First Aid Finals Questions & Answers PDF

Key Points for Question 1: History of Development and Content of First Aid 1. Historical Origins: o Formalized in 1879 in the UK by St. John Ambulance. o Traces back to 1099 when the Order of St. John trained religious knights to provide battlefield care. 2. Evo...

Key Points for Question 1: History of Development and Content of First Aid 1. Historical Origins: o Formalized in 1879 in the UK by St. John Ambulance. o Traces back to 1099 when the Order of St. John trained religious knights to provide battlefield care. 2. Evolution of First Aid: o The Red Cross was founded after the First Geneva Convention (mid-19th century) to aid wounded soldiers; soldiers received basic training to treat comrades. o Prussian surgeon Friedrich von Esmarch introduced the term "erste hilfe" (first aid) and promoted civilian training during the Franco-Prussian War (1870). o Ambulance crews in Britain were trained specifically for railway, mining, and police emergencies. 3. Terminology: o The term "first aid" appeared in 1878, blending "first treatment" and "National Aid." 4. Modern Definition: o Initial care for illness or injury to preserve life, prevent further harm, or promote recovery. o Includes interventions like CPR and minor treatments, typically performed by individuals with basic training. Key Points for Question 2: Types of Medical Care 1. Primary Care: o First contact for general health management and disease prevention. o Includes regular check-ups, diagnosing, and referring to specialists. 2. Specialty Care: o Focused care for specific conditions or body systems. o Examples include cardiology, gynecology, and physiotherapy. 3. Emergency Care: o Immediate treatment for life-threatening situations (e.g., heart attack, severe bleeding). o Delivered in ambulances, emergency rooms, or intensive care units. 4. Urgent Care: o Addresses non-life-threatening but immediate needs (e.g., minor cuts, burns, infections). 5. Long-Term and Hospice Care: o Long-term care supports daily living activities due to chronic conditions. o Hospice focuses on palliative care for terminal illnesses, emphasizing comfort over cure. 6. Mental Health Care:  o Treatment for mental illnesses and emotional crises, involving psychotherapy, medication, or both. Key Points for Question 3: Regulatory Legal Support for First Aid 1. Duty of Care: o Legal responsibility to provide aid when a person is injured or ill. o Applies to workplace first-aiders; public bystanders have no obligation unless they begin assistance. 2. Consent: o First aiders must obtain consent unless the casualty is unconscious or unable to communicate. o Implied consent is assumed in emergencies. 3. Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders: o Legal medical orders instructing healthcare providers not to perform CPR. o Created after discussions with the patient, proxy, or family and documented in medical records. 4. Responsibilities of First Aiders: o Aid must cease when professionals take over, danger arises, or the first aider is unable to continue. Key Points for Question 4: Deontology, Ethics, and Psychology in Medical Relationships 1. Ethical Principles: o Includes beneficence (acting in the patient’s best interest), non-maleficence (do no harm), autonomy (patient's right to choose), justice (fair distribution of resources), and dignity. 2. Medical Deontology: o Ethical standards covering confidentiality, patient relationships, and responsibilities toward patient life and health. 3. Psychological Aspects: o Emphasizes individualized patient care and clear communication with patients and their families, particularly in severe cases. Key Points for Question 5: Aseptics, Antiseptics, and General Rules 1. Asepsis: o Refers to the absence of harmful microorganisms. o Achieved through medical and surgical asepsis:   Medical Asepsis: Reduces organisms to prevent spread.  Surgical Asepsis: Eliminates all microorganisms for sterile procedures. 2. Aseptic Techniques: o Sterile equipment and fluids used during procedures. o Includes practices like hand hygiene, sterilization of instruments, and environmental cleaning. 3. Antiseptics: o Substances that inhibit or kill microorganisms. o Types include bactericidal (kills bacteria) and bacteriostatic (slows bacterial growth). o Common agents: alcohol, iodine compounds, hydrogen peroxide. 