Cmm 101 (Croft) Final Exam Study Guide PDF

CMM 101 (CROFT) FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Under role competence, what is our ‘position’ and how does this relate to creating individual roles? some sort of social function a human does (a job, student, relationship, etc). Each position comes with social or cultural duties, or expectations. Example: “A...

CMM 101 (CROFT) FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Under role competence, what is our ‘position’ and how does this relate to creating individual roles? some sort of social function a human does (a job, student, relationship, etc). Each position comes with social or cultural duties, or expectations. Example: “A student position goes to class” What are the 4 major properties of roles? 1. guidelines for behavior (expectations) 2. all roles are ‘learned’, with no expectation 3. we are constantly engaging ‘multiple roles’ 4. our ‘belief of self’ and identity is impacted Why do we keep a role? (3) 1. support (from others about our role identity) 2. commitment (to both our identity and usually to others so that we maintain our expected behavioral guidelines) 3. rewards (to feel good about our effort into our roles - rewards can be an identity itself, social or financial gains to maintain an identity, emotional support, new roles, etc) What analogy did E.Goffman use to discuss role competence? Parts of Dramaturgy? Face - ‘The Self Presented to Others’ - different ‘masks’ for different situations. You are the same ‘self’ but different versions at a concert vs. school vs. wedding vs. funeral. Facework - adjustments to the face to play a character ‘correctly’ for the situation. Lines - Verbal and Non-verbal behaviors for each Face Front - Factors when we are presenting a face in public. A - Setting: people, places, events determine action B - Personal Front - ‘costume’, adornments, makeup Backregion or “Backstage” - the truest version of our self? What are role sets, altercasting, and mirroring? ROLE SETS: This is the group mentality in the Role process. We think of our ‘self’ as unique but coordinating our identity with others actually happens a lot ALTERCASTING: Choosing friends who support our identity and help us define ourselves. We ‘alter’ our roles for fit with the group MIRRORING: We will often copy each other for perceived social success. Coordinating our roles with a group helps maintain identity What is the self-concept, what 2 diagrams help us figure this out? self concept: “An idea of how we see our self” We are not a static thing. We exist in a social reality with a communication process. Change is inevitable. Johari’s window diagram and self-concept diagram (will be a short answer) What is the looking glass-self? “The Self that comes to us from others”. A central part of the dyadic sender and receiver process is feedback. We listen, and consider the impact on our self and roles. What is the social comparison theory? “Humans have a basic need to know how their opinions and abilities stack up to their peers”. Through the relational and interpretive processes we are constantly assessing how we are doing/labeled. Why? Our Identity. What is the self-perception theory? “We look back at ourselves to get a sense of who we are and how we feel about our roles and identity” Ever ran a conversation or interaction back in your head? Well… that’s you doing this. What is self-awareness? The EXTENT to which you know who you are. Logically you can not see everything about you or other perspectives of you. The more self awareness you have, the better you’ll know your self concept In what ways can you self-disclose? (3) “Information you reveal to others about yourself” We do this to build rapport with others, build relationships, and create scenarios where we gain self awareness and perspectives of our identity. WHAT CAN WE SELF-DISCLOSE TO OTHERS? 1. VALUES, BELIEFS, & DESIRES 2. BEHAVIOR 3. SELF QUALITIES & CHARACTERISTICS What are the best practices when self-disclosing? (6) 1. try to be appropriate to the flow of conversation 2. begin conversations with safe and non-risky information 3. disclose info in small doses 4. match the level of communication 5. style is as important as substance 6. reserve the most important information for the most important people Describe the noble self, rhetorical reflector, and rhetorical sensitive The Noble Self: - Consistent, sure of themselves, unchanging - Good: Reliable, clear communication - Bad: Perceived as stubborn, arrogant, etc. The Rhetorical Reflector: - Inconsistent, unsure of identity, always changes - Good: Communicate a lot, open to others - Bad: Perceived as fake, lacks confidence in self The Rhetorical Sensitive: - Fairly sure of themselves, adapts socially - Good: Perceived as Competent, Identity and sense of Self Concept is strong What are the 3 family networks of communication? 