Al Manar Language School G10 IT Revision Notes 2024-2025 PDF

Al manar Language School American Section IT Department 1st Quarter Revision notes Grade 10 2024-2025 Lesson 1 : Binary systems Denary uses numbers with a base of 10 (uses ten digits from 0 – 9) and increases using the power of 10 Binary uses numbers...

Al manar Language School American Section IT Department 1st Quarter Revision notes Grade 10 2024-2025 Lesson 1 : Binary systems Denary uses numbers with a base of 10 (uses ten digits from 0 – 9) and increases using the power of 10 Binary uses numbers with a base of 2 (1 and 0, 1 being on and 0 is off) What Is Binary ? Binary is a language written with a combination of ones (1) and zeros (0) that computers use to carry out commands, inputs, or functions. Whatever you write onto a computer, a machine inside processes the input and converts it into binary. It's like using a translator! Bytes and Bits In binary, we have bytes and bits which are major components in writing binary. Bit : a single 0 or 1 in a binary number: 10100000 Byte: eight bits put together :10100000 Mrs. Alia Esmat Grade 10 How to convert from Binary to decimal? An Example:- Example Every digit in a binary number represents a power of 2. For example if we were working with the binary number ‘00001101” we could convert it to decimal with that chart: Memory size These are storage (measured in bytes) in most computer systems. lesson 2: Computer Language Mrs. Alia Esmat Grade 10   Computer:- Is an electronic machine.  Program:- Program is a set of instructions or set of statements.  Language : -System of communication. Computer language are used to facilitate communication between computer and the user.  computer language : Means of communication used to communicate between people and the computer.  Difference between natural language and computer language: Natural language has a very large vocabulary whereas computer languages mostly have a very limited vocabulary. Classification of Computer Machine Language  Fundamental language understood by computer.  Also known as Machine Code.  Written as strings of binary 0’s and 1’s.  No translation program is required.  Not really easy to learn. Advantages of Machine Language:  Programs written in machine language are very fast to execute as instructions written in Machine language are directly understood by CPU and no translation program is required. ************************************************************************** Assembly Language: Mrs. Alia Esmat Grade 10   To simplify the program writing process used in machine language, the numeric operation codes of Machine language were substituted by letter symbols(Mnemonics). Advantages of Assembly Language over Machine Language  Easier to understand and use.  Easy to locate and correct errors.  Easier to modify.  No worry about addresses. ************************************************************************* High Level Language(HLL):  High level languages instead of being machine based are oriented more towards the problem to be solved.  HLL are basically symbolic languages that use English words and/or mathematical symbols rather than Mnemonic codes.  HLL are known as Problem Oriented Languages.  Every instruction written in HLL is translated into many machine language instructions. This is one to many translation whereas in Assembly Language there is one to one translation. Advantages of High Level Languages:-  Machine independent.  Easy to learn and use.  Fewer errors.  Easier to maintain. ***************************************************************** Lesson 3: Binary: The Foundation of Computer Data In computers, all data is stored in binary form. Binary digits (bits) have two possible states: 1 and 0 A bit is the smallest unit of data a computer can use Definition: Bit - A single binary digit (0 or 1) Eight bits form one byte A byte can represent a single character in binary Binary values represent various data types: Numbers -Text-Images-Sound Mrs. Alia Esmat Grade 10 Lesson 4:Logic Gates: A Fundamental Building Block of Digital Electronics Logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital electronics. They are essential components that perform Boolean logic operations, enabling complex digital circuits and systems to function. Logic gates perform basic Boolean operations, such as AND, OR, and NOT, on binary inputs to produce a specific output. AND Gate The AND gate produces a high output (1) only when all its inputs are high (1). OR Gate: The OR gate produces a high output (1) when one or more of its inputs are high (1). NOT Gate The NOT gate produces a high output (1) when its input is low (0), and a low output (0) when its input is high (1). Mrs. Alia Esmat Grade 10 NAND Gate The NAND gate produces a low output (0) only when all its inputs are high (1). NOR Gate The NOR gate produces a high output (1) only when all its inputs are low (0). XOR Gate The XOR (Exclusive OR) gate produces a high output (1) when one and only one of its inputs is high (1). Mrs. Alia Esmat Grade 10 Example 2: produse the truth table of the following logic circuit :- Mrs. Alia Esmat Grade 10 Answer: ************************************************** Mrs. Alia Esmat Grade 10