4. Applications of Antiseptics: o Skin cleansing before procedures. o Wound care to prevent infection. o Disinfecting instruments and environmental surfaces. Key Points for Question 6: Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) 1. Definition: o Infections acquired during medical care, not related to the patient’s original condition. o Examples include urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and pneumonia. 2. Risk Factors: o Iatrogenic: Medical personnel, invasive procedures, or antibiotics. o Organizational: Contaminated air/water systems, overcrowding, poor staff-to- patient ratios. o Patient-Related: Severe illness, immunocompromised states, extended hospital stays. 3. Transmission Sources: o Airborne, contact (direct or indirect), droplet, common vehicle (food, water), and vector-borne (e.g., mosquitoes). 4. Prevention: o Strict hand hygiene, use of PPE, and proper sterilization of medical instruments. Key Points for Question 7: Infection Sources and Transmission in HAIs 1. Sources of Infection: o Airborne particles, blood, fecal-oral transmission, contaminated water, and surfaces. o Animals and stagnant water can also harbor pathogens. 2. Modes of Transmission:  o Direct Contact: Physical transfer from one person to another. o Indirect Contact: Via contaminated objects (e.g., needles, gloves). o Droplet Transmission: From coughing, sneezing, or talking. o Airborne Transmission: Pathogens in dust or droplet nuclei. o Vector-Borne: Through carriers like mosquitoes or flies. 3. Preventative Measures: o Barrier precautions (e.g., gloves, masks), proper waste disposal, and cleaning protocols. Key Points for Question 8: Hand Hygiene and Antisepsis 1. Importance of Hand Hygiene: o Critical for preventing cross-contamination and infections. 2. When to Wash Hands: o Before patient care, after environmental contact, after exposure to bodily fluids, and before aseptic tasks. 3. Types of Hand Hygiene: o Routine Hand Washing: Removes dirt; uses soap and water. o Aseptic Hand Washing: Kills transient organisms before wound dressing or invasive procedures. o Surgical Hand Washing: Reduces microbial flora; mandatory for surgical teams. 4. WHO’s "Five Moments" for Hand Hygiene: o Before touching a patient, before clean/aseptic procedures, after exposure to fluids, after touching a patient, and after touching the patient’s surroundings. Key Points for Question 9: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Medical Workers 1. Purpose: o Protects both healthcare workers and patients from infection and contamination. 2. Types of PPE: o Gloves, masks, gowns, face shields, and goggles. 3. Proper Use: o PPE should be donned and doffed carefully to prevent self-contamination. o Ensure disposal or cleaning as per hospital guidelines. Key Points for Question 10: Medical Waste Management in First Aid 1. Categories of Waste: o Infectious, sharps, pathological, pharmaceutical, and general waste.  2. Handling Guidelines: o Segregate waste into color-coded bins. o Use puncture-resistant containers for sharps. o Dispose of biological waste in accordance with local laws. 3. Minimizing Risks: o Regular training for staff, proper labeling of containers, and timely disposal. Key Points for Question 11: Prevention of Occupational Infections for Medical Workers 1. Risks to Medical Workers: o Exposure to bloodborne pathogens (e.g., HIV, Hepatitis B/C). o Contact with contaminated surfaces or biological fluids. 2. Preventative Measures: o Use of PPE (gloves, masks, gowns). o Immediate cleaning and disinfection after exposure. o Regular vaccination (e.g., Hepatitis B). 3. Post-Exposure Protocols: o Wash affected areas thoroughly. o Report and document incidents. o Follow up with medical evaluation and prophylaxis if necessary. Key Points for Question 12: Rules of First Aid Organization 1. Key Steps: o Stay calm and assess the scene for safety. o Ensure the injured person is comfortable and not moved unnecessarily. o Call for medical help if required and provide relevant details. 2. Initial Actions: o Stop bleeding, clean wounds, and apply dressings. o Monitor the person’s condition until professional help arrives. 3. Preparedness: o Keep a well-stocked and updated first aid kit. o Wear gloves to prevent infections and protect yourself. Key Points for Question 13: Emergency Action Algorithm 1. Assessment Steps: o Situation, Safety, Support: Check the environment and identify risks.  o First Impression: Quickly gauge the patient’s condition (consciousness, visible injuries). 2. Detailed Assessment: o Check consciousness, breathing, circulation, and visible injuries. o Use systematic evaluations like AVPU for consciousness. 