Epidemiology Study Designs Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which option does not represent an example of a longitudinal study?

Case-control study (correct)

Experimental study

Cohort study

Cross-sectional study (correct)

Which of the following incorrectly describes a case-control study?

Retrospective study

Longitudinal study (correct)

Prospective study (correct)

An observational study

Which term incorrectly describes a measure of probability that indicates if an individual has ever been ill during a defined period?

Affected prevalence (correct)

Health prevalence (correct)

Point prevalence

Period prevalence

Which option best describes an incorrect understanding of incidence rate?

The number of new events divided by the total amount of affected Signup and view all the answers

Which definition is incorrect regarding the study sample?

The entirety of the target population often used in studies Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study is incorrectly classified as an experimental study?

Case-control studies Signup and view all the answers

Which item does not align with the three main aims of epidemiological studies?

Observing social activity and reliability Signup and view all the answers

Which option does NOT represent a characteristic that Tuckman argues research should possess?

Replacement-able Signup and view all the answers

The number of times an event occurs is an example of which type of data?

Count data Signup and view all the answers

Which combination listed below does NOT represent the three main types of validity?

Internal validity, external validity and linkage validity Signup and view all the answers

Which option listed is NOT a type of research quality control?

Remarkable controls Signup and view all the answers

Blood pressure and age are typical examples of what type of data?

Continuous data Signup and view all the answers

Which type of data is NOT classified as categorical?

Continuous Signup and view all the answers

Which area is NOT suggested for ethical principle application by researchers and institutional review boards?

Maintain high commercial standard Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Belmont Report is incorrectly formulated?

Treat patients equally, respect person confidentiality, justice Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical test is most appropriate for comparing categorical variables?

Chi-Squared Signup and view all the answers

To analyze the mean difference between two groups, which test should be employed?

t-Test Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical measure is most relevant for determining the risk of lung cancer associated with smoking in the New York study?

Relative risk Signup and view all the answers

How is the null hypothesis typically tested?

By computing a test statistic and the associated p-value Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis is generally rejected in hypothesis testing?

Null Hypothesis – H(0) Signup and view all the answers

What type of observational study was conducted on the New Yorkers who smoke?

Prospective cohort study Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the statistical measure that provides the main description of interest in an analysis?

Effect Measure Signup and view all the answers

What does specificity in a screening test refer to?

Correctly identifying those who are healthy Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes sensitivity in a medical context?

Validity related to identifying those who are ill Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes a p-value in hypothesis testing?

Indicates the statistical significance of the results Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an incorrect authorship rule according to guidelines?

Drafting the article alone justifies authorship Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to information bias in research studies?

Strong associations with unmeasured confounding factors Signup and view all the answers

What was the prevalence of lung cancer among non-smokers in the study?

5% Signup and view all the answers

In research ethics, which term describes using someone else's work without appropriate acknowledgment?

Plagiarism Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the study, what did researchers primarily assess through follow-up surveys?

Incidence of lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

Based on the findings, what interpretation can be made about the relationship between living in Texas and lung cancer rates?

Living in Texas is correlated with higher lung cancer rates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not one of the criteria developed by Austin Bradford Hill to determine a causal link in studies?

Specific cause Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding Robert Koch's postulates is false?

The organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease and in healthy animals. Signup and view all the answers

According to Robert Koch's explanations of disease, which statement about the parasite is true?

The parasite is both a necessary and sufficient condition for the disease. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the incorrect type of misconduct related to authorship issues.

Authorship achieved by productivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in the social norms as defined by Tranøy?

Stability, productivity and effortlessness Signup and view all the answers

Which norms guide individual researchers in their work?

Epistemic norms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles of ancient Chinese medical ethics is formulated incorrectly?

To be greedy for wealth and fame Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the type of author misconduct known as unsolicited authorship?

An author is included without consent or collaboration on the publication. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Studies

Longitudinal studies include cohort studies and experimental studies, not case-control or cross-sectional studies.
Case-control studies are considered retrospective, not prospective or longitudinal.
Point prevalence refers to the probability of individuals being ill at one specific moment.
Period prevalence reflects the likelihood of being ill over a defined period.

Epidemiological Concepts

Incidence rate is calculated as the number of new events divided by the total observation time.
Study sample is a subset of the target population selected for research.
Observational units are not individuals in ecological studies as these assess populations or groups.

Study Design and Methodology

Experimental studies do not include case-control studies, which are observational.
Grants of validity consist of internal, external, and conclusion validity, excluding linkage validity.
Research quality controls include positive, negative, and specificity controls, but not remarkable controls.

Ethical Principles in Research

Ethical principles focus on informed consent, risk assessment, and subject selection, not on maintaining commercial standards.
The Belmont Report emphasizes respect for persons, beneficence, and justice in research ethics.

Statistical Analysis

Chi-Squared tests are used for comparing categorical variables, while t-tests assess means of two groups.
The path to rejecting a null hypothesis involves computing a test statistic and its P-value.
The effect measure gives a statistical description of interest in a study.

Issues of Research Integrity

Plagiarism involves using ideas without acknowledgement, while fabrication and falsification involve misrepresenting research data.
Qualitative research samples are often too small and not selected randomly, limiting generalizability.

Causes of Disease

Robert Koch's postulates identify criteria for disease causation, including isolation of pathogens and their ability to cause disease when introduced to healthy subjects.
An organism can be both a necessary and a sufficient condition for a disease.

Authorship and Misconduct

Common issues in authorship include exclusion from authorship and gift authorship; being published for productivity is a misconception.
Social norms in research emphasize truth-seeking, honesty, and openness among researchers.

Summary of Key Terms

Types of data include continuous data (e.g., blood pressure, age) and categorical data (nominal and ordinal).
Validity categories are crucial for evaluating research quality, encompassing internal, external, and conclusion validity.
Nuremberg Code principles relate to ethical standards in research involving human subjects.

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Description

Test your understanding of different epidemiological study designs with this quiz. Identify common misconceptions related to longitudinal studies, case-control studies, and measures of probability. Determine the correct classifications and definitions associated with various study types.