Final Test PDF

10 1. (არ მომწონს) The main uses of vital statistics in epidemiology: please, choose an incorrect answer. Description of the population mortality trends Comparison of age- and gender-specific death rates during a time period. Comparison of healthy- and affected – specific death rate...

10 1. (არ მომწონს) The main uses of vital statistics in epidemiology: please, choose an incorrect answer. Description of the population mortality trends Comparison of age- and gender-specific death rates during a time period. Comparison of healthy- and affected – specific death rates for a different population Description and comparison of cause-specific, age- and gender-specific death rates for different groups in the population 2. Epidemiological measurements can be classified into three categories: (Choose the incorrect answer) Disease occurrence Association or effect measurements Speed related measurement Measures of importance or implication 3. The confidence of the study depends on? The magnitude of the sample The magnitude of the vector Accuracy of the social network 4. Which part of the scientific article should be last to be written and contains the most important ideas: Materials and Methods Abstract Results Discussion 5. Linear regression analysis comprises the study of the association between two variables, and analysis are based on fundamental assumptions: (Choose false assumption) The independent variable is not random. The value of the residual (error) is zero. The value of the residual (error) is constant across all observations The value of the residual (error) is different across all observations. The residual (error) values follow the normal distribution. 6. Regression analysis includes several variations: (choose incorrect answer) Non-parametric model Simple linear model Nonlinear model 7. The Evidence-based healthcare (EBHC) approach can be broken down into five steps: (Choose false step) Define a research question Search for the independent variable randomly Critically appraise the evidence for its validity and usefulness Implement useful findings in clinical practice  Evaluate the practice of what you have decided to do when appropriate. 8. Non-parametric methods should be used whenever: The observations do not approximately follow a normal distribution The dependent variable is random The value of the residual (error) is not correlated across all observations 9. In statistical analyses, when comparing categorical variables instead of numerical variables, scientists use: t-Test ANOVA Chi-Squared 10. In statistical analyses, when comparing the mean or average of two groups, scientists use: t-Test ANOVA Chi-Square 11. A null hypothesis is tested by: Computing a test statistic and the associated P-value Providing the statistical description of interest in a study Including the unknown true value with 95% probability 12. The hypothesis that we seek to reject is: The null hypothesis- H(0) Alternative Hypothesis – H(A) The effect measure Confidence interval The P-value 13. The magnitude that provides the statistical description of interest in a study is: The null hypothesis The effect measure Confidence interval The P-value 14. A measurement to tell us how much the observed data disagrees with the null hypothesis is: The p-value Confidence interval The effect measure 15. Choose incorrect rule of authorship, according to the international committee of Medical Journal Editors Only the first author has to be able to answer any questions related to the integrity of the work Substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group alone does not justify authorship 16. The use of ideas, concepts, word, language, or structures, without appropriately acknowledging the source, to benefit in a setting where originality is expected is: Fabrication  Falsification Plagiarism 17. Manipulation research materials, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record is: Fabrication Falsification Plagiarism 18. Qualitative research cannot be used for generalization in the statistical sense because (Choose incorrect answer) The sample of entities in qualitative research interviews is usually too small The sample of entities in qualitative research usually isn't selected randomly The sample of entities in qualitative research usually isn't selected strategically 19. Several strategies for data collection in Multisite ethnography: (choose incorrect answer) Follow people Follow an object Follow a metaphor Follow a time 20. Choose the incorrect stage of a qualitative research process according to Klave: The antipositivist enthusiasm phase The interview-quoting phase The peaceful phase of silence The aggressive phase of silence The final phase of exhaustion. 