1. wheel network: Highly centralized network that focuses on one person as the hub and gatekeeper of information. As result this person is seen as highly valuable and has a relative amount of group control over relationships 2. chain network: Relationships relay (or filter) information through the people they interact with the most in the family (or who they have the best relationships with). This network is neither centralized / decentralized & common among busy families with children. 3. all network: A decentralized network where the quality of the relationships will vary with the amount of interaction that occurs. Without consistent centralized communication there is occasionally chaos & disorder. People want direct contact with others. What are the 3 family structures? - power authority: top-down power and control where authority over others is granted by either position (such as a parent) or by person (such as responsible child) - decision making: power and authority distributed so decisions are either: consensus- when all members have input accommodation- give into power or vote de facto- inaction makes 1 person act - interaction: the type of networking and patterns impact power/ control due to communication influence on the relationships What are Knapp’s stages of development & dissolution in order? (What happens in each?) 1. initiation 2. experimenting 3. intensifying 4. integrating 5. bonding 6. differentiating 7. circumscribing 8. stagnating 9. avoiding 10. terminating During a relationship – what are dialectical tensions? RELATIONSHIPS DIALECTICS THEORY SAYS THAT ‘DIALECTICAL TENSIONS’ ARE CONSISTENTLY PRESENT IN OUR THOUGHTS ABOUT OUR RELATIONSHIP AND WE ARE IN A CONSTANT STATE OF WEIGHING THE COLLECTIVE ‘US’ VERSUS THE INDEPENDENT ‘SELF’ How do we attain instrumental communication? (2) What are the 3 learning theories (human need for rewards)? classical conditioning - says behavior can be controlled through paired associations (such as sets of stimuli). often associated with psychologist pavlov and his dogs operant conditioning - says we can control behavior by manipulating the consequences of a response. aka reinforcement social learning theory - says behavior can be controlled by seeing a ‘model’ rewarded/punsihed- alters our behavior What are the theories related to the human need for consistency? balance theory - we feel best when people agree with us about important issues, especially as it relates to social development congruity theory - we feel compelled to weigh positive and negative social behaviors against relationships, as if measuring cognitive dissonance - when our cognition (schemata) and behaviors do not match, we will strive for comfort/ consistency (dismiss things that are inconvenient too) Under conflict, what are two signs of mismanaged conflict and what is managed conflict? mismanaged conflict- escape or fight (fight or flight) escape: afraid, uninterested, uncaring, relationships not valuable fight: too aggressive, abusive, destructive patterns, emotional outbursts managed conflict- ‘containment’ - use interpersonal skills to spread/ control issues Under culture/intercultural communication: What are power distances? 1- high power distance culture: difficult to attain, “hard to reach”, usually requires help, special knowledge/ skill, or resources 2- lower power distance culture: capable to attain, “easier to attain”, usually requires less effort, self reliance, limited resources Locus of control? We can measure control in terms of its location by asking the question, “Where is the location of control? Who has it? Can I do what I want (power/freedom)?” 1- CONSTRAINT CULTURE: someone else has the control, limited/ little freedom or power to make your own decisions 2- CONTROL CULTURE: you have the freedom and power to make your decisions or for other people Cultural Orientations? 1- INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES -Emphasizes individual needs over the group, personal achievement, competition (Western) 2- COLLECTIVIST CULTURES -Emphasizes group needs over the individual or personal needs or goals, focus on cooperation Cultural message exchange (context)? 1- LOW CONTEXT CULTURES - Direct, explicit, individualistic, immediate interaction, straightforward. (e.g., USA, Australia) 2- HIGH CONTEXT CULTURES - Indirect, subtle embedded clues/rules, relational, non-confrontational, respectful (e.g. Japan, Finland) Temporal perception? 1- MONOCHRONIC TIME (M-TIME) Mono = One/Solo. M-Time cultures focus on task at a time, perceive time as money/value 2- POLYCHRONIC TIME (P-TIME) POLY = Many/Multiple. P-Time cultures focus on multiple tasks, values time/people over money