3. Medical Actions: o Address critical conditions first (e.g., CPR, stopping bleeding). o Use emergency equipment like AEDs or defibrillators if needed. Key Points for Question 14: First Aid Kit and General Principles 1. Essential Contents: o Adhesive bandages, sterile gauze, antiseptic wipes, scissors, tweezers, and gloves. o Specialized items like burn creams, ice packs, and splints. 2. Maintenance: o Check regularly for expired items and replenish stock. o Store in an accessible location for emergencies. 3. Usage: o Follow standard first aid procedures, keeping the patient calm and safe. Key Points for Question 15: Methods for Transporting Victims and Removing Clothing 1. Transport Techniques: o Use stretchers when possible; types include simple and rigid stretchers. o If moving manually, ensure proper support for the head, neck, and injured limbs. 2. Clothing Removal: o Cut clothing to avoid movement of injured areas. o Remove garments systematically, starting with uninjured limbs. 3. Safety Precautions: o Avoid unnecessary movement of the patient, especially with suspected spinal injuries. Key Points for Question 16: Types of Injections and Techniques 1. Subcutaneous Injections: o Delivered beneath the skin for slow absorption. o Common sites: abdomen, upper arm, thigh. 2. Intradermal Injections: o Given between skin layers; typically for tests or vaccinations.  3. Intramuscular Injections: o Administered directly into muscle for quicker absorption. o Sites: deltoid, gluteal, or vastus lateralis muscles. 4. Intravenous Injections: o Administered into veins for immediate effects. o Requires precise techniques to avoid complications. Key Points for Question 17: Assessment of Vital Signs 1. Key Vital Signs: o Body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. 2. Assessment Techniques: o Use thermometers for temperature, palpation for pulse, and devices for BP. o Count breaths visually for respiratory rate. 3. Monitoring Consciousness: o Use AVPU (Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive) scale. o Check for airway obstructions and abnormal breathing patterns. Key Points for Question 18: Assessing Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 1. Respiratory System Assessment: o Look for normal chest movement, rate, and rhythm. o Check for sounds like wheezing or obstruction signs. 2. Circulatory System Assessment: o Check pulse strength and regularity. o Look for signs of shock: pallor, cold skin, rapid heart rate. 3. Critical Signs: o Ensure clear airways and adequate oxygenation to prevent deterioration. Key Points for Question 19: Pulse Characteristics, Types of Breathing, and Counting Respiratory Rate 1. Pulse Characteristics: o Includes rate, rhythm, volume, force, and tension. o Normal adult pulse: 60–100 beats per minute. 2. Types of Pulse: o Radial, carotid, and brachial pulses are commonly measured. 3. Breathing Types and Frequency: o Normal adult respiratory rate: 12–16 breaths per minute.  o Types: Eupnea (normal), hyperpnea (deep breathing), costal breathing (chest expansion). 4. Counting Respiratory Rate: o Observe chest rise and fall for one minute or count for 30 seconds and multiply by two. Key Points for Question 20: Blood Pressure Measurement Technique 1. Steps: o Place the cuff above the elbow, ensuring it fits snugly. o Inflate the cuff while monitoring using a stethoscope or digital device. o Record systolic (top number) and diastolic (bottom number). 2. Normal Range: o 120/80 mmHg for adults. 3. Precautions: o Avoid taking measurements over clothing or immediately after physical activity. Key Points for Question 21: Bleeding Definition and Classification 1. Definition: o Loss of blood due to damaged blood vessels. 2. Types of Bleeding: o Arterial: Bright red, spurting; life-threatening. o Venous: Dark red, steady flow. o Capillary: Oozing; usually minor. Key Points for Question 22: Determining Severity of Bleeding 1. Mild Bleeding: o Stops on its own or with minimal pressure. 2. Moderate Bleeding: o Slows with pressure but resumes when pressure is removed. 3. Severe Bleeding: o Blood gushes or soaks through bandages; life-threatening. Key Points for Question 23: Clinical Symptoms of Acute Bleeding 1. Symptoms of External Bleeding:  o Visible blood, bruising, swelling. 2. Symptoms of Internal Bleeding: o Abdominal pain, skin discoloration, blood in stool or vomit. 3. Signs of Shock: o Rapid pulse, clammy skin, dizziness, or loss of consciousness. Key Points for Question 24: Methods to Stop Bleeding 1. Mechanical: o Apply direct pressure, elevate injured part, use clean cloth or gauze. 