21. One of the principal and most used methods in qualitative data collection: Participant ethnography Grounded interviews Multisite interviews Grounded theory 22. Related and supplementary methods and approaches in qualitative data collection are: (choose incorrect answer) Historical methods Linguistic methods Peaceful methods Photographic methods 23. The principal and most used methods in qualitative data collection: (choose incorrect answer) Participant observation Narratives Life-mode interviews Randomly interviews 24. Samples in qualitative studies: (choose incorrect answer) Always are strategic Often cannot be selected in advance of fieldwork Are selected randomly 25. Which one characteristic of the research hypothesis is incorrect?  It must be clear in meaning, contain only one answer to any one question, and reflect only the essential elements of the solution It should be expressed simply and unambiguously It should provide an adequate answer to the research problem It should be retrospective 26. Two most typical examples of prospective research in medicine are: Case-control studies and Observational studies Cohort studies and Experimental studies Cross-sectional studies and Qualitative studies 27. Using a national US database, rates of lung cancer were determined among New Yorkers, Texans and Californians. Lung cancer prevalence was 25% in New York, 30% in Texas and 20% in California. The researchers concluded that living in Texas is associated with higher rates of lung cancer. Type of study is: Case-control study Retrospective cohort study Experimental study Cross-sectional study Prospective cohort study 28. Using a national US database, rates of lung cancer were determined among New Yorkers, Texans and Californians. Lung cancer prevalence was 25% in New York, 30% in Texas and 20% in California. The researchers concluded that living in Texas is associated with higher rates of lung cancer. What can be determined? Odds Ratio Prevalence of disease Relative risk Regression coefficient 29. A group of 100 New Yorkers who smoke were identified based on a screening questionnaire at a local hospital. These patients were compared with another group that reported no smoking. Both groups received follow-up surveys asking about the development of lung cancer annually for the next 3 years. The prevalence of lung cancer was 25% among smokers and 5% among non-smokers. Type of study is: Case-control study Retrospective cohort study Experimental study Cross-sectional study Prospective cohort study 30. A group of 100 New Yorkers who smoke were identified based on a screening questionnaire at a local hospital. These patients compared with to another group that reported no smoking. Both groups received follow-up surveys asking about the development of lung cancer annually for the next 3 years. The prevalence of lung cancer was 25% among smokers and 5% among non-smokers. What can be determined? Odds Ratio Prevalence of disease Relative risk 31. Specificity is: The validity relevant to identifying those who are ill The validity relevant to identifying those who are healthy The validity relevant to identifying those who are exposed The validity relevant to identifying those who are non-exposed 32. Sensitivity is: The validity relevant to identifying those who are ill The validity relevant to identifying those who are healthy The validity relevant to identifying those who are exposed The validity relevant to identifying those who are non-exposed 33. Information bias may arise or occur: When there is a strong association between the variable that is measured and a confounding factor that either is not measured or is measured with a large random error Due to a flaw in study design, when groups to be compared have been selected in different ways In retrospective studies in which the issues under study are known to both the observer and the observed In prospective studies in which the issues under study are known to the observer 34. The selection bias may occur or arise: In retrospective studies in which the issues under study are known to both the observer and the observed When there is a strong association between the variable that is measured and a confounding factor that either is not measured or is measured with a large random error Due to a flaw in study design, when groups to be compared have been selected in different ways In prospective studies in which the issues under study are known to the observer 35. The statistical confounding may occur or arise: In retrospective studies in which the issues under study are known to both the observer and the observed Due to a flaw in study design, when groups to be compared have been selected in different ways When there is a strong association between the variable that is measured and a confounding factor that either is not measured or is measured with a large random error In prospective studies in which the issues under study are known to the observer 36. Bias is traditionally classified as (incorrect answer) The selection bias The information bias The exposure bias The statistical confounding 37. Attributable risk for the population (PAR) is calculated: RR/(RR – 1) Re /(Re – R0) p(RR – 1)/(1+ p(RR – 1)) p(Re – R0)/(1+ (RR – 1)) 38. Attributable risk is: (choose incorrect answer)  The measure of risk for those who are exposed to the factor A measure of the proportion of the disease occurrence that can be ascribed a certain risk