50% * The ANS has no effect on lipodemia * The ANS increases basal metabolic rate by 100% * The ANS increases lipodemia 98. Choose the correct hormone-effect pairs: * Cortisol - hyperglycemia * Insulin - anabolic effect * Oxytocin - uterine contraction and childbirth * STH - neuronal differentiation 99. Which of the following changes occurs in the absence of insulin? * Amino acid uptake into cells is stimulated * Enzymes of the liver that contribute to gluconeogenesis are inhibited * Protein catabolism is inhibited * Protein catabolism is increased * Enzymes of the liver that contribute to gluconeogenesis are activated 100. STH has the following properties, except for one: * Supports a positive nitrogen balance * Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue * Stimulates ketogenesis * Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver * Controls hypothalamic secretion of somatotropin 101. Choose the most active iodothyronine: * Triiodothyroacetic acid TRIAC * Tetraiodothyronine T4 * Troglobulin * Reverse triiodothyronine RT3 * Triiodothyronine T3 102. The caloric effect of thyroid hormones is manifested in the following: * Stimulation of neuro-psychological activity * Interaction with the receptor system of the target cell * Increased activity of the membrane Na+-K+-ATP-phase * Increased number of mitochondria in target cells * Increased number of adrenergic receptors 103. When the sympathetic nerve in the cervical region of a rabbit is severed in Claude Bernard's experiment, the following occurs: * The ear turns pale * The ear warms up * The ear turns cold * The vessels constrict * The ear turns red 104. Choose the correct (Yes) or incorrect (No) statements (about PTH) * PTH receptors are located in osteoclasts - NO 105. Choose the correct answer regarding glucose metabolism: * Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis are functions of the liver; * Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from glycogen; * Glucose can be stored in the form of glycogen or fat; * Gluconeogenesis is activated during hypoglycemia; * Glycogenesis increases when cellular ATP is depleted; 106. Which of the following substances can constrict the pupil: * Acetylcholine * Norepinephrine * Adrenaline * Atropine 107. The heroine of a play, at the height of stress, exclaimed: “You can consider me immoral, but I want to eat!”. This state can be explained: * Excitation of the sympathetic nervous system * Increased concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood * Excitation of the parasympathetic nervous system * Reduced adrenaline concentration in the blood * Increased concentration of endorphins in the blood 108. Select the factors that increase insulin secretion: * Alpha-adrenergic stimulation * Leptin * Somatotropin * Somatostatin * Beta-adrenergic stimulation 109. Choose the correct answer: * Cortisol has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects; * Thyroid hormones increase oxygen consumption and also basal metabolism; * Cortisol reduces lipolysis; * Cortisol reduces the amount of AA; * Increased AA levels in the blood determine increased CT release. 110. Choose the correct answer: * Normally, parathyroid hormone increases osteoblast activity. 111. Calcium absorption is increased with: * Iron overload. * Vitamin D3 presence; * Increased sodium absorption; * Hypercalcemia; * Presence of oxalates and phosphates in the diet 112. Choose the correct answer: * The secretion of oxytocin and ADH are regulated by hypothalamic releasing factors; * ADH deficiency leads to increased diuresis; * ADH exerts its effect after attaching to membrane receptors of the epithelial cells of the renal tubules; * Oxytocin and ADH are released as a result of neuroendocrine reflexes; * Oxytocin stimulates milk synthesis in the mammary glands. 113. The bladder muscle can contract: * Norepinephrine * Adrenaline * Parasympathetic system * Acetylcholine 114. Which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis: * Cortisol * Somatotropin * Glucagon * Thyroxine * Insulin 115. Which of the following changes DOES NOT occur in type 1 diabetes? * Osmotic diuresis * Insulin resistance * Increased blood pH * Formation of a large amount of ketone bodies * Increased rate of lipolysis 116. During protein metabolism, cortisol (glucocorticoid) causes: * Increased protein accumulation in the liver and plasma * Increased protein breakdown 117. Primary hyperthyroidism is characterized by: * T4 and T3 are elevated and TSH is decreased; * Primary changes in thyroid hormone levels with negative feedback effects on TSH secretion; * T4 and T3 are elevated and TSH unchanged; * T3 and T4 are elevated and TSH elevated; * Primary changes in the level of thyroid hormones with a positive feedback effect on TSH secretion; 118. Beta-receptors activate G-proteins, which, in turn, activate: * Adenylate cyclase * Protein kinase A * Phospholipase C * Protein kinase C * Calmodulin 119. How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect iris muscles and pupil diameter? * Decreases pupil diameter * Has no effect * Causes contraction of the circular muscles of the iris * Increases pupil diameter 120. What neurotransmitter is released in the postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? * Acetylcholine 121. How do sympathetic nerves affect the heart rate and force of heart contractions? * Have no effect * Reduce the strength and frequency * Cause positive inotropic and chronotropic effects * Cause negative inotropic and chronotropic effects 122. How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect oxygen consumption by the body? * It has no effect * Increases 123. How does stimulation of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system affect energy processes in the body? * Activates processes associated with energy expenditure * Activates processes of energy accumulation in the body * Has no effect 124. How does intense stimulation of the vagus nerve affect the heart? * Increases the strength and frequency of contractions