2. Physical: o Ice packs for vasoconstriction or heat during surgeries. 3. Chemical: o Hemostatic agents like aluminum sulfate. 4. Biological: o Use of fibrin sponges or clotting agents. Key Points for Question 25: Nosebleed Care 1. Immediate Actions: o Sit upright, lean forward, and pinch the soft part of the nose for 10 minutes. o Avoid swallowing blood to prevent vomiting. 2. If Bleeding Persists: o Repeat pressure and seek medical attention if it lasts over 30 minutes. 3. Precautions: o Avoid blowing the nose after bleeding stops. Key Points for Question 26: Concept and Circumstances of Injury 1. Definition: o Damage caused by external forces (accidents, falls, hits). 2. Mechanism of Injury (MOI): o Describes how damage occurs, including force, direction, and area affected. 3. Examples: o Fractures, dislocations, burns, and blunt trauma. Key Points for Question 27: Soft Tissue Injuries and Fractures  1. Soft Tissue Injuries: o Contusion: Bruising due to impact. o Sprain/Strain: Overstretching or tearing of ligaments or muscles. o Treat with RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation). 2. Fractures: o Types: Open (bone pierces skin) and closed. o Immobilize and seek medical help promptly. Key Points for Question 28: Chest Injuries and Pneumothorax 1. Definition: o Pneumothorax: Air in the chest cavity causing lung collapse. 2. Symptoms: o Difficulty breathing, chest pain, cyanosis. 3. First Aid: o Seal open wounds with a sterile dressing and seek emergency care. Key Points for Question 29: Crush Syndrome 1. Definition: o Severe muscle damage causing toxins to enter the bloodstream. 2. Symptoms: o Swelling, pain, and dark-colored urine. 3. First Aid: o Immobilize the affected area and monitor for shock. Key Points for Question 30: Eye Injuries 1. Types: o Foreign bodies, chemical burns, trauma to the eyeball or eyelids. 2. First Aid: o Rinse eyes with water for chemicals. o Avoid rubbing or removing embedded objects; seek medical help. Key Points for Question 31: Dislocations and Fractures 1. Dislocations: o Bone displacement from joints (e.g., shoulder, fingers).  2. Fractures: o Immobilize the area and prevent movement. 3. First Aid: o Use splints or slings and avoid attempting to reset dislocated joints. Key Points for Question 32: Bone and Joint Injuries 1. Types: o Gunshot wounds, fractures, sprains. 2. First Aid: o Apply pressure to stop bleeding, immobilize, and prevent movement. Key Points for Question 33: Transport Immobilization 1. Techniques: o Use splints or the patient’s body for stabilization. o Secure with padding and bandages. 2. Precautions: o Avoid unnecessary movement to prevent further damage. Key Points for Question 34: Wound Care 1. Basics: o Clean wounds with antiseptic, cover with sterile dressing. 2. Primary Treatment: o Ensure tetanus prophylaxis if necessary. Key Points for Question 35: Skin and Mucous Membrane Injuries 1. Examples: o Splinters, burns, cuts. 2. First Aid: o Remove splinters carefully, clean wounds, and cover with sterile bandages. Key Points for Question 36: Burns  1. Types of Burns: o First Degree: Affects only the outer layer (red, painful, no blisters). o Second Degree: Deeper layers affected, blisters present. o Third Degree: All skin layers destroyed, charred or white appearance. 2. Assessment: o Use the "Rule of Nines" to estimate the burn area. 3. First Aid: o Cool with running water (not ice). o Cover with a sterile, non-stick dressing. o Avoid breaking blisters or applying ointments. Key Points for Question 37: Prehospital Emergency Medical Care 1. General Guidelines: o Maintain patient airway and assess vital signs. o Provide basic interventions like CPR if necessary. 2. Communication: o Inform emergency services with details of the patient’s condition and actions taken. Key Points for Question 38: Sunburn, Dehydration, and Heatstroke 1. Sunburn: o Symptoms: Red, painful skin. o First Aid: Cool compresses, aloe vera, and hydration. 2. Dehydration: o Symptoms: Dry mouth, fatigue, dark urine. o First Aid: Rehydrate with water or electrolyte solutions. 3. Heatstroke: o Symptoms: High body temperature, confusion, rapid pulse. o First Aid: Cool the person rapidly, hydrate if conscious, and seek immediate medical care. Key Points for Question 39: Cold Injuries (Frostbite and Hypothermia) 1. Frostbite: o Symptoms: Numb, pale, hard skin. o First Aid: Warm the area gradually; avoid direct heat or rubbing. 2. Hypothermia: o Symptoms: Shivering, slurred speech, lethargy.  