factor An estimating excess risk divided by the risk for those who are exposed to the factor A measure of the exposure in explaining the occurrence of disease in the exposed group 39. The excess risk is: IRe/IRo IRo /IRe IRe - IRo IRo - IRe 40. Incidence rate ratio (IRR) is: IRe/IRo IRo/IRe IRe – IRo IRo – Ire 41. The ratio between p and (1 – p), or p/(1 – p) is: RR (Relative Risk) IRR (Incidence Rate Ratio) OR (Odds ratio) AR (Attributable Risk) 42. The disadvantages of the cohort study: Numerous variables can be assessed at the same time It is possible to loss of some test subjects It has no dimension of time There are many possible sources for systematic error 43. Examples of longitudinal studies: (choose incorrect answer) Case-control study Cohort study Experimental study Cross-sectional study 44. A case-control study is: (choose incorrect answer) An observational study Prospective study Retrospective study Longitudinal study 45. An expression of a probability that an individual will ever have been ill during a defined period is: Point prevalence Period prevalence Affected prevalence Health prevalence 46. The probability that a person will become ill in a population at a time is: Point prevalence Period prevalence Affected prevalence  Health prevalence 47. The incidence rate is: The number of new events divided by the total observation time during the period The number of new events divided by the total amount of affected The number of new events divided by the total size of the population The number of new events divided by the total number of ill people 48. The study sample is: The population to which conclusions are to be generalized The subset of the target population, all with measurable or quantifiable characteristics Group of people, objects, or items that are taken from a source population for measurement. 49. Observational units aren’t individuals in: Randomized, controlled trials Ecological studies Case-control studies Cohort studies 50. Types of experimental studies (Choose incorrect answer) Case-control studies Randomized, controlled trials Intervention trials Interventions in populations or communities 51. Types of Observational epidemiological studies (incorrect answer) Ecological studies Cross-sectional studies Interventions in populations or communities Correlation studies 52. The choice of study design depends on the: population problem social characteristics researcher’s authority 53. The three aims of epidemiological studies: (incorrect answer) Describing disease occurrence and distribution in a population and development over time Observing social activity and reliability Identifying the cause of disease Undertaking experiments to assess the effects of treatments or preventive efforts of disease. 54. What is the main key point to recognize a Cross-sectional Study? Lack of time frame or just a snapshot in time Patients are not selected by disease Patients are not selected by exposure Patients are not selected by Nationality 55. Researches discovered a gene that they believe leads to development of diabetes. A sample of 1000 patients is randomly selected. All patients are screened for the gene. Presence or  absence of diabetes is determined from a patient questionnaire. It is determined that a gene is strongly associated with diabetes. What can be determined? What is main outcome measure? Odds Ratio Prevalence of disease Relative risk 56. Researches discovered a gene that they believe leads to development of diabetes. A sample of 1000 patients is randomly selected. All patients are screened for the gene. Presence or absence of diabetes is determined from a patient questionnaire. It is determined that a gene is strongly associated with diabetes. Type of study is: Case-control study Retrospective cohort study Experimental study Cross-sectional study Prospective cohort study 57. A group of 100 New Yorkers who smoke were identified based on a screening questionnaire at a local hospital. These patients compared with to another group that reported no smoking. Hospital records were analysed going back 5 years for all patients. The prevalence of lung cancer was 25% among smokers and 5% among non-smokers. What can be determined? What is main outcome measure? Odds Ratio Prevalence of disease Relative risk Mortality risk 58. A group of 100 patients from Mexico who smoke were identified based on a screening questionnaire at a local hospital. These patients compared with to another group that reported no smoking. Hospital records were analysed going back 5 years for all patients. The prevalence of lung cancer was 25% among smokers and 5% among non-smokers. Type of study is: Case-control study Retrospective cohort study Experimental study Cross-sectional study Prospective cohort study 59. New Yorkers were surveyed to determine whether they smoke and whether they have morning cough. The study found a smoking prevalence of 50%. Among responders 25% reported morning cough. What can be determined? What is main outcome measure? Odds Ratio Prevalence of disease Relative risk 60. New Yorkers were surveyed to determine whether they smoke and whether they have morning cough. The study found a smoking prevalence of 50%. Among responders 25% reported morning cough.  