Environmental Engineering & Industrial Safety Lecture Notes PDF 2023-2024

Environmental Engineering & Industrial Safety Chemical Process Eng. Branch / Fourth year Ts. Dr. Buthainah Ali Abed AL-Timimi 2023-2024  Environmental Engineering & Industrial Safety Introduction Environment Environ...

Environmental Engineering & Industrial Safety Chemical Process Eng. Branch / Fourth year Ts. Dr. Buthainah Ali Abed AL-Timimi 2023-2024  Environmental Engineering & Industrial Safety Introduction Environment Environment defined as the sum total of water, air, and land and interrelationships among themselves and also with the human beings, other living organisms and materials. Environment includes all the physical, chemical, biological conditions that surround and affect organisms during a lifetime. Air Living organism Water Human Land Materials Fig.1 Concept of Environment: air, water, living organisms and materials surrounding us and their interactions together constitute environment Environmental Engineering Environmental engineering is the branch of engineering that concerned with application of scientific and engineering principles to:  Protect the environment and public health by reducing waste and pollution.  provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms,  design of technologies and processes that control pollution releases and clean up pollution sites. Environmental Pollution Pollution is the introduction of contaminants substance into environment that cause damage and un-desirable change in the physical, chemical, biological characteristics of 2  Environmental Engineering & Industrial Safety the air, water, or land which then affect the health, survival and activities of human and other living organisms. Pollutants Pollutants are any substances that cause pollution if present in such concentration that causes damage to the environment and human beings. Pollutants may be chemical, biological, thermal, radioactive or even mechanical (dust, sediment, grit, etc.). These pollutants may be solid, liquid, or gaseous and may be introduced into environment naturally or by human activity. Types of environmental pollution and their sources and effects The major types of pollution are: 1) Air pollution. 2) Water pollution. 3) Soil pollution. 4) Noise pollution. 5) Radioactive pollution. 6) Thermal pollution 1) Air pollution Air pollution is the present of such material in air in such concentration that cause harmful effect on environments and living organism. The six main pollutants are: Ozone, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and lead. These and other air pollutants typically enter the atmosphere through industrial processes related to the generation of heat and power, incineration of solid wastes and transportation. 2) Water pollution Water pollution refers to the presence of undesirable material, which decreases the quality of water bodies such the Earth's oceans, revers, lakes, and other water sources. The common types of water pollutants include mercury, nitrates, phosphorous, fertilizers, pesticides, and bacterial pollution. These and other types of pollutants enter the water supply through waste runoff , sewage treatment plants, feedlots, urban and agricultural runoff, septic systems and the illegle dumping of solid waste. 3) Soil Pollution Soil pollution is the pollution of the Earth's land surfaces. The most common types of soil pollutants are heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, zinc or mercury, pesticides or herbicides, organic chemicals, oils and tars, explosive or toxic 3  Environmental Engineering & Industrial Safety gases, combustible or radioactive materials, biologically active compounds and asbestos. These types of pollutants can enter the soil through poor agricultural practices, industrial runoff, mining, landfill leakage, littering or the improper or illegal dumping of household or industrial waste materials. 4) Noise pollution. Noise pollution refers to undesirable levels of noises caused by human activity that disrupt the standard of living in the affected area. Noise pollution can come from:  Traffic  Airports  Railroads  Manufacturing plants  Construction or demolition  Concerts 5) Radioactive pollution. Radioactive pollution is the release the radioactive waste into the environment. This radioactive material emitted radiation. This radiation causing abnormal growth and possibly cancer, and this radiation remain in the atmosphere for years, slowly diminishing over time. Sources of radioactive contamination include:  Uranium mining  Production of nuclear fuel  Nuclear power reactors  Nuclear tests  Disposal of nuclear waste. 6) Thermal pollution Thermal pollution is defined as sudden increase or decrease in temperature of natural body of water such as ocean, lake, river, pond, etc. Thermal pollution may have a harmful impact on aquatic organism including plants, insect, microorganism and fish. The most important effect of thermal pollution (warm water) is a decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO). 4  Environmental Engineering & Industrial Safety Pollutants allowable limits in the environment The pollutant allowable limits mean the specification of maximum allowable concentration of pollutants permissible in the environment. Such specification, usually known as “Environmental quality standards’ (EQS), or “ambient environmental standards’ (AES). 5