o First Aid: Warm the person gradually, remove wet clothing, and provide warm fluids if conscious. Key Points for Question 40: Life-Threatening Respiratory Conditions 1. Common Signs: o Severe shortness of breath, cyanosis, wheezing. 2. First Aid: o Ensure an open airway, assist with prescribed inhalers, and call emergency services. Key Points for Question 41: Dyspnea and Cough 1. Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath): o Types: Inspiratory, expiratory, or mixed. o Requires evaluation of underlying causes (e.g., asthma, COPD). 2. Cough: o Can indicate respiratory infection or obstruction. o Monitor severity and provide symptomatic care. Key Points for Question 42: Acute Respiratory Failure 1. Definition: o Inability of the lungs to provide adequate oxygen or remove carbon dioxide. 2. First Aid: o Ensure an open airway, administer oxygen if available, and seek immediate medical care. Key Points for Question 43: Inhaler Usage 1. Steps for Using an Inhaler: o Shake the device, exhale fully, place the inhaler mouthpiece in the mouth, and press the inhaler while inhaling deeply. o Hold the breath for 10 seconds. 2. Precautions: o Ensure proper technique to maximize effectiveness. Key Points for Question 44: Hemoptysis and Pulmonary Hemorrhage 1. Hemoptysis: o Coughing up blood, often due to respiratory infections or lung damage. 2. Pulmonary Hemorrhage: o Severe bleeding within the lungs. 3. First Aid: o Keep the patient calm, seated upright, and seek emergency care. Key Points for Question 45: Life-Threatening Cardiovascular Conditions 1. Common Signs: o Chest pain, arrhythmias, severe hypertension. 2. First Aid: o Keep the patient calm and monitor vitals. o Administer prescribed medication if available and call for emergency help. Key Points for Question 46: Acute Heart Failure 1. Symptoms: o Severe shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, swelling. 2. First Aid: o Keep the person in a seated position. o Administer oxygen if available and call for immediate medical assistance. Key Points for Question 47: First Aid for Cardiac Events 1. Conditions: o Includes chest pain, fainting, collapse, arrhythmias, and strokes. 2. First Aid: o Assess breathing and consciousness. o Administer CPR or use an AED if necessary. o Provide prescribed medications (e.g., nitroglycerin for chest pain). Key Points for Question 48: Sudden Cardiac Arrest 1. Signs: o Loss of consciousness, no pulse, no breathing.  2. First Aid: o Start CPR immediately and use an AED if available. o Continue until emergency services arrive. Key Points for Question 49: Cardiovascular Resuscitation 1. Steps: o Open airway, perform chest compressions, and provide artificial ventilation. 2. Effectiveness Criteria: o Check for a return of pulse, breathing, or consciousness. Key Points for Question 50: Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Disorders 1. Common Signs: o Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain. 2. First Aid: o Hydration, rest, and dietary adjustments. Key Points for Question 51: Acute Abdominal Pain Syndrome 1. Definition: o Severe abdominal discomfort requiring immediate evaluation. 2. Symptoms: o Intense pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, fever. 3. First Aid: o Avoid giving food or drink. o Keep the patient comfortable and call for emergency assistance. o Transport carefully to avoid aggravating the pain. Key Points for Question 52: Gastrointestinal Bleeding 1. Causes: o Peptic ulcers, esophageal varices, colon cancer, trauma. 2. Symptoms: o Vomiting blood, black/tarry stool, dizziness, rapid pulse. 3. First Aid: o Keep the patient calm, seated, or lying down. o Avoid food or drink and seek immediate medical help. Key Points for Question 53: Renal Colic 1. Definition: o Severe pain due to kidney stones obstructing urinary flow. 2. Symptoms: o Sharp, intermittent flank pain, blood in urine, nausea. 3. First Aid: o Encourage hydration if possible. o Provide pain relief if prescribed and call for medical care. Key Points for Question 54: Life-Threatening CNS Conditions 1. Symptoms: o Sudden headaches, weakness, seizures, altered consciousness. 2. Conditions: o Stroke, traumatic brain injury, meningitis. 3. First Aid: o Monitor vitals, keep the patient still, and seek immediate medical attention. Key Points for Question 55: Loss of Consciousness and Seizures 1. Causes: o Hypoglycemia, stroke, trauma, epilepsy, fainting. 2. Types of Seizures: o Epileptic (generalized or focal) and hysterical seizures. 