Type of study is: Case-control study Retrospective cohort study Experimental study Cross-sectional study 61. A group of patients from Toronto with lung cancer were identified based on a screening questionnaire at a central hospital. These patients were compared with to another that not reported to lung cancer. Both groups were questioned about smoking within past 10 years. The prevalence of smoking was 25% among lung cancer patients and 5% among non-lung cancer patients. Patients were identified by? By location/group By exposure/risk factors By disease 62. A group of patients from Moscow with lung cancer were identified based on a screening questionnaire at a central hospital. These patients were compared with to another that not reported to lung cancer. Both groups were questioned about smoking within past 10 years. The prevalence of smoking was 25% among lung cancer patients and 5% among non-lung cancer patients. What can be determined? Odds Ratio Prevalence of disease Relative risk 63. A group of patients with lung cancer were identified based on a screening questionnaire at a local hospital. These patients were compared with to another that not reported to lung cancer. Both groups were questioned about smoking within past 10 years. The prevalence of smoking was 25% among lung cancer patients and 5% among non-lung cancer patients. Type of study is: Case-control study Cohort study Experimental study Cross sectional study 64. What numbers are determined from Case-control study type? Prevalence of disease (possibly by group) Relative risk (RR) Odds Ratio: (OR) 65. What numbers are determined from Cohort study type? Prevalence of disease (possibly by group) Relative risk (RR) Odds Ratio: (OR) 66. What numbers are determined from Cross sectional study type? Prevalence of disease Relative risk (RR) Odds Ratio: (OR) 67. How are patients identified in case-control Study Type? By location/group By exposure/risk factors By disease 68. How are patients identified in cohort Study Type? By location/group By exposure/risk factors By disease 69. How are patients identified in cros- sectional Study Type? By location/group By exposure By disease By risk factors 70. If all persons with deficiencies in pancreatic insulin production have symptoms of type I diabetes, and these persons are from the general population (i.e., they were not included in the study sample because of other deficiencies that could cause these symptoms), one can conclude that all persons with deficiencies in pancreatic insulin production have symptoms of type I diabetes. The explanation is according to: Deduction (deducting modes of inference) Induction (inducting modes of inference) Abduction (abducting modes of inference) Coherence (coherence modes of inference) 71. If all persons with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes are known to have deficiencies in pancreatic insulin production (rule), and Mr. D has type I diabetes (case), then Mr. D has deficiencies in pancreatic insulin production (conclusion). The explanation is according to: Deduction (deducting modes of inference) Induction (inducting modes of inference) Abduction (abducting modes of inference) Temporality 72. The pragmatic theory of truth argues: It is circular when truth depends on what works, and researchers’ assessment of what works depends on their conception of what is true Something is true if it corresponds to some truth maker things in the world A scientific hypothesis or theory is true if it coheres with other hypotheses or theories. If it is completely out of the realm of established knowledge, it is most likely untrue 73. The correspondence theory of truth argues: It is circular when truth depends on what works, and researchers’ assessment of what works depends on their conception of what is true Something is true if it corresponds to some truth maker things in the world A scientific hypothesis or theory is true if it coheres with other hypotheses or theories. If it is completely out of the realm of established knowledge, it is most likely untrue 74. The coherence theory of truth argues: It is circular when truth depends on what works, and researchers’ assessment of what works depends on their conception of what is true Something is true if it corresponds to some truthmaker things in the world  A scientific hypothesis or theory is true if it coheres with other hypotheses or theories. If it is completely out of the realm of established knowledge, it is most likely untrue 75. Knut Erik Tranøy and many other sociologists argue that scientific work is characterized by and requires three different types of norms, which guide scientific work in different ways: (Choose correct answer) Internal norms, external norms, mandatory norms External norms, linkage norms, relevance norms Internal norms, external norms, linkage norms Internal norms, epistemic norms, social norms 76. The guiding idea for consequentialists is: Do what is right, regardless of the outcome The morally right action is the action that a virtuous person performs The ethical choice is the one, which will produce the greatest good for the greatest number, regardless of the action. 77. Three most often used ethical theories: Deontological ethics, Virtue ethics, Logical ethics; Consequentialism, Deontological ethics, Virtue ethics; Linkage ethics, Consequentialism, Deontological ethics; Consequentialism, Virtue ethics, Logical ethics. 78. Gift authorship happens When someone who has contributed significantly to a project and fulfils the criteria for authorship is not named in the by-line. When someone who has not fulfilled the criteria for authorship nonetheless is offered authorship When someone is listed as an author without their knowledge or consent When the professional writer who usually company hires to draft a manuscript is not listed as an author on the manuscript 79. Unsolicited authorship happens When someone who has contributed significantly to a project and fulfils the criteria for authorship is not named in the by-line. When someone who has not fulfilled the criteria for authorship nonetheless is offered authorship When someone is listed as an author without their knowledge or consent When the professional writer who usually company hires to draft a manuscript is not listed as an author on the manuscript 80. Exclusion from authorship happens When someone who has contributed significantly to a project and fulfils the criteria for authorship is not named in the by-line. When someone who has not fulfilled the criteria for authorship nonetheless is offered authorship When someone is listed as an author without their knowledge or consent When the professional writer who usually company hires to draft a manuscript is not listed as an author on the manuscript 81. 82. 83. Tuckman has argued that in order for an activity to qualify as research, it should possess a minimum of five characteristics: (choose incorrect answer) It should be systematic It should be logical It should be replacement-able It should be reductive It should be replicable and transmittable 84. – 85. The number of times an event occurs is typical examples of: Ordinal data Nominal data Continuous data Count data 86. – 87. Three main types of validity: Concept or conclusion validity, internal validity and external validity Internal validity, external validity and linkage validity Conclusion validity, internal validity and important validity Concept or conclusion validity, remarkable validity and positive validity 88. Different types of research quality control are: (Choose incorrect answer) Positive controls Sensitivity controls Remarkable controls Negative controls Specificity controls 89. Blood pressure and age are typical examples of: Ordinal data Nominal data Categorical data Continuous data 90. Types of categorical data: Nominal and ordinal Nominal and continuous Ordinal and numerical Counts and continuous 91. – 92. Three areas in which researchers and institutional review boards should apply ethical principles: (one is incorrect) They maintain high commercial standard The informed consent process The assessment of risk and benefit The selection of human subjects 93. The Belmont Report identifies three basic ethical principles, that should guide researchers in making the best ethical judgments in human subject research. These three principles are: Treat patients equally, respect person confidentiality, justice  Respect for persons, beneficence, justice Treat patients equally, beneficence, be selfless in treating patients Respect for persons, treat patients equally, beneficence 94. – 95. Which one of four principles of the Nuremberg’s code provided to you is formulated incorrectly? The voluntary consent of the human subjects is absolutely essential The experiment shouldn’t be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and random and unnecessary in nature The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment No experiment should be conducted where there is a prior reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects. 96. Methodology filters contain general search strategies and may consist of complex search strategies: (choose one incorrect answer) Used to elicit quantity rather than quality Methodology filters are adapted to the structures of individual databases Devised and tested to retrieve high-quality research papers Devised and tested to retrieve high-quality research papers 97. There are different ways to expand the research: (choose incorrect answer) Using related terms Using contrasting terms Broadening the timescale of the search Checking the publication type assigned to relevant articles. 