3. First Aid: o Protect the patient from injury, loosen tight clothing, and do not restrain them. o Place in the recovery position after the seizure ends. Key Points for Question 56: Nervous System Disorders 1. Examples: o Stroke, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy. 2. First Aid: o Ensure airway is open and monitor vital signs. o Provide comfort and seek medical help. Key Points for Question 57: Hallucinations, Delirium, and Loss of Consciousness 1. Hallucinations and Delirium: o Symptoms: Confusion, agitation, disorientation. o First Aid: Keep the patient calm, monitor vitals, and seek help. 2. Unconsciousness: o Check airway, breathing, and pulse. o Provide CPR if necessary. Key Points for Question 58: Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries 1. Common Injuries: o Concussions, spinal fractures, brain contusions. 2. First Aid: o Immobilize the neck and back. o Avoid moving the patient unless in immediate danger. 3. Transportation: o Use spinal boards and ensure alignment during transport. Key Points for Question 59: Thermoregulation 1. Mechanism: o Body regulates temperature via sweating, shivering, and blood flow adjustments. 2. Conditions: o Hypothermia (cold exposure) and hyperthermia (heatstroke). Key Points for Question 60: Fever 1. Clinical Manifestations: o Elevated temperature, sweating, chills, weakness. 2. First Aid: o Cool compresses, hydration, and antipyretics if recommended. Key Points for Question 61: First Aid for Fever 1. Actions: o Remove excess clothing, provide cool fluids, and apply wet compresses. 2. Precautions:  o Avoid rapid cooling to prevent shock. Key Points for Question 62: Warming and Cooling Techniques 1. Warming: o Use blankets, heating pads, or warm fluids. 2. Cooling: o Apply cold compresses, ice packs, or fans. 3. Indications: o Choose appropriate methods based on the condition (fever, hypothermia, heatstroke). Key Points for Question 63: Allergic Reactions 1. Types: o Mild (hives, itching) to severe (anaphylaxis). 2. Symptoms: o Swelling, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat. 3. First Aid: o Administer antihistamines or epinephrine if available and call emergency services. Key Points for Question 64: Anaphylaxis and Angioedema 1. Symptoms: o Severe swelling, breathing difficulties, and potential shock. 2. First Aid: o Administer epinephrine immediately, maintain airway, and seek urgent care. Key Points for Question 65: Acute Poisoning 1. Common Causes: o Household chemicals, medications, carbon monoxide, toxic plants. 2. First Aid: o Remove the patient from the source, do not induce vomiting unless instructed, and call poison control or emergency services. Key Points for Question 66: Poisoning Classification 1. Types: o Inhalation, ingestion, injection, or skin absorption. 2. Periods: o Latent phase, active symptoms, and recovery or worsening. Key Points for Question 67: Common Acute Poisonings 1. Examples: o Carbon monoxide, alcohol, pesticides, mushrooms. 2. First Aid: o Provide fresh air for inhalation poisoning, hydrate if ingested, and seek medical help. Key Points for Question 68: Gastric Lavage 1. Purpose: o Removes toxic substances from the stomach. 2. Technique: o Performed under medical supervision with a gastric tube and sterile solutions. Key Points for Question 69: Snake and Insect Bites 1. Symptoms: o Swelling, pain, redness, systemic reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis). 2. First Aid: o Immobilize the area, avoid sucking venom, and seek medical care. Key Points for Question 70: First Aid in Extreme Situations 1. Examples: o Traffic accidents, fires, natural disasters. 2. Key Actions: o Ensure safety, assess injuries, and call for emergency assistance. Key Points for Question 71: Rules for Work in Emergencies 1. Safe Environment: o Prioritize personal safety and clear hazards. 2. Emergency Steps: o Provide basic aid, stabilize the patient, and wait for professionals. Key Points for Question 72: Drowning, Asphyxia, and Smoke Inhalation 1. Drowning: o Remove the patient from water, clear the airway, and start CPR if needed. 2. Asphyxia: o Check for obstructions, provide rescue breaths. 3. Smoke Inhalation: o Move to fresh air, monitor breathing, and seek medical care. Key Points for Question 73: Electrical Injuries 1. Symptoms: o Burns, cardiac arrhythmias, muscle spasms. 2. First Aid: o Turn off the power source, avoid direct contact, and call emergency services. Key Points for Question 74: Barotrauma 1. Definition: o Injury caused by pressure changes (e.g., diving, flying). 2. Symptoms: o Ear pain, dizziness, nosebleeds. 3. First Aid: o Equalize pressure (e.g., swallowing, yawning) and seek medical attention.