98. The subject heading is a descriptive tag added to the record to indicate the main theme or themes of an article - This means: limiting a search Describe a category of reference or the manner in which the information is compiled Articles using similar topic words will be grouped under the one heading Finds more, but less likely relevant and useful articles 99. PICO is the acronym for: Prevention, Intervention, Conclusion, Outcome Patient/problem, Interesting, Conclusion, Others Population/patient/problem, Information, Comparison, Outcome Population/patient/problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome 100. Information literacy is comprised of the ability to: (choose incorrect answer) Recognize a need for information Identify transitional sources of information Know how to access sources Evaluate the quality of information Use information efficiently 101. Even in his time Aristotle identified four kinds of causes: (choose correct answer) Material cause, specific cause, efficient cause, final cause.  Formal cause, biological cause, specific cause, efficient cause Formal cause, efficient cause, material cause, final cause Association cause, plausible cause, material cause, formal cause 102. The British medical statistician Austin Bradford Hill developed nine criteria to determine an association seen in the study was truly causative or not. Which one criteria from presented four doesn’t determine the causal link between a specific factor and disease? Strength of association Substantial cause Temporality Consistency of the observed association 103. Robert Koch postulates of causation: Which one of them is false? The organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease and in healthy animals The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture The organism can be seen as the cause of disease if it can be shown that its presence isn’t a random accident The cultured organism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal. 104. According to Robert Koch’s explanations of disease the parasite is: Only necessary condition for the disease Only sufficient condition for the disease Both, a necessary and sufficient condition for the disease An insufficient but necessary part of a necessary and sufficient condition for the disease 105. – 106. Main types of misconduct related to authorship issues: (choose incorrect answer) Exclusion from authorship Gift authorship Authorship achieved by productivity Unsolicited authorship 107. In the social norms Tranøy includes: Truth seeking, testability, consistency, coherency and simplicity Honesty, openness and open-mindedness Utility, relevance and fruitfulness Stability, productivity and effortlessness 108. Which norms guide the activity of each individual researcher? External norms Linkage norms Epistemic norms Social norms 109. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors rules of authorship: (which of them is formulated incorrectly?) 110. Which of central principles of ancient Chinese medical ethics is formulated incorrectly? To improve clinical skill and maintain a high professional standard To be greedy for wealth and fame To treat patients equally, and as if they were your family members  To be modest and prudent toward other physicians, not to belittle and criticize one’s colleagues 111. An act of lying should not be performed even if it has good consequences. This is correct action according to: Consequentialism Deontological ethics Virtue ethics Linkage ethics 112. – 113. The first three principal points of a trial protocol are: Purpose of the study; Trial plan; Inclusion and exclusion criteria Trial plan; Inclusion and exclusion criteria; Patient report Power; Number of patients; Patient report Trial plan; Number of patients; Exclusion criteria 114. A well-designed study will have: A large number of endpoints One primary endpoint and a small number of secondary endpoints Retrospectively selected endpoints Historical endpoints 115. The first step in the stratification process is: Identify one or a small number of prognostic factors Select different bias Influence a patient’s response Select vulnerable patients 116. Historical controls are: The previously untreated patients Patients within the group Vulnerable patients The previously treated patients 117. In a cross-over study, the comparison is: (choose the correct answer) Between individuals Within individuals Within-group of individuals Between different historical controls 118. In parallel-group study the comparison is: (choose correct answer) Between individuals Within individuals Within experimental animal Between groups of individuals 119. Today the term ‘clinical trial’ we use synonymously with: ‘Phase I study’ in the development of a drug ‘Phase II study’ in the development of a drug ‘Phase III study’ in the development of a drug ‘Phase IV study’ in the development of a drug 120. Phase III in the development of a drug describes:  The effects of various doses of a drug Toxicity in the placebo group Side-effects in volunteer Comparative effect of two or more different treatments, either active drugs or placebo 121. Phase II in the development of a drug describes: The effects of various doses of a drug Toxicity in volunteer test subjects Side-effects in the placebo group The effects of two or more different treatments 122. Phases in the development of a drug (choose incorrect answer) Phase I Toxicity and side-effects Phase II Dose-response Phase III Comparison with established treatment or placebo Phase IV Conclusion 123. Phases in the development of a drug (choose incorrect answer) Phase I - Toxicity and side-effects Phase II Dose-response Phase III Comparison with historical control Phase IV Post marketing 124. – 125. Compared with conventional animals, the SPF (specified pathogen-free) varieties are or have: Not better standardized Have a higher resistance to some endotoxin, drugs and physical insults (e.g., ionizing radiation). Have higher morbidity and mortality. 126. In comparison with SPF(specified pathogen-free) and conventional animals, gnotobiotic animals have: A well-developed immune system. Slower passage of intestinal contents. Higher turnover of the intestinal epithelium. The better basal metabolic rate and cardiac output. 127. – 128. Animal models can be divided into four groups: Spontaneous models, induced models, unusual models, and negative models. Induced models, negative models, extraordinary models, and orphan model. Nonconstructive models, impulsive models, negative models, and orphan model. Induced models, spontaneous models, negative models, and orphan model. 129. In animal experimentation reduction of the number of complex animals is achieved by: Replacing warm-blooded animals with organisms like chicken embryos, Replacing zebrafish with organisms like chicken embryos Replacing zebrafish with organisms like mice Replacing warm-blooded animals with organisms like a rat 130. – 131. In “the three R concept” examples of replacement of experimental animal include: (choose incorrect answer) Replacement with computerized models and video. Replacement with Internet programs. Replacement with sub-cellular systems. Replacement with chicken embryos. 132. In “the three R concept” replacement refers to: The use of statistical power analyses. The use of perfuse organs and tissue slices instead of experimental animals. Replace warm-blooded animals with organisms like chicken embryos. Replace warm-blooded animals with organisms like zebrafish. 133. Research on Experimental Animals Represents the Best Approach to (choose incorrect answer) Studies of integrated regulation of body function. Studies of vaccination against human or animal infectious diseases. Studies of experimental therapies in healthy models Intervention studies that are judged to be crucial to the understanding of a large number of diseases and conditions. 134. Research on Experimental Animals Represents the Best Approach to (choose incorrect answer) Studies of mechanisms of disease. Studies of integrated regulation of body function. Studies of vaccination against human or animal infectious diseases. Cross-sectional studies 135. Points to Keep in Mind When Choosing a Research Problem (choose incorrect answer) Select biological problems that apply to organisms, organs, or cells in vivo. Don’t stay away from research questions that have emerged primarily from in vitro studies, unless those questions clearly apply to in vivo situations as well. Think strategically— divide challenging research projects into smaller steps without losing sight of the final goals. Do not be so afraid of having ideas “stolen” that it prevents a productive exchange of ideas and collaborations 136. Do not be so afraid of having ideas “stolen” that it prevents a productive exchange of ideas and collaborations Don’t select biological problems that apply to organisms, organs, or cells in vivo. Stay away from research questions that have emerged primarily from in vitro studies, unless those questions clearly apply to in vivo situations as well. Do not be afraid of choosing a big, challenging research problem Think strategically—break big research problems into a series of smaller steps, but stay focused on the long-term goals. 137. – 138. – 139. There are points to keep in mind during the literature review that establishes the background for a research project (choose incorrect answer)  Limit the review to papers that are available electronically If necessary, go back 100 years – important discoveries in anatomy, histology and physiology were made that long ago Put your ideas and thoughts concerning the rationale for the research and the arguments for selecting specific methods in writing, even if you aren’t preparing a funding proposal for the work Think broadly – avoid choosing a project that is primarily a follow-up of specific results published by another laboratory 140. There are points to keep in mind during the literature review that establishes the background for a research project (choose incorrect answer). Don’t limit the review to papers that are available electronically Don’t go back 100 years – important discoveries in anatomy, histology and physiology were not made that long ago Put your ideas and thoughts concerning the rationale for the research and the arguments for selecting specific methods in writing, even if you aren’t preparing a funding proposal for the work Think broadly – avoid choosing a project that is primarily a follow-up of